高考非谓语动词
高考英语专题指导之非谓语动词考点归纳
一,动词的构成
_____________________
谓语动词 _____________________
________________________ 动词 _____________________ ____________________
非谓语动词 ______________________
_______________________
二概述
1.谓语动词:___________________________________________________________________ 2.非谓语动词:________________________________________________________________ 非谓语动词使用条件:
一个句子当中,已经存在_____________________,又没有____________的情况下, 还有别的_____________出现时。
She got off the bus, leaving her handbag on her seat. She got off the bus, but left her handbag on her seat.
划分句子成分:
非谓语动词大都可在句中作___________________________________________________等. =It’s glad to see you. 9.I’m glad
一、不定式
(一). 不定式的语法形式
动词不定式无人称和数的变化,但有时态和语态的变化.
(二).不定式的句法功能
具有名词、形容词和副词的特征,可充当成分: 主语, 宾语, 宾语补足语, 表语, 定语, 状语. 1. 作主语
侧重于动作的具体性和将来性 To talk with you is a great pleasure.
To find the building took him a lot of time.
但为使句子平衡,常用it 代它作主语, 把它移到句子后部去. It is a great pleasure to talk with you.
It took him a lot of time to find the building.
2. 作宾语
A. 跟不定式作宾语的常见动词:
(1)hope, want , expect, wish, desire等表希望,想要的动词 (2)like, love, dislike ,hate等表好恶的动词
(3)plan, intend, mean, prepare等表计划,打算的动词 (4)decide, determine 等表决定的动词 (5)其他动词
afford, fail, manage, try、arrange、 dare, help , promise、refuse、 learn、offer、 agree、forget ,bother
I want to do it myself.
Our teacher promised to see the film with us.
B. 常跟疑问词+不定式作宾语的动词:
tell, advise, show, teach, find out, decide, discuss, learn, explain… He taught us how to use the tool.
No one could tell me where to get the book. I hope you’ll advise me what to do. C. 常跟形式宾语的动词 有些及物动词需要后接”宾语+宾补”意思才完整.作宾语的动词不定式还带有自己的补足语,常用it 替代,而将其移到补足语后. Consider, feel, make ,find, believe, know, regard„
We think it important to obey the law.
I know it impossible to finish so much homework in a day.
3. 作表语
A.表示按计划和安排发生的事情 He is to marry Rose.
B.表示主语的内容,但侧重于目的性 Her wishes was to become an artist.
C. 表示情态意义(应该, 必须)
The form is to be filled in and returned within a week. She is to blame.
4.不定式作定语
A.表即将发生的情况
Charles Lindbergh is the first man to fly the Atlantic alone.(主谓关系) She has a good chance to go to college. (同位关系) He has got lots of questions to ask. (动宾关系)
注意:1.如不定式与它所修饰的词有动宾关系,而这个不定式又是不及物动词, 它后面应有必要的介词.
There is nothing to worry about.
2.不定式所修饰的名词是不定式的动作所发生的地点或所使用的工具时, 它后面要带上必要的介词.
I need a pen to write with.
He is looking for a room to live in
B. 常跟不定式作定语的名词
need, time, way, chance, opportunity, courage, reason, decision,, wish… Is that the best way to solve the problem?
They had no chance to go to school in those years. Our decision to wait was wise. 5.不定式作宾语补足语
跟不定式作宾语补足语的动词
A. let, have, make, get等表使役的动词 They made us go with them.
( 比较: They made a lot of paper flowers to decorate the room.) 注意:
Let/ have/make sb. do ; get sb. to do They got us to go with them.
B. ask, tell, request, order等表要求,命令的动词 The chairman requested the members to be silent. My teacher asked me to go there on time.
C. allow, permit, forbid等表许可或禁止的动词 The guard forbade me to enter.
D. wish, want, expect, intend等表希望的动词(hope无此用法) Many parents expect their children to study abroad.
E. see、watch、notice、look at 、find、 observe、 hear、listen to、feel等表感官的动词(六看二听一感觉)
I noticed tears come into his eyes.
We often hear her sing the song at home.
注: 这些词后的不定式均不带to
F. think, consider, find, believe, suppose, know, understand, take 后常跟不定式作宾补(常用 to be 结构)
I consider him (to be) one of the best singers in the country. He proved himself (to be) a good teacher. She is believed to have gone to the USA.
G. 其他动词
advise,help, persuade, encourage,warn, cause, force, remind … Please remind me to take the raincoat.
