化工专业英语

一. 元素和单质的命名

“元素”和“单质”的英文意思都是“element”，有时为了区别，在强调“单质”时可用“free element or elementary substance”。因此，单质的英文名称与元素的英文名称是一样的。下面给出的既是元素的名称，同时又是单质的名称

P-block Element (P区元素)

III A Boron (B)

Aluminium (Al)

Gallium (Ga)

Indium (In)

Thallium (Tl)

IV A

Carbon (C) Silicon (Si)

Tin (Sn) Lead (Pb)

V A

Nitrogen (N) Phosphorus (P) Arsenic (As) Antimony (Sb) Bismuth (Bi)

VIA Oxygen (O) Sulfur (S) Selenium (Se) Tellurium (Te)

Polonium (Po)

Helium (He)

VIIA

Neon (Ne)

Fluorine (F)

Argon (Ar)

Chlorine (Cl)

Krypton (Kr)

Bromine (Br)

Xenon (Xe)

Iodine (I)

Radon (Ra)

Astatine (At)

Common Transition Elememt

Fe : iron; determine Mn : manganese Cu: copper; cuprum Zn: zinc; spelter Hg: mercury; quicksilver Ag: silver; argentine Au: gold; aurum Cr ：chromium 二. 化合物的命名

化合物的命名顺序都是根据化学式从左往右读，这与中文读法顺序是相反的。表示原子个数时使用前缀：(1)mono-,(2)di -, (3)tri- , (4)tetra- ,(5)penta-， (6)hexa-, (7)hepta-, (8)octa-, (9)nona, (10)deca- ，但是在不会引起歧义时，这些前缀都尽可能被省去

monovalent: 单价的 carbon dioxide: CO2 tribromethane: CHBr3; tetrachloromethane: CCl4

CO (Carbon monoxide) NO (Nitrogen oxide) NO2 (Nitrogen dioxide) N2O3 (Nitrogen trioxide) N2O5 (Nitrogen pentoxide) N2O (nitrous oxide) Fe2O3 (Ferric oxide), FeO (Ferrous oxide); MnO (Manganous oxide) Mn2O3 (Manganic oxide), H2MnO4 (Manganic acid) MnO2 (Manganese dioxide) 1. 化合物正电荷部分的读法(ion:离子 anion 阴离子 cation:阳离子) 1.1 Single valence ions Cation ’s name = Element

for example: Na+ Sodium Al3+ Aluminum K+ Potassium Ca2+ Calcium CO: carbon monoxide Al2O3: aluminium oxide N2O4 ：Dinitrogen tetroxide

(tetra-,mono-后缀中的a, o在后-o 之前省去) 1.2 Multivalence ions

Fe2+ Iron(II) or Ferrous Fe3+ Iron(III) or Ferric Cr2+ Chromium(II) Cr3+ Chromium(III) Mn4+ Manganese(IV) Mn2+ Manganese(II) 2. 化合物负电荷部分的读法

2.1 Monatomic anions Anion ’s name = Element’s root -ide Cl- Chloride O2- Oxide Br- Bromide OH- Hydroxide I- Iodide CN- Cyanide S2- Sulfide H- Hydride 2.2 Polyatomic oxyanions

1 Acid radicals for normal salt (正酸根-ate ) Anion"s name = Central Element’s root -ate

ClO3- Chlorate IO3- Iodate PO43- Phosphate NO3- Nitrate SO42- ulfate CO32- Carbonate 2.2.2 Acid radicals for hypo-salts (次酸根 -ite ) Anion ’s name = Hypo- Central element’s root -ite ClO- Hypochlorite IO- Hypoiodite PO23- Hypophosphite Anion ’s name =Per-Central Element’s root -ate

