2015国网电力职称英语补全短文
P1 Functions of power transmission
The function of ( is to send power from power plants to load center or to exchange power between networks in order to attain the generation-consumption balance or the supply-demand balance between (. Power transmission is completed by step-up substations, (The transmission line mainly consists of the transmission conductors (can reduce the line loss and the voltage drop, ensure the power quality, raise the economy of ( The increase of transmission line voltage can not only raise the amount of transmitted power, but also reduce the line loss and line voltage drop, and improve the voltage quality.
功率传输功能
(输电)的功能是要把电力从发电厂负荷中心或功率交换网络之间为了达到代消费平衡或供求之间的平衡(电网)。电力传输是通过升压变电站完成,(降压变电站和连接传输设备)。输电线路主要由输电导线(高压输电),可以减少线路损耗和电压降,保证电能质量,提高经济性(电网运行)。输电线路电压的增加不仅可以提高输电线路的传输功率,而且可以降低线路损耗和线路压降,提高电压质量。
A .
B. C. D.
E.
P2 A brief introduction on the development of supercritical boilers and their main advantages
In (such as U.S.A, Japan and European countries, the supercritical boiler has been developed since the 60s of last century. It has been proved by data and experience, the supercritical unit has As for its reliability, because the steam-water flow passages in supercritical boiler is same as that in the ( there isn’t anything special, But as far as hydraulic characteristic, a symbol of reliability, is concerned, in a supercritical boiler, under supercritical condition, medium is of single phase which has a (good homogenization of distribution). So that the problem caused by uneven distribution of steam phase and water phase can be avoided. It is admitted that, if both supercritical and subcritical units can get an excellent reliability index.
超临界锅炉的发展及其主要优点
在(发达国家)如美国,日本和欧洲国家,超临界锅炉已自上世纪60年代以来发达。数据和经验证明,超临界机组具有经济和环境保护的巨大优势。作为其可靠性,因为在超临界锅炉的水蒸汽流通道相同的作为,在的(亚临界直流锅炉),那里是没什么特别,但至于水力特性,可靠性的象征,有关,在超临界锅炉,超临界条件下,介质是单相(良好的同质化分布)。从而避免了汽相、水相分布不均造成的问题。这是承认,如果(全过程管理加强),超临界和亚临界机组可以得到一个极好的可靠性指标。
A. good homogenization of distribution 良好的均匀分布
B. 一些发达国家
C. 全过程管理加强
D. 具有经济和环境保护的巨大优势
E. 亚临界直流锅炉
P3 Circuit breaker
Circuit breakers are automatically operated high voltage (or high current) switches. Circuit breakers are required () by switching circuits on, by carrying load and by switching circuits off under manual or automatic supervision. Their duty is as follows: In closed position the circuit breaker must be a good conductor for the normal load current. In operating the circuit breaker must be able contacts shall have full insulation level. At operation the circuit breaker must close be able () to many thousands of amperes, and independently of the characteristics from purely inductive to fully capacitive. At closing operation the circuit breaker must close fast and be safe also against full short circuit conditions. They must, therefore, be effective instantaneously when are called upon ()without movement. As the circuit breaker is the last link in the chain of protective equipment, the circuit breaker reliability is ( )of the total electric power system. So the importance () cannot be over emphasized.