He advised me to read English as often as possible.
6. 不定式作状语 1)不定式作目的状语
Tim sat near the fire to get warm.
The athletes practised hard to win the match.
为强调作作目的状语的不定式, 常用in order (not) to,so as (not) to短语.前者可放在句首,也可放在句中;后者只能放在句中 2).不定式作结果状语
作结果状语的不定式常用于一些固定搭配中如:too „to, enough to,only to,never to,so + 形容词/副词 + as to, such + 名词+ as to do引导。 Ilifted a stone , only to fall down my feet. I tried the door, only to find it locked inside. (强调意外结果)
He is brave enough to go out alone at night It is too heavy to carry.
3). 不定式作原因状语
常放在表示心理感觉的形容词后,说明产生这种情绪的原因 I am happy to see you.
She was sad to hear the bad news. I’m anxious /eager to know the result.
常用的形容词有
able, content ,willing, free, happy, glad, lucky, sorry , angry, sad, rude, foolish, clever …
(三). 不定式的省略现象
1)不定式在感官动词see, hear, feel, watch, notice, look at , listen to, overhear, observe 和使役动词 have, make, let 后作宾语补足语时, 不定式省略to 。 例 I watched him disappear in the distance. 但这种句子如果变为被动结构,有to They were made to work day and night.
Someone was heard to come up the stairs.
2)介词but ,except, besides 后接不定式作宾语时,介词前有行为动词do ,不定式要省去to。 例 We did nothing but/except wait then. 反之, 则不能省略
I’ve no choice but to stay here.
3)不定式在系动词 后作表语时, 当主语部分有行为动词do, 作表语的不定式to可省略。 例: What I want to do now is find some books to read.
4)有两个以上的不定式并列在一起时,第二个不定式的 to 可以省略 I promise to finish my homework and hand it on time. 5)当作宾语的不定式重复时, 只保留to ---Do you want to have a rest? ---Yes, I want to, but I can’t.
但当to后面的动词是be或have时,要保留不定式后的be或have ---Are you a sailor ?
--- No, but I used to be (a sailor ). --- Does she have much money? --- No, but she used to have.
6)在固定词组和句型中省略to A. had better do/ had better not do You’d better not see him.
B. would rather do sth. than do sth.
They would rather try and fail than give up the plan C. cannot but do sth.
cannot choose but do sth. cannot help but do sth.
“不得不„.”
As the last bus had gone, I could but walk there. He cannot help but admit that he was wrong. D. why not do sth? 表建议
why do sth? 表责备 Why not do it right now ?
E. prefer to do sth, rather than do sth.
We preferred to put the meeting off rather than hold it without adequate preparation.
(四)不定式的时态
不定式的时态形式一般包括四种:一般式,完成式, 进行式和完成进行式 1)不定式的一般式( to do )
一般式表示的动作(状态)和谓语动作同时(或几乎同时)发生, 或在其后发生 They decided to hold another meeting to discuss the problem. Do you have anything to do this afternoon? 2)不定式的进行式( to be doing )
表示不定式的动作和主句的动作同时发生 He is said to be playing a part in the film. They seem to be getting along quite well.
3)不定式的完成式(to have done)
A.表示不定式中谓语动词动作发生在主句的谓语动作之前。 The novel was said to have been published.
I regret to have been with you for so many years. He seemed to have finished his work.
不定式的完成式常用在be said、 be believed、 be reported, be considered, be thought、 be known、 be supposed、或seem、appear、hope, pretend等动词之后
此外,glad、happy、satisfied、sorry、surprised、disappointed,后也接完成时,但要 注意与一般时的区别。
I’m sorry to keep you waiting for a minute. 对不起,请稍等。(说话时还未等) I’m sorry to have kept you waiting.
对不起,让你久等了。(说话时已等了很久) B)表原本打算做, 但未能实现的事
I meant to have invited you to my house yesterday.
They planned to have been married in May but had to put it off till June. I would like to have gone to the party, but I was too 常用于这一句型的动词还有
hoped/promised/wanted/wished/expected/ planned…+to have done sth.
C)用于某些情态动词的后面表示对过去事情的推断或虚拟假设.如: You must have met him yesterday.
She can’t have gone to Beijing, has she?
They should/ought to have come here yesterday.
4)不定式的完成进行式(to have been doing)
如果所说的动作发生于谓语动作之前,且一直在继续,则要用完成进行式 They seemed to have been talking about the problem all the afternoon.