ClO4- Perchlorate IO4- Periodate MnO4- Permanganate 2.2.4 含氧酸与含氧酸根阴离子

高某酸per-ic 正酸 –ic 亚酸 -ous 次酸 hypo-ous 高某酸根 per-ate 正酸根 –ate

亚酸根 -ite 次酸根hypo-ite 其它的前缀还有 ortho-正 meta- 偏 thio-硫代

HClO4 perchloric acid ClO4- perchlorate ion HClO3 chloric acid ClO3- chlorate ion HClO2 chlorous acid ClO2- chlorite ion HClO hypochlorous acid ClO- hypochlorite ion H2SO4 sulfuric acid H2SO3 sulfurous acid HNO3 nitric acid HNO2 nitrous acid HPO3 metaphosphoric acid S2O32- thiosulfate ion 3. Naming compounds Metal oxide = Cation + oxide

FeO Iron(II) oxide (Ferrous oxide) Fe2O3 Iron(III) oxide (Ferric oxide) Fe3O4 Ferroferric oxide Pb3O4 Trilead tetroxide Na2O2 Sodium peroxide Nonmetal oxide = n-Nonmetal element + n-oxide

CO Carbon monoxide CO2 Carbon dioxide SO3 Sulfur trioxide N2O3 Dinitrogen trioxide P2O5 Diphosphorus pentoxide N2O4 Dinitrogen tetroxide

(tetra-,mono-后缀中的a,o 在后一o 之前省去) 有些物质常用俗称, 如NO: nitric oxide N2O: nitrous oxide 4. 非金属氢化物

4.1 对于卤族和氧族氢化物，H 在化学式中写在前面，因此将其看成与另一元素的二元化合物。

HF hydrogen fluoride HCl hydrogen chloride HBr hydrogen bromide HI hydrogen iodide H2S hydrogen sulfide H2Se hydrogen selenide H2Te hydrogen telluride

4.2 对于其它族的非金属氢化物，Ｈ在化学式中写在后面，可加后缀-ane ，氮族还可加-ine 。 PH3: phosphine或phosphane

AsH3: rsine或arsane SbH3: stibine或stibane BiH3: bismuthane

CH4: methane SiH4: silane B2H6: diborane NH3: ammonia 5. 无氧酸 命名规则：hydro-词根-ic acid

HCl: hydrochloric acid H2S : hydrosulfuric acid HF :hydrofluoric acid HBr: hydrobromic aicd HCN: hydrocyanic acid 6. Bases Base = Metal cation + hydroxide

Al(OH)3 Aluminum hydroxide NaOH Sodium hydroxide Ca(OH)2 Calcium hydroxide Ba(OH)2 Barium hydroxide Co(OH)2 Cobalt(II) hydroxide 7. 盐(Salts)

7.1正盐(Normal salt) ：根据化学式从左往右分别读出阳离子和阴离子的名称。Normal salt = Cation + anion HgSO4 Mercury(II) sulfate Hg2SO4 Mercury(I) sulfate KNO3 Potassium nitrate

Na2CO3 Sodium carbonate NaClO Sodium hypochlorite FeSO4 ron(II) sulfate KMnO4 potassium permanganate 7.2 酸式盐

NaHSO4 Sodium hydrogen sulfate Na2HPO4 Disodium hydrogen phosphate NaH2PO4 Sodium dihydrogen phosphate Ca(HSO4)2 Calcium bisulfate NaHCO3 Sodium hydrogencarbonate 或 Sodium bicarbonate 7.3 Basic salts

Cu2(OH)2CO3 : Dicopper(II) dihydroxycarbonate Ca(OH)Cl: Calcium hydroxychloride Mg2(OH)PO4: Magnesium hydroxyphosphate 7.4 复盐

NaKSO3: Sodium potassium sulfite CaNH4PO4: Calcium ammonium phosphate AgLiCO3 Silver lithium

carbonate

NaNH4SO4 Sodium ammonium sulfate KNaCO3: potassuim sodium carbonate

NaNH4HPO4: sodium ammonium hydrogenphosphate

7. 5 水合盐：结晶水读做water 或hydrate

AlCl3∙6H2O: aluminum chloride 6-water或 aluminum chloride hexahydrate AlK(SO4)2∙12H2O: aluminium potassium sulfate 12-water 8. Acids