断路器
断路器是自动操作高压(或大电流)开关。断路器是必需的(以控制电力网络)的开关电路,通过负载和开关电路的手动或自动监控。他们的职责如下:在闭合位置,断路器必须是正常负载电流的良好导体。在操作断路器必须能够接触应具有完全的绝缘水平。在操作断路器必须关闭能(开关电流可从几安培到几千安培),和独立的特点,从纯感性充分电容。在关断操作时,断路器必须要关闭快速,并能安全地进行全短路工况。因此,他们必须是有效的瞬间被调用时(长时间)执行任何切换操作不运动。断路器是保护设备链中的最后一个环节,其可靠性是全电力系统中(最高)的可靠性。因此,重要性(断路器)不能过分强调。
A. 在长时间后执行任何切换操作
B. 控制电力网
C. 断路器的
D. 开关的电流可从几安培
E. (高可靠性的最高重要性
P4 Fuel cells
Fuel cells are devices that when a fuel such as hydrogen or hydrogen-rich compounds and oxygen are supplied to materials arranged like the anode and cathode of a conventional battery, combine to convert chemical energy directly into electrical energy. Unlike conventional batteries where the conversion of chemical to electrical energy requires only the closing of a circuit between the cathode and anode to produce and electrical current, () These cells require the fuel and oxygen that will produce the chemical reactions that produce an electrical output. Fuel cells have been made that will supply power in the megawatt range, and () Such cells are not yet widely used on power systems, but () to supply fuel cell power to isolated loads. As the voltage output of a cell is in the order of to 2.5V , () and power output in ranges that are normally required. Inverters are used to () when and AC output is desired.
燃料电池
燃料电池是,当一个燃料如氢或氢化合物丰富和氧气供给排列像传统电池的阳极和阴极材料,结合转换化学能量直接转化为电能的装置。不像常规电池里的化学能转化为电能的需要只有闭合电路的阴极和阳极之间产生电电流,(有无储存能力的燃料电池)。这些细胞需要的燃料和氧气,将产生的化学反应,产生的电输出。燃料电池已经可以在兆瓦级的电源,和(在进一步发展)。这种电池在电力
系统中还没有广泛使用,但(因为它们正在开发中,有一些应用)提供燃料电池电力来隔离负载。作为一个燃料电池输出电压为2.5V 的顺序,(许多电池串联运行得到的电压)和功率输出范围,通常需要。逆变器是用于(电源交流电流从燃料电池)时,交流输出是理想的。
A. 进一步发展正在进行中
B. 在燃料电池中没有存储容量
C. 许多细胞在一系列的操作,以获得电压
D. 燃料电池供应交流电流
E. 因为他们正在开发中,已经有一些
应用程序
P5 Overcoming the Problem of Waste
Many large cities are anything but beautiful. Streets are littered with trash. In this trash, however, ()
If people want to solve the problem of waste, () They must work out ways of making use of good things which are just thrown away as waste. When a car gets too old, it may not run any more. But if the metal that the car was made of is still good bottle glass can be ground into sand and used to pave streets. Besides, garbage from food can be changed into fertilizer. But first you have to pick out all the glass and metal.
Furthermore, garbage can also be a good source for making building blocks, which are then covered with concrete. Now, () Some day, people will watch films in a great cinema which has been built out of garbage. Future buildings, roads, and cities may be made from garbage. But so far, () 克服浪费的问题
许多大城市都是美丽的。街道上到处都是垃圾。然而,在这个垃圾桶里(还有一些可以用的东西)。 如果人们想解决的问题,浪费,(没有时间,失去)。他们必须制定出利用好东西的方法,而这一切都是浪费。当汽车变老了,它可能不会再跑了。但是,如果汽车是由金属制成的,它仍然是好的,(它可以把再次使用)瓶玻璃可以磨沙和用来铺路。此外,食物中的垃圾也可以改成肥料。但首先你必须挑选出所有的玻璃和金属。
此外,垃圾也可以是一个很好的来源,使建筑块,然后覆盖混凝土。现在,(越来越多的机器是为了这个目的而设计的)。总有一天,人们会在一个巨大的电影院里看电影,而这部电影是用垃圾建造的。未来的建筑物,道路和城市,可能是从垃圾。但到目前为止,(建设美丽的城市,垃圾只是一个梦想)。
A.
B.