(五). 不定式的语态
当一个不定式逻辑上的主语是不定式动作的承受者, 这个不定式一般要用被动形式 You are to attend the meeting to be held tomorrow. He asked to be sent to work there.
不定式的被动形式在句中可作主语, 宾语, 表语, 补足语,定语,状语 . 1) 用作句子的真正主语。如:
It is an honour for me to be asked to speak here .
It is necessary for us to be constantly reminded of our shortcomings. 2) 用作某些动词的宾语。如: He asked to be sent to work in Tibet. He hated to be flattered. 3) 用作表语。如:
What I want is to be left alone.
The question is what is to be done next. 4)用作宾语补足语。如:
He wanted the letter to be typed at once.
busy.
They didn’t expect the book to be so well received .
5)用作主语补足语。如:
The books are not allowed to be taken out of the reading-room .The date is expected to be announced before long. 。 6)用作名词的后置定语。如:
Are you going to the banquet to be given at the embassy?
It will be the first such project to be designed by Chinese engineers. 7) 用作状语。如:
The actor is going onto the stage to be awarded.
She was not old enough to be given such heavy work.
It was a good thing for him to have been criticized. (表示已经发生的被动动作)
有关不定式被动结构的特殊情况 不定式有时用主动语态表示被动含义 1)在there be 句型中 There is no time to lose.
There is something to pay attention to .
2) 当不定式修饰want, have 等动词的宾语,而句子的主语是不定式的逻辑主语时用主动语态表示被动含义
We have no homework to do.
Mary has three children to look after.
3)当不定式修饰buy, get, give 等动词的宾语,而间接宾语是不定式的逻辑主语时用主动语态表示被动含义
Please buy me some newspapers to read.
I’ll give you some novels to read on the journey.
4) 当不定式和其逻辑主语是被动关系,但不定式前有形容词时,不定式用主动语态表示被动含义(常见的: easy, hard, difficult, fit, heavy, comfortable,„) This job is hard to do.
He is not easy to convince. 他不容易被说服
(六). 不定式的其他常见句型 1) It is +adj+for/of sb. to do sth.
It is important for us to express our opinious. It is clever of him to work out the problem. 2) It is a pleasure/pity/an honor…to do sth It is an honor to have a talk with you. 3) It takes/took sb. some time to do sth. It takes me an hour to finish the book. 4) too+adj./adv. for sb. to do sth.
The book is too hard for the boy to read. 注:有时too在too„to 结构中表very I’m too glad to see you.
5) be about to do 表要发生的事,它比be going to 的时间更短更快.
He was about to start.
(七).不定式的独立成分
To tell the truth, to be frank, to make matter worse, to be sure, to be exactly to be honest, to put it another way, to be brief…. To be frank, you are lying.
To make matter worse, it began to turn dark. To tell the truth, I don’t think the film is good.
不定式运用口诀 本领最多不定式,主表宾补定和状。 样样成分都能干,只有谓语它不敢。 大家千万要当心,有时它把句型改, 作主宾时用“it”, 自己在后把身藏。 九个感官三使役, 宾补要把to甩开; 疑问词后接上它,宾语从句可充当; 逻辑主语不定式,不定式前for sb. ; to前not是否定,各种用法区别开。
不定式在九个感官动词see, hear, feel, watch, find, notice, listen to, look at, observe, 三个使役动词let, have, make等后作宾补时,to要省略
二、动名词
(一).动名词的语法形式
动名词无人称和数的变化,但有时态和语态的变化.
具有名词的特征,可充当成分: 主语 宾语 表语 定语 1. 动名词作主语 Seeing is believing. Playing chess is fun. It's no use waiting here.
动名词作主语,也可用it 作形式主语.但只限于下面句型:
1) 动名词在“It is no use/ no good/ fun / a waste of time/ a good pleasure 等名词 + doing”结构中作主语,it为形式主语。例如:
It is no good writing to him; he never answers letters. It is no use talking too much.
2) 动名词在“It is useless/ nice/ good/ interesting/ worthwhile 等形容词 + doing”结构中作主语。例如:
It is nice playing chess after supper.
It is useless sending him there.
3) 动名词在“There is(was) no + doing”结构中作主语。例如: There is no denying that she is very efficient.