H2CO3 Carbonic acid H2SO4 Sulfuric acid H3PO4 Phosphoric acid HNO3 Nitric acid HClO4 Perchloric acid HCl Hydrochloric acid 8.2 Meta- and hypo-acid ( its salt-ite)

H2SO3 Sulfurous acid H3PO3 Phosphorous acid HNO2 Nitrous acid HClO Hypochlorous acid HClO2 Chlorous acid 9. 络合物的命名

命名时先命名阳离子部分，最后命名阴离子部分，阴离子配体以字母顺序列出，中心阳离子价态一般以罗马数字在名称后标出。K[BF4] potassium tetrafluoroborate(III) K4[Fe(CN)6] potassium hexacyanoferrate(II) [Cu(NH3)4]SO4 etraamminecopper(II) sulfate

[Co(H2O)2(NH3)2(CO2)]NO3 Diammine diaquacarbonatocobalt(III) nitrate

Ag(NH3)2+ Diamminesilver(I) Cu(NH3)42+ Tetraamminecopper(II) [Co(NH3)3(NO2)3] Triamminetrinitrocobalt(III) 9.1 Ligands (配体)

CN- Cyano NO2- Nitro F- Fluoro NO3- Nitrato Cl- Chloro CO32- Carbonato Br- Bromo CH3COO- Acetato O2- Oxo H- Hydrido OH- Hydroxo -O2CCO2- Oxalato 9.1.2 Neutral molecules as ligand

NH3 Ammine CO Carbonyl H2O Aqua CH3NH2 Methylamine H2NCCNH2 Ethylenediamine 9.2 Complex ions with negative charge

[Fe(CN)6]4- Hexafluoroferrate(II) [BF4]- Tetrafluoroborate(III) [AlF6]3- Hexafluoroaluminate(III) [AuCl4]- Tetrachloroaurate(III) 9.3 Naming complex

Li[AlH4] Lithium tetrahydroaluminate(III) [Ag(NH3)2]Cl Diamminesilver(I) chloride K4[Fe(CN)6] Potassium hexacyanoferrate(II) [Cu(NH3)4]SO4 Tetraamminecopper(II) sulfate Ni(CO)4 Tetracarbonylnickel(0) 10. Halide (卤化物)

NH4Cl (Ammonium Chloride), CaF2 (Calcium fluoride), NaBr (Potassium bromide), KI (Potassium Iodide) PCl3 (Phosphorus trichloride)

二．形容词

（1）odourless 无臭的 pungent 刺鼻的 penetrating 敏锐的 choking 窒息

offensive 令人不愉快的 sour sweet酸甜 bitter 苦味 （2）brisk effervescence沸腾，冒泡 precipitate 沉淀 milky 乳白色 aqueous solution水溶液 三．结构

数字的写法

(1)mono-,(2)di -, (3)tri- , (4)tetra- ,(5)penta-，(6)hexa-, (7)hepta-, (8)octa-, (9)nona, (10)deca- 11-alkane Undecane 12-alkane Dodecane 13-alkane Tridecane 14-alkane Tetradecane 15-alkane Pentadecane 16-alkane Hexadecane 17-alkane Heptadecane 18-alkane Octadecane 19-alkane Nonadecane 20-alkane Eicosane 21-alkane Henicosane 22-alkane Docosane 23-alkane Tricosane 24-alkane Tetracosane 25-alkane Pentacosane.30-AlkaneTriacontane 31-Alkane Hentriacontane 32-Alkane Dotriacontane 33-Alkane Tritriacontane 34-Alkane Tetratriacontane 35-Alkane Pentatriacontane 36-Alkane Hexatriacontane 40 Alkane Tetracontane 50 Alkane Pentacontane 60 Alkane isopentyl (异戊基) Hexacontane 70 Alkane Heptacontane 80 Alkane Octacontane 90 Alkane Nonacontane 100 AlkaneHectane 132烷dotricontahectane 200烷 dictane 300烷trictane 400烷 tetractane 500烷pentactane