C. D.
E. P6 Hibernation
The weather in winter can be very cold. Some animals sleep during the winter, for it’s difficult for them to find food then. (()
Animals need food in winter to keep them warm and alive. If they move about more, they need eat more. () Their heart beats slowly. And they breathe slowly. They find a safe place to sleep. (
) In warn winter some animals like bears may wake up. If they see thick no\\snow on the ground, they will get back to their sleep. () 冬眠
冬天的天气很冷。有些动物在冬天睡觉,因为他们很难找到食物。(他们可以睡很长一段时间)。例如,他们的睡眠可以从秋天到春天。(我们称这种睡眠在冬季休眠)”。
动物在冬天需要食物来保持温暖和活力。如果他们走动的话,他们需要吃更多的食物。(冬眠的动物不需要吃太多,因为他们不动)。他们的心跳缓慢。他们慢慢地呼吸。他们找到一个安全的地方睡觉。(所以他们不必担心恶劣的天气和其他危险的动物)。 在冬季,一些动物如熊可以醒来。如果他们看见地面上没有厚厚的积雪,他们就会回到他们的睡眠。(随着春天的温暖和温暖,冬眠的动物开始苏醒,四处寻找食物)。
A. 劣的天气和其他危险的动物
B. C.
D. Hibernating animals don’t need to eat much because they don’t move D.冬眠的动物不需要吃太多,因为他们不动
E.
P7 Satellites
The body that is neatest to the Earth is the moon. (–made spacecraft which circle the Earth are called artificial satellites. Natural as well as artificial satellites circle the planets in a definite path or orbit. ()
All the bodies in space like the moon, the planets and the stars also exert an attractive force on objects.() The moon’s gravitational force is only one-sixth that of the Earth’s. The Earth’s gravitational force of pull keeps us and everything else on Earth from floating away to space.
() There are many artificial satellites orbiting around the Earth. Some artificial satellites have been sent up to orbit the moon and even the planet Mars.卫星
身体是最为地球的月亮。(它绕地球转,因此知道作为地球的卫星)。这颗人造卫星叫做天然卫星。人造宇宙飞船,地球被称为人造卫星。自然和人造卫星围绕着行星在一个明确的路径或轨道上。(卫星在轨道上停留,因为行星的引力将它拉成一个圆)。 太空中所有的物体都像月亮,行星和星星也对物体产生吸引力(更大,更重的是,更大的是它的引力)。月球的引力仅为地球的六分之一,地球引力的引力使我们和地球上其他所有的东西都从漂浮到太空。
(为了进入太空,我们必须克服地球的引力)。有很多人造卫星绕地球运行。一些人造卫星已被发送到环绕月球甚至是火星,(人造卫星可以用于各种用途)。
A. 力
B. 的卫星
C. 地球的引力
D. 在轨道上停留,因为行星的引力将它拉成一个圆
E
P8 Secondary equipment in power system
The secondary equipments in power system are (measuring, regulating, controlling primary equipments, the equipments that supply information, working condition for the operator or maintenance persons, and (electric circuit connected with the secondary winding of CT or PT is called secondary circuit. The secondary equipment and secondary circuit belong to secondary system.
The voltage and ( are: 110V, 22V, DC operating voltages, 100 V rated voltage of the potential transformer secondary winding and (The related parameter values of secondary system after weak electrification are: 24V, 48V, 60V DC operating voltages, (0.5A rated current of CT secondary side.
电力系统二次设备
电力系统二次设备是(设备,提供保护,监测),测量,调节,控制一次设备,设备,供应信息,操作员或维修人员的工作条件,和(设备,发送命令信号)。二次绕组的电路连接的电路称为二次回路。二级设备和二次回路属于二次系统。
电压和电流值在二次系统)是:110V ,22V ,直流工作电压,100 V额定电压的电压互感器二次绕组及5A (额定电流互感器二次绕组的电流)。弱后电气二次系统的相关参数值:24V ,48V ,60V 直流工作电压(额定电压50V ,PT 二次侧),CT 二次侧电流0.5A 额定。
A. 5A额定的电流互感器二次绕组的电流
B. 提供保护、监控的设备
C. PT二次侧电压50V 额定
D. 发送命令信号的设备
E 二次系统中的电流值
P9 Switching overvoltage
A sudden change in the configuration of transmission network caused or by the appearance of a fault can cause a rapid surge known as switching overvoltage, which propagates throughout the network. It is these switching overvoltages which in Limitating these overvoltages is of extremely importance, because they have an important effect on both.