2. 动名词作表语
动名词作表语起名词作用,表示主语的内容,这时动名词和主语的位置是可以交换的。 The nurse's job is looking after the patients.= Looking after the patients is the nurse's job Four skills of English learning are listening, speaking, reading and writing. = listening, speaking, reading and writing are four skills of English learning .
注: 动名词和不定式都可以作主语或表语,没有太大区别.在表示经常习惯性动作多用动名词; 在表示具体某次动作, 特别是将来的动作时,多用不定式. Their job is building houses.
Our task now is to increase food production.
3. 动名词作定语
动名词作定语时,动名词和它所修饰的词没有逻辑上的主谓关系. 表示名词用途 a racing car= a car that is used to race
a swimming pool= a pool that is used to swim in a swimming boy= a boy who is swimming 单个现在分词作定语,放在被修饰的词语前; 现在分词短语作定语,放在被修饰的词语后; Do you know the person speaking to our boss ? The boy sitting under the tree is reading.
4. 动名词作宾语 1)动名词作动词宾语
①下列动词后只能接动名词:
建议完成练习suggest, advise, finish, practise, 喜欢考虑感激enjoy, consider, appreciate,
想象原谅错过imagine, pardon, excuse, forgive, miss, 允许介意逃避allow, permit, mind, escape, avoid,
delay, keep, risk, recommend, admit。 I can’t imagine marrying a girl of that sort. I recommend buying the dictionary.
Will you admit having broken the window?
②有些动词短语后也要求跟动名词作宾语。常这样用的动词短语有:
leave off, put off, give up, look forward to, feel like, have trouble / difficulty (in) doing sth. devote to, get used to, pay attention to, be fond of, stick to, be worth, can’t stand , can’t help . He put off making a decision till he had more information.
Do you feel like taking a walk? 2)动名词作介词宾语
注意: 介词后如果需要非谓语动词作宾语,只能是动名词,不可用不定式 . Are you good at playing football?
其他介词不易错,重点是介词to .因为不定式符号也是to ,所以一定要记住有关的短语. look forward to ,devote„to, get used to, pay attention to, stick to, on one’s way to„这些短
语中的to都是介词.
I am used to watching TV in the evening.
We’re so mush looking forward to seeing you again. 动名词与不定式作宾语的区别
1)remember to do/doing记得去做/记得做过 Do remember to tell your mother. I remember telling my mother.
2)regret to do/doing表遗憾地(说)/表后悔 I regret to say/tell I must leave tomorrow. I regret not having told her earlier.
3) mean to do/doing计划,打算做/意味着 Where do you mean to go in your vacation?
Missing the train means waiting for another hour.
4) try to do/doing 尽力做/试着做 The boy tries to learn English well.
The man lost the key, so he tried opening the door with a new key. 5) go on to do/doing
继续做一件与前面内容不同的事/ 继续做一件与前面内容一致的事
She waved to me and went on painting.
The old man read a poem, then went on to tell a story. 6) forget to do/doing
忘了要做某事/忘了做过某事
She forgot to bring the purse with her. She forgot bringing the purse with her. 7) stop to do/doing
停下来做另一件事/停止做某事
After riding a bike for an hour, I stopped to walk. They talked loudly. I told them to stop talking. 8) like/love/hate to do/doing
做具体的事情/表习惯
I like reading but I hate to read on Sunday.
The boy hates getting up late, but he likes to get up late when he is free.
(三). 动名词的复合结构
动名词前可以加一个 物主代词或 名词所有格来表示 这个动名词逻辑上的主语 ,构成动名词的复合结构或动名词短语
Do you mind my reading your paper?
Their coming to help was a great encouragement to us. Rose’s going won’t be of much help.
如果动名词的复合结构不是句子主语,这个结构常用名词普通格或人称代词宾格 I don’t mind Jack (him) going.
She hates young people (them) smoking.
(四). 动名词的时态 动名词有两种时态
A. 动名词的一般式 (doing )
通常表示一般性的动作或与谓语同时发生 I am used to watching TV in the evening. They are interested in climbing mountains. B.动名词的完成式 (having done)
动名词的动作在谓语动作之前发生常用动名词的完成式 She regret not having studied the computer hard. He didn’t mention having met me.
(五). 动名词的语态
当一个动名词逻辑上的主语是动名词动作的承受者, 这个动名词一般要用被动形式 1. 用作句子的主语。如:
His being neglected by the host added to his uneasiness.主人对他的冷漠使他更加不舒服。 So being killed by sharks was a common occurrence.因此被鲨鱼吃掉是经常发生的事。 2. 用作动词宾语或介词宾语。如: He didn’t mind being left at home.