异丁基) 600烷hexactane 700烷heptactane 800 烷octactane 900isobutyl (烷nonactane

1000烷kiliane 1234烷tetratriacontadictakiliane 2000烷diliane 3000烷triliane iso- : 异

(仲丁基) 4000烷tetraliane 5000烷pentaliane 6000烷hexaliane 7000烷heptaliane neo-: 新

8000烷octaliane 9000烷nonaliane ９９９９烷 nonanonacontanonactanonaliane sec-: 仲

(叔丁基) １、命名烷基时 tert-: 叔 * CH3- methyl CH3CH2- ethyl CH3CH2CH2- propyl CH3(CH2)2CH2- butyl

*-CH2- methylene CH3CH ethylidene (CH3)2C isopropylidene -CH2CH2- 1,2-ethylidene -CH2CH2CH2- 1,3-propylidene *次基 HC methylidyne CH3C ethylidyne

2-Methylbutane C C C

C C 2,2-Dimethylpropane

C C C C 4-Ethyl-2,5-dimethylheptane

Radical = Alk –yl 命名含支链的烷烃时，可把它们视为直链烷烃，但分別是某些氢(hydrogen)原子被称为烷基(alkyl groups)的原子取代。

branched-chain hydrocarbon = n-radical+alkane

2,4,5-trimethylheptane

2,2-dimethylpropane

4-methyl-5-isopropyloctane or

4-methyl-5-(2-methylethyl)octane

对取代的烷基也可以在相应的烃名前加“异”（iso-）、“仲”(sec-)、“叔”（tert-）、“新”（neo-）等字命名。下面是一些符合条件的烷基，其系统命名和普通命名如下：

(CH3)2CH-CH- isobutyl

CH3-CH2-CH(CH3)-

1-Methylpropyl sec-Butyl CH3-CH2-C(CH3)2- 1,1-Dimethylpropyl tert-pentyl

H C

3

prop ene (CH3)3C-CH2- 2-methylbut-2- 2,2-Dimethylpropyl ene neopentyl

-C=C-C（Propenyl ← propene); C=C-C- (allyl);

-C=C (Ethynyl ← Ethyne); C=C- (Vinyl )

H 3C

C H 3

but-2-yne

hexa-1,3,5-tri ene

buta-1,3-di ene

hexa-2,4-di yne

C C 3-Penten-1-yne 1,3-Hexadien-5-yne

烯烃和炔烃命名时将相应的烷烃的词尾“烷”（ane ，名称前加上不饱和C C （C yne ）

键的编号即可。当所带的双键或叁键不止一个时，可在前边加上di 、tri 、tetra 等数字来表示。有些简单的烯 CH2=C=CH2 1,2-Propadiene Ethyne 1,3-Butadiyne n-Alkene =Alk-a-n-ene/yne

C C 7-Octene-1,3-diyne

炔类化合物可用普通名称。如：CH2=CH2 Ethene C C

1-Pentene

cyclopropan

e

3-ethyl-1-methylcyc lopentane

C

7

6

C C

5

3

C

2

C

1

4-Ethyl-3,3-dim ethylheptane

C C

6

C

7

C C C

5

4

3

C

2

C

1

4-Ethyl-3-m ethyl-4-propyl-heptane

ane 改为ene(烯) 、yne(炔) 、adiene(二) 、) 、enyne(烯炔)

5-methylene-1,3-cyclopentadiene

3

Cyclopenta -1,3-diene 六环烷烃cyclo-Octadecane

CH 3

3CH 3

xylene toluene benzene naphthalene 1-Methylspiro[3.5]non-5-ene CH 2CH 2CH 2CH 2CH 2CH 2CH 3CH 2CH 2CH 2CH 2CH CH 2CHCH 3