These switching overvoltages can occur non-restriking circuit breakers is not used, it is at the instant of closing, and above all, This switching overvoltage is usually limited 开关过电压
突然的变化在配置网络传输引起的断路器的操作)或出现故障可以导致快速增长,被称为开关过
电压,传播在整个网络。正是这些操作过电压在(。一般确定输电线路的绝缘要求)。限制这些过电压是非常重要的,因为他们有重要影响(。传输线路故障率的成本)。
发生这些操作过电压(在断路器分闸、合闸)。如果非燃断路器是没有用的,它是在关闭的瞬间,最重要的是,这种操作过电压通常是有限的(由断路器合闸电阻在500kV 系统)。
A. B.
C. D. E
P10 Transmission line and distribution line
The high voltage power line through which power is () is called power transmission line. The voltage classes of 35kV and above are generally used. High voltage distribution line is ( )to distribution transformers. Low voltage distribution line is the line that transmits power from distribution transformer to the users. The normal voltage of power distribution line is 380V.
The special sections of () refer to the sections with large spanning, serious pollution, () The overhead line section whose span is 1000m and longer or the height of the pole or tower is 100m and higher is called () 输电线路和配电线路
高压电力线通过电源(从发电厂升压站传送到降压变电站)称为输电线路。35kV 及以上电压等级一般是用。高压配电线路是一条输电线路,从一步一步的变电所传送到配电变压器。低压配电线路是从配电变压器向用户传送电力的线路。配电线路的正常工作电压为380V 。
架空输电线路(架空输电线路)的特殊路段,是指具有大跨度、严重污染、(雷击、暴雨)的路段。架空线截面跨度1000m 长或高度的杆或塔100m 高叫(大跨越线路部分)。
A. 压变电所
B. C.
D. 力线
E
P11 The electricity market
The aim of introducing market mechanism is to bring various parties more economic benefit through equitable competition, thereby promote economic development.
Like other markets, it needs () where the sellers and buyers (suppliers) can trade electricity, and needs ( ) where the suppliers can sell electricity to final customers. As in other markets, the participants need ( ). Competition is introduced into generation and retail supplied to customers. Customers are free (). .If a customer chooses to buy electricity in the retail market, he should be able to choose
electricity supp] y from one of several competing retailers. If a customer decides to purchase directly from the wholesale market, he will need (). Power generation is disaggregated into separate companies to ensure adequate competition.
电力市场
引入市场机制的目的是通过公平竞争,使各方更多的经济利益,从而促进经济发展。
如同其他市场一样,它需要B. (批发市场),卖方和买方(供应商)可以贸易电力,需要(D. 零售市场),供应商可以将电力出售给最终顾客。正如在其他市场,参与者需要(A :同意的价格和数量进行交易)。竞争被引入代和零售为客户提供。客户免费(即选择电力供应商)。。如果客户选择在零售市场购买电力,他应该能够选择电力增刊]从几个相互竞争的零售商。如果一个客户决定直接从批发市场购买,他需要(C )注册为市场客户)。发电被分解为独立的公司,以确保足够的竞争。
P12 Electric power
Electric power is a most convenient, clean, safe, and useful form of energy which supplies the major portion of energy needs of a modem society. At the present time ( ) is newsworthy. Electric power is so vital to the lives of people that () causes inconvenience, loss of production, and danger to many individuals who are in operation (such as cardiac operation) in hospital. A prolonged blackout, which is inevitable when a growing load is combined with no generation additions, could lead to (). With the developing of industry and improving in living standard, the electric power demand is growing continuously and () is much greater than that of all other forms of energy. Now () has been one of the indications of modernization of a country.