She couldn’t bear being made fun of like that.
We congratulated him on his being admitted to the Party. They insisted on their being treated as ordinary workers.
注:如果表示的动作在谓语表示的动作之前发生有时需要用动名词的完成被动式(having been done)
I don’t remember having ever been given a chance to try this method.
但多数情况下避免使用动名词的完成被动式,以免句子显得累赘
(六).动名词句型
1. It is no use/ no good/ fun / a waste of time/ a good pleasure+ doing (1) It is no use talking too much. (2) It is no good crying.
2. It is useless/ nice/ good/ interesting/ worthwhile It is worthwhile discussing the question again. 3. There is(was) no + doing
There is no knowing what has happended.
4. There is no need/use/good/harm/hurry+ doing There is no harm pointing out his mistakes. 5. sb. spend some time (in) doing sth. I spent three weeks reading the book. 6. be worth doing sth.
The book is well worth reading again.
7. want/need/require +doing(表被动含义) (1) The sick woman needs looking after.
8. on doing (hearing/seeing/returning /arriving/opening…)
On hearing the news he jumped with joy.
9. have a good time /difficulty/trouble/fun/a pleasure/a hard time (in) doing sth I have some difficulty in finding out when the train leaves. 10. be busy doing sth.
Now the students are busy preparing their lessons. 11. allow, permit, advise, forbid +doing We don’t allow smoking here. He advised setting off at once.
而 allow, permit, advise, forbid sb.to do We don’t allow you to smoke here. He advised us to set off at once.
Practice:
1. The man insisted________ a taxi for me even though I told him I lived nearby. A. find B. to find C. on finding D. in finding
2. It’s necessary to be prepared for a job interview. _______ the answers ready will be of great help.
A. To have had B. Having had C. Have D. Having 高考点击
3. I really can't understand ______ her like that. you treat B. you to treat C. why treat D. you treating
4. He got well-prepared for the job interview, for he couldn’t risk _______ the good opportunity. to lose B. losing C. to be lost D. being lost
5. _____ as a model worker was a great encouragement to us. A. Being elected B. His being elected C. He being elected D. He was elected
6. You can never imagine what great difficulty I had ______ your house. A. found B. finding C. to find D. having found 7. I regret ______ that I really regret _______ the work.
A. to say; not to take part in B. to say; not having taken part in C. saying; not take part in D. saying; not to have taken part in 8. The little girl enjoys nothing but _______ on the Internet. A. to chat B,. chat C. chatting D. be chatting
9. Mr. Reed made up his mind to devote all he had to _______some schools for poor children. A. set up B. setting up C. have set up D. being set up
10. Jane’s summer vacation in England led to _____ an Englishman. A. her marry B. her to marry C. her marriage with D. her marrying
三、分词
现在分词与过去分词充当成分: 宾语补足语,表语, 定语, 状语. (一)现在分词
(1).现在分词的语法形式
现在分词无人称和数的变化,但有时态和语态的变化.其时态和语态的变化形式与动名词相
(2)、现在分词的句法功能
具有形容词和副词的特征,可充当成分: 表语 定语,宾语补足语, 状语 1. 现在分词作表语
现在分词作表语起形容词作用,说明主语的特征及主语所具备的动作功能.常译为”使(令) „ 怎样.” 如:
The news is very disappointing. His story is very moving.
(Encouraging, inspiring, exciting, interesting….)
2. 现在分词作定语
现在分词作定语, 表示主动意义,它与所修饰的名词构成 主谓关系,通常可改为定语从句.它从以下两方面来说明中心词 A.表示动作正在进行
Don’t wake up the sleeping boy.
= Don’t wake up the boy who is sleeping
I don’ t know the man writing something over there.
=I don’ t know the man who is writing something over there
B.说明中心词所具有的动作功能.译成”使(令)„..如何”. When did you hear the disappointing news?
= When did you hear the news that can disappoint people. 3.现在分词作宾补
用现在分词作宾补,说明宾语是动作的发出者或承受者,形成逻辑上的主谓关系;
A.作感官动词的宾补, 如: see, look at ,watch, notice, find, observe, listen to, hear, smell taste, feel„ 表示正在进行的意义 Look at the snow falling.
We found them reading in the classroom.