CH 33

8 1113210 C

C 4

3

9C 8657

2,96,10

]undecaneTri cycl o[5,3,1,0]undecaneTri cycl o[5,4,0,0

C C 3

3,112,4

Tri ]tri cycl o[3,2,1,0 CH 2 CH 2 1-Phenylheptane decane

cyclopentane 1,2-dicyclohexyletha

两个烷基取代的苯环，因为取ne 2-Phenyl-2-butene isopropenylbenzene

代位置不同，可以有三个异构体，可由阿拉

伯数字表示，也可用邻、间、对表示，英文

名称则分别用o 、m 、p 表示。例如：

Bicyclo[2.2.2]octane

Bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane

CH 3

biphenyl

H 3C 1,3,7-trimethylnaphthalene meta position； 对3ortho position; 间位：

位：para position

3

苯环上联有三个取代基时，由于它们的位置不同而

常用数字定位号区别，取代基若是相同，可用“连”(vic),、 “偏”(unsym)、“均”(sym)

1,2,3-Trimethylbenzene

或 sym-Triethylbenzene 或 vic-Trimethylbenzene

CH 3

Toluene p-Xylene CH 3CH 3

H 3C 3

Cymene 3 ) 2 Mesitylene

常用取代苯化合物的俗名 (Trivial name) Cl

Br 2-chloro -2-methyl 2-chloro butane propane 3-bromo cyclohexene F Cl H I

iodo methane fluoro benzene 3-bromo -5-chloro penta-1,3-diene

2. Cl Cl 卤化烃) Cl CH 33CH chloro chloro chloro methyl)benzene 3-Isopropyl-1-Methylbenzene (vinyl 3chloride 3)

(methyl CH chloride 2=CH)

(benzyl chloride )

1,4-Divinylbenzene

CH 3

3CH CH 3CH 31,2,3-Trimethylbenzene

m-Diethylbenzene

CH(CH3) 2Cumene

CH CH 2

Styrene Alcohol Radicals (1). RO- (R=C1~C4)

Radical = Alk + oxy

for example:

CH3O- Methoxy

CH3CH2O- Ethoxy

CH3CH2CH2CH2O- Butoxy

CH3CH2CH2O- Propoxy CH 3

CH 3

CH 3

3) 3

3

CH 3CH 2OH CH 3CH 2CH 2CH 2CH 2OH

CH 2CHCH 2OH CH 3 Allyl alcohol Neopentyl alcohol Amyl alcohol

(戊醇) 3含氧烃

(1). RO- (R=C1~C4) (2). RO- (R C4)

Radical = Alk + oxy for example:

CH3O- Methoxy

CH3CH2O- Ethoxy

CH3CH2CH2CH2O- Butoxy

(3). -O-X-O- CH3CH2CH2O- Propoxy

Radical = X -dioxy

for example: -OCH2O- Methylenedioxy

-OCH2CH2O- Ethylenedioxy

OH

OH

H O OH COOH

OH

3-hydroxy butanoic acidphenol (benzene-1,2,-dio l) (benzene-1,3,-diol ) (benzene-1,4,-diol )

resorcinol pyrocatechol

OH

ethan ol

H glycer ol

H 3

3-methylbutan-2-ol

OH

propane-1,3-di ol

CHO CHO OHC

CHO 3-hydroxy hexane dial 3-oxo pentan al

2-fluoro benzaldehyde 3-formyl benzoic acid

e) Carboxylic acid (羧酸) carboxyl (羧基)

H COOH CH 3COOH COOH COOH

propionic acidbutyric acidacetic acid formic acid

Review: benzene; toluene; benzyl; phenyl; phenol; methanol; ethanol;

diethyl ether; methyl phenyl ether; acetone (propanone); 1-phenylethanone formaldehyde; acetaldehyde; benzaldehyde

COOH

H CHO OHC CH 3CHO CHO carboxylic acid

form aldehyde pentan al acet aldehyde but-2-en al

acetone hex-4-en-3-one 1-phenylethan one 1-phenylbutan-2-one

COOH

COOH

pentan oic acid

decan oic acid

HOOC COOH

3-methylbutan oic acid

3-methylpentane dioic acid

COOH

pyridine-2-carboxylic acid

C

17H 33COOH oleic acid

COOH HOOC

COOH

COOH COOH

COOH maleic acid

fumaric acid

succinic acid

HOOC

but-3-en oic acid

benzoic acid

C 11H 23COOH lauric acid

C 15H 31COOH

palmitic acid