电力
电力是一种最方便、最清洁、安全、有用的能源形式,它为现代社会提供能源需求的主要部分。目前(C. 电力不足(停电))是有价值的。电力是如此重要的人的生活,B. (不可用)原因不便,损失的生产,和许多人谁是在操作(如心脏手术)住院的危险。一个长期的大停电,这是不可避免的,当一个不断增长的负载相结合,没有一代补充,可能导致(D )的社会秩序,甚至国家的悲剧)。随着工业的发展和生活水平的提高,电力需求量不断增长,其增长速度比其他所有形式的能源都要大得多。现在(即人均电力消耗高)已经成为一个国家现代化的标志之一。 增长速度 不可用 电力不足(停电 社会混乱,甚至国家的悲剧 人均电力消耗高
P13 Copyright piracy
There are numerous examples of what has become known as copyright piracy. The American
chemical giant Du Pont, for example, recently introduced into one Asian country its famous Londax
herbicide, which kills weeds in rice fields. The company invested millions of dollars in ( ) of this product and ploughed another US $25 million into opening a local production plant. Les8 than one year later, however, very cheap bottles of Londax were openly on sale. The only difference between ( )-other than the price-was that the fake was called Rondex and came in a blue rather than a green bottle. However, as it was so much cheaper than the original, it effectively destroyed Du Pont's investment. It also made the company less willing to invest in R&D of ( ). The
'·recipe" for Londax should have been treated as ( ) of Du Pont. Other companies making illegal use of it are stealing just as surely as if they stole Du Pont's machines or any other ( ) of the inventing company.
版权盗版
有无数的例子已经成为被称为版权盗版。美国化工巨头杜邦,例如,最近推出了其著名的农除草剂为一个亚洲国家,杀死杂草稻领域。公司投入数百万美元(B. 研究开发这种产品,另一个)投入25000000美元到开放本地生产厂。les8超过一年后,然而,对农得时很便宜的瓶子被公开出售。唯一的区别(D. 虚假和真实的项目)-除了价格,假称为欣宜进来一个蓝色的而不是绿色的瓶子。然而,因为它是比原来便宜很多,杜邦投资有效地摧毁它。它也使公司不愿意投资于研发(新的化学品)。“•食谱“农得时应被视为(如知识产权)杜邦。其他公司非法利用它偷的一样,如果他们偷了杜邦的机器或任何其他(C. 物理性质)的公司。 新化学品 研究与发展 物理性质 伪造和真实物品
知识产权
P14 Electrical energy
Electrical energy is the presence and flow of an electric charge. The energy portion of electricity is found in a variety of phenomena such as ( ), electromagnetic fields and lightning. Humans have found the ability to harness these phenomena and store the ( ) for later
use. The concept of ( ) is defined using a variety of different terminologies such as charge, current and potential.
Electrical energy is the result of the interaction of subatomic particles with electromagnetic force.
Within an atom, electrons and protons create a charge. This charge can be transferred between bodies using direct contact with a conductive material like a wire.
The current refers to the movement of the charge. With direct current, this occurs when the
electricity is stored in a battery and travels in one direction out of the battery. ( ) occur when the current changes direction repeatedly within an electrical system. The alternating current
form is usually used to power larger objects such as residences and buildings.
() is essential to the range and power of electric energy. When an electric charge exists within an object, a force is exerted from its electrical field. This accelerates the object in a direction either towards or away from the charge, depending on the electromagnetic polarization. Generally,
positively-charged electricity pushes the object away, while negatively-charged electricity pulls the object towards the field.