When he awoke, he found himself being looked after by an old woman. B. 作使役动词的宾补, 如: have, get, keep , send, leave, catch„表示”使„进行/处于(某种状态)” ,强调动作或状态的持续性.
Can you keep the clock going? The joke set them all laughing. The boss has them working all day long.
注意:现在分词不作make, let 的宾补 Who made him doing the work? (wrong) Who made him do the work? (right) Let me helping you. (wrong) Let me help you. (right)
4. 现在分词作状语
现在分词可在句中作时间、原因、条件、结果, 让步、伴随或方式等状语。 1)作时间状语, 可以表示三个时间概念
A.表示和谓语动作同时发生,相当于 “as soon as” 引导的时间状语从句 Hearing the good news, he jumped up with joy. = As soon as he heard the good news, he … = On hearing the good news, he…
B.谓语动词的动作发生在分词动作的过程中,表示”在做某事期间”相当于由when/while 引导的时间状语从句
Walking in the street, I came across an old friend.
= When/While I was walking in the street, I came across an old friend. = When/While walking in the street, I came across …
C.如果分词的动作发生在谓语动作之前,分词就要用完成时. 如: Having done his homework, the boy went out to play.
Having written his composition he began to do his maths homework.
2)作原因状语,相当于由because/as 引导的原因状语从句.作原因状语的现在分词所表示的时间是
A.和谓语动词的动作同时发生 Being ill, he didn’t go to school.
=Because/As he was ill, he didn’t go …
Not knowing what to do next, he went to his teacher for advice. = Because/As he didn’t know what to do next, he went to … B.如果分词的动作发生在谓语动作之前,分词就要用完成时. 如: Having seen the film many times, he didn’t go to see it last night. Having walked for a long time, all of us felt very tired.
3)作条件状语,相当于由 if 引导的条件状语从句 (If) Using your head, you will find a way. =If you use your head, you will find …
Standing on top of the mountain, you can see the village more clearly. =If you stand on top of the mountain, you can….
4)作让步状语,相当于由 although/though 引导的让步状语从句 Although/Though getting up early, he was late for the meeting. = Although/Though he got up early, he was late for the meeting. Having been told many times, he still couldn’t remember it.
5)作伴随状语(方式状语),表示同谓语的动作同时发生,相当于由并列连词连接的两个并列动作.
They sat there on the stone, talking with each other. =They sat there on the stone and talked with each other.
注意:只有现在分词的一般式才可作伴随状语,且常放于主句后.
6)作结果状语,现在分词的动作同谓语动词的动作几乎同时发生. The mother died, leaving five children behind. They fired at the enemy, killing two.
现在分词无论作何种状语, 它的逻辑主语必须是句子的主语,句子的 主语可能是分词动作的执行者, 句子的 主语也可能是分词动作的承受者.
但在一些表示说话者态度的固定表达方式中, 分词短语的逻辑主语和句子的主语是不一致的.这种结构常见的有:
1)Generally/strickly/broadly/…+speaking 2)Judging from…/talking of…/allowing for.. 3) Considering that …/seeing that… /supposing that…
Generally speaking, men are stronger than women.(=If we are to speak generally,…) Judging from his looks, something bad must have happened to him. Considering that she has no experience, she has done a good job.
(3).现在分词的时态 现在分词有两种时态
A.现在分词的一般式 (doing) : 表示分词 的动作和谓语动词的动作同时发生.如: They stood there, talking.
Walking in the street, I met an old friend of mine.
B.现在分词的完成式(having done):表示分词 的动作发生在谓语动词的动作之前.如: Having done their homework, the boy went home.
Having been there many times, he knew the place very well.
(4).现在分词的语态
当一个现在分词逻辑上的主语是现在分词动作的承受者, 这个现在分词一般要用被动形式 ①作名词的后置定语,表示当时正在进行的被动动作
The building being repaired is our library.现在正在维修的那座楼房是我们的图书馆。 This is one of the experiments being carried out in our laboratory. ②用作宾语补足语,表示当时正在进行的被动动作 You’ll find the topic being discussed everywhere.
As we approached the village, we saw new houses being built. ③作状语,表示当时正在进行的被动动作 如:
Being cooled in the air, the steel is becoming harder and harder.
注:如果表示的动作在谓语表示的动作之前发生有时需要用现在分词的完成被动式(having been done)
Having been shown the lab, we were taken to visit the dining-room.
The decision having been made, the next problem was how to make a good plan. 决定作出后,下一个问题就是如何制定一个好计划
现在分词的完成式无论主动式(having done)还是被动式(having been done),在句子中一般只作状语.
注意:现在分词作状语的几个特性。
①时间性。与谓语动词同时发生,用一般时,如发生在谓语动作之前时则用完成式having
done。
②语态性。与句子的主语之间的关系,是主谓关系或动宾关系。遵循的规则“主动进行,被动完成”。(----此说法正确吗?前提是现在分词) ③人称一致性。分词的逻辑主语就是句子的主语。
(二)过去分词
(1).过去分词的语法形式
过去分词无人称和数的变化,也没有时态和语态的变化.
(2)、过去分词的句法功能
具有形容词和副词的特征,可充当成分: 表语 定语,宾语补足语, 状语 1.过去分词作表语
过去分词作表语,相当于一个形容词,说明主语的状态.如, He is gone.
The glass is broken. He was lost in thought. They were deeply moved.
We were surprised to learn that he had failed the test. 注意:被动结构与系表结构的区别
这两种结构形式都是be+过去分词.
这两种结构的主要区别是:被动语态强调所发生的动作,而系表结构表示的是主语的特点或状态.
The cup was broken by my little brother. (被动结构)
The cup is broken.(系表结构)
They were closed ten minutes ago.
(被动结构)
The windows of his room are closed now. (系表结构)
It was completed in 1987. (被动结构)
The bridge is completed. (系表结构)
这两种形式通常可以从意义和时态上加以辨别. 2.过去分词作定语
过去分词作定语, 它的逻辑主语就是它所修饰的词,有以下三个特点 :
A.及物动词的过去分词作定语和它的逻辑主语的关系是被动的. 所表示的时间概念是完成. The building built last year can hold 1,000 people= The building that was built last year can… B.不及物动词的过去分词作定语只表示动作的完成.与它所修饰的名词没有被动关系. fallen leaves=leaves that have fallen a retired worker=a work who has retired the risen sun=the sun that has risen
The returned students now play an important part in our country’s construction.
=The students who have returned now play …
C.有些表示心理活动的过去分词作定语,表面是修饰它后面的名词,但实质是说明当事者的心理状态.所以过去分词与它所修饰的名词没有被动关系. The surprised look showed that he hadn’t expected this. = (He was surprised and his look showed his surprise)
The father’s frightening voice made a frightened look appear on his daughter’s face.
(The father’s voice was frightening; his daughter was frightened and her face showed her fright) 3. 过去分词作宾补
过去分词作宾补,过去分词和宾语的关系是被动关系,说明宾语的状态,表示动作的完成.常用感官动词, 如: see, look at ,watch, notice, find, observe, listen to, hear, smell taste, feel„ 和使役动词如: have, get, keep , send, leave, catch„的宾补 When I walked home, I saw a man caught by the police.
As soon as he returned home, he found his house broken into. He kept himself covered with a blanket.
4. 过去分词作状语
过去分词可在句中作时间、条件、原因、让步,方式或伴随情况等状语.
过去分词无论作何种状语, 它的逻辑主语必须是句子的主语, 而且存在着逻辑上的被动关系.
1)做时间或条件状语,通常放在句首.有时在句中难区别, 两种理解都可. 如: Seen from the top of the hill, the town looks even more beautiful. =If the town is seen from the top of the hill, the town …
= When the town is seen from the top of the hill, the town … 2) 作原因状语
Deeply moved by the story, the children began to cry.
=As/Because they were deeply moved by the story, the children….
3)作让步状语
Seriously wounded, he still kept on fighting.
=Although/Though he was seriously wounded, he still kept…. 4)作方式或伴随情况状语
She walked out of the house, followed by her little daughter.
=She walked out of the house, and was followed by her little daughter. He sat there, lost in thought.
= He sat there, and was lost in thought.
(3)分词句型
1. go/come + doing/done He came in unnoticed.
When I was young, I often went fishing with my classmates.(到户外的一种运动) 2. stand/sit/lie/rise +doing/done
The old man sat surrounded by his children.
3. see/hear/feel/ look at/listen to/notice/observe/watch/find…+n.+doing/done Don’t bother me. I’m listening to the birds singing. I heard my name called. 4. have +n.+doing/done
I’ll have them all talking in English to each other. He will have the radio repaired.