电能
电能是一种电荷的存在和流动。电的能量部分被发现在各种各样的现象,如(直流静电),电磁场和闪电。人类已经找到了利用这些现象的能力,并将这些现象存储在以后的使用中。概念(B. 电能)是使用各种不同的术语,如电荷的定义,现有的和潜在的。
电能是亚原子粒子与电磁力相互作用的结果。在一个原子,电子和质子创建一个电荷。这种电荷可以被转移的机构之间使用直接接触的导电材料,如电线。
当前是指运动的电荷。与直流电流,这发生在
电是储存在一个电池中,并在一个方向上的电池。(交流电流)发生在电流变化方向反复在一个电气系统内。交流电流
形式通常用于大的物体,如住宅和建筑物。
(电势能)是电能的范围和功率的关键。当电荷
存在于对象中,一个力是从它的电场中产生的。这加速了物体在一个方向上的方向,或远离电荷,根据电磁极化。一般来说,带正电荷的电将物体推开,而带负电荷的电把物体拉向了田野。 交流电流 电能 电电位 直流静电 电气费
Pa15 Solar energy
Many people think of alternative solar energy as a new technology, but humans have been using this process to heat homes and baths for thousands of years. Alternative solar energy refers to energy from the sun that can be captured and used just like energy created by fossil fuels. The great benefit of solar energy is that its source, the sun, is not diminished by use of the energy, therefore making this type of power system ( ).
There are several different methods of collecting and using alternative solar energy. One of
( ), usually seen as solar panels. Solar panels can be a very good means of collecting solar energy, but do have some drawbacks. While panels have the advantage of quickly turning absorbed solar radiation into usable energy, they are extremely ( ). This means that much of the potential power of absorbed light is lost in the transfer process.
Thermal solar energy is primarily used to create heat, such as for homes, baths, and swimming pools. In a thermal system, (), which then passes through a pipe system where it mixes with water, generating steam. Steam is then passed through a turbine system, which turns it into usable energy. Despite sounding like a more complex process than photovoltaic systems use, thermal alternative solar energy is often far more ( ) and is able to retain and use more of the collected energy directly for heating.
太阳能
许多人认为作为一种新技术的替代太阳能,但人类已经使用这一过程,以热家庭和浴室数千年。可供选择的太阳能是指从太阳中获得的能量,可以被捕获和使用,就像化石燃料所产生的能量一样。太阳能的巨大好处是,它的来源,太阳,并没有减少使用的能量,因此,使这种类型的电力系统(可持续)
有几种不同的方法收集和使用替代的太阳能。什么之中的一个(最著名的是光伏电池),通常被视为太阳能电池板。太阳能电池板可以是一种很好的收集太阳能的手段,但也有一些缺点。虽然太阳能电池板具有快速将吸收的太阳辐射转化为可用能量的优点,但它们非常(效率低下)。这意味着在传输过程中,吸收的光的大部分潜在力量都消失了。
热太阳能主要用于制造热量,比如家庭、浴室和游泳池。在一个热系统中,(所收集的能量是用来加热流体的),然后穿过一个管道系统,它与水混合,产生蒸汽。蒸汽然后通过一个涡轮机系统,它把它变成可用的能量。尽管听起来像一个更复杂的过程比光伏系统的使用,热替代的太阳能往往是远远超过(效率),并能够保留和使用更多的收集的能量直接加热。 可持续的 效率低下 所收集的能量是用来加热流体的
最著名的是光伏电池
高效
P16 Electrical energy conservation
Electrical energy conservation refers to the process of reducing} energy used through various
means. Many of these methods for ( ); turning down the thermostat, turning off the lights when leaving the room, or switching off power strips when not in use are all examples of this. Homes, businesses or power companies ( ), such as wind or solar energy, are also examples of electrical energy conservation. Many traditional electrical power plants are coal-fired, which contributes greenhouse gases to the atmosphere, (); this is just one reason that energy conservation is important.
For many people, electrical energy conservation begins at home. Not only is this good for the
environment, but it can also significantly reduce the amount of a monthly electric bill. Some of the simplest steps to energy conservation include switching traditional light bulbs to compact fluorescent (CFL) bulbs, or
( ). Making sure appliances are efficient, and that windows and doors are well sealed against the outdoors, are other examples of energy conservation. People () should also look for power strips that can be switched off.