5.catch sb. doing (当场抓住某人做某事)
If she catches you reading her diary, she will be very angry. 6. make oneself + done
I can’t make myself understood because my broken English. 7. When/While/Although/Though + doing While playing the piano, she got very excited.
这种连词+分词的用法必须在主,从句主语一致的情况下才能使用. 关于非谓语动词应注意的几个问题:
1. 要注意过去分词作状语和现在分词的被动结构(being done)做状语所表示的时间概念. Used as a tool, a dictionary is very necessary for us. Being used, this dictionary can’t be lent to anyone.
注意:现在分词的被动式除了表被动还表进行.
2.现在分词完成时的被动结构(having been done)作状语,同过去分词在时间和动作关系上完全相同,可互换,常用的是过去分词.如:
Having been shown the lab, we were taken to visit the dining-room. =shown the lab, we were taken to visit the dining-room.
3. 能够充当表语的过去分词在句中作状语, 它表示的是它的逻辑主语所处的状态而非被动关系. 这时只用过去分词,其前不能再加being. 如: Lost in thought, he didn’t notice us come in. Being lost in thought, he didn’t notice ….
Dressed in red, we picked her out easily in the crowd. Being dressed in red, we picked
4.非谓语动词在句中作状语,它只是句子中的一个成分,所以,在非谓语动词和句子之间,不可以用并列连词.
Standing on top of the mountain, and you can see the town more clearly. (wrong) Having been there many times, so he didn’t come to school. (wrong) 5.非谓语动词的否定一律是在非谓语前加not , 如: You regret not having taken the doctor’s advice, do you? Not given enough care, the tree died.
He set out early so as not to be late for the meeting.
6.分词短语作状语时,通常与主句中的主语在逻辑上一致,但有时它也可以有自己独立的逻辑上的主语,这种结构称为分词独立(主格)结构,可在句中作时间、条件、原因、让步,方式或伴随情况等状语.如:
It being very hot, we went swimming yesterday. =Because it was very hot, we went….
Their homework finished, the boys went out to play. =When their homework had been finished, the boys
He stood at the door, his hand (being) on his son’s shoulder. (当分词是being可省略)
注:有时可以在独立主格前面加上介词with/without,构成with/without +复合宾语结构。 如:With the problem settled, the computer restarted. Without anyone noticing, I slipped through the window. He left the bathroom, with the water running.
但是,“with/without + 复合宾语”结构也可以用作定语。
注意
使役动词后接不带to的不定式:let / make / have sb do sth. 但使役动词的被动语态常用:be made to do sth.
注:get sb to do sth. 译成“让某人做„(主动句中to不省略)
have句型: have sb do sth使/让/叫某人干某事 have sb/ sth doing使某人某物持续的做某事,
have sth done 表示两种意义:A.请别人做,而不是主语做; B.意外事故引起的“使遭受„,..”
:Tom had his leg broken while playing football. 汤姆在踢足球时,伤了腿。
如:He didn’t keep on asking me the time any longer as he had had his watch ______. A. to repair B. repaired C. repairing D. repair
get sb to do sth使/让/叫某人干某事 get sb/ sth doing使某人/物开始动起来 get sth done 使某事被做
如:He tried to get the car moving. 他尽力让车发动起来 make oneself understood / heard / known 用过去分词作宾补
3、感官动词后作宾补的非谓语形式: 感官动词:feel, see, hear, watch, notice 用法:感官动词+sb + do / doing / done/being done (分别表示全过程/正在发生/被动完成/正在发生且表示被动)。 如:
with 的复合结构:with +宾+宾补(形容词、副词(in, out),介词短语,非谓语形式),非谓语形式有: to do 表示将来, doing 表示主动和进行, done表示被动和完成。 The murderer was brought in, with his hands ___ behind his back. A. being tied B. having tied C. to be tied D. tied
find + 宾语 + 宾补(doing / done), keep +宾+doing, catch sb + doing (撞见某人在做), smell sb +doing (察觉到某人在做)
如:He looked around and caught a man ____ his hand into the pocket of a passager. A. put B. to be putting C . to put D. putting
She found a wallet lying on the ground. 她发现一只钱包在地上。 Both doors were found locked.
Sb, find it adj to do
I find the book interesting to read.
It is said / reported / thought / known /believed that„. 可转化为: sb / sth be said / reported/known/believed to have done sth.
如:Robert is said ___ abroad, but I don’t know what country he studied in. A. to have studied B. to study C. to be studying