电能保护
电能保护是指通过各种方法减少使用的能量的过程
手段。许多这些方法(C. 降低能源消耗可以进行在家);车削下来恒温器,关掉灯离开房间时,或断开电源插座时不使用所有的例子这。家庭,企业或电力公司(利用替代清洁能源),如风能或太阳能,也就是电能保护的例子。许多传统的发电厂都是燃煤发电,这对大气有温室气体,这是一个非常重要的原因。
对许多人来说,电能保护始于家庭。不仅是环境好,但它也可以显著降低每月的电费账单金额。一些节能最简单的步骤包括交换传统灯泡,紧凑型荧光灯(CFL )的灯泡,或是(A. 把恒温器,在夏季和冬季)。确保设备是有效的,而且窗户和门都是密封的,在室外,是节能的其他例子。人们(在家里寻找其他的电能保护的机会)也应该寻找能被关掉的电源。 在夏天和冬天把调温器调起来 在家里寻找其他电器节能的机会 减少能源消耗可以在家里进行 利用替代清洁能源 促进气候变化
P17 Advanced distribution automation
Advanced distribution automation is a term coined by the IntelliGrid project in north America to describe the extension of intelligent control over electrical power grid functions to the distribution level and beyond. it is related to distribution automation that can be enabled via the smart grid.(the electrical power grid) is typically separated logically into transmission systems and (distribution systems). Electric power transmission systems typically operate above 110KV ,whers Electricity distribution systems operate(at lower voltages).Normally, electric utilities with SCADA systems have extensive control over transmission-level equipment, and increasing control over
Distribution-level equipment via distribution automation .However, they often are unable (to control
smaller entities)such as Distributed energy resources, buildings, and homes. It may be advantageous to extend control networks to these systems (for a number of reasons).
P17高级配电自动化
先进的配电自动化是一个术语, 这项项目在北美来描述智能控制电网的扩展函数分布水平。与配电自动化, 通过智能电网可以启用。(电网) 通常是逻辑上分离到传动系统和(分销系统) 。电力传输系统通常运行110千伏以上, 从哪里配电系统操作(低电压) 。通常情况下, 电力公司与SCADA 系统传输电平有广泛的控制设备, 并增加控制
发行级别通过配电自动化设备。然而, 他们往往不能(控制较小的实体), 如分布式能源、建筑和房屋。可能有利于控制网络扩展到这些系统(的原因) 。
A. at lower voltages在较低电压下
B. the electrical power grid电能网
C. for a number of reasons因一些原因
D. to control smaller entities控制较小的实体
E. distribution systems配电系统
P18 Solar energy
Solar energy is lauded as an inexhaustible fuel source that is pollution and often noise free. The technology is also versatile. For example, solar cells generate energy for far-out places( like satellites in Earth orbit) and cabins deep in the Rocky
Mountains as easily as they can power downtown( buildings and futuristic cars).
But solar energy doesn't work at night without a storage device( such as a battery), and cloudy weather can make the technology unreliable during the day. Solar technologies are also very
expensive and require a lot of land area (to collect the sun's energy )at rates useful to lots of people.
Despite the drawbacks, solar energy use has surged at about 20 percent a year over the past 15 years, thanks to rapidly falling prices and gains in efficiency. Japan, Germany, and the (United States) are major markets for solar cells.
太阳能
太阳能作为取之不尽的能源,污染和经常无噪声。该技术也多才多艺。例如,太阳能电池产生的能量为远的地方(如卫星在地球轨道上)和小木屋深的岩石
像他们一样容易的山区(建筑和未来汽车)。
但是在没有储存设备(如电池)的晚上,太阳能没有工作,而且多云的天气会使白天的技术变得不可靠。太阳能技术也非常昂贵,需要大量的土地面积(以收集太阳的能量),对许多人有用。
尽管存在这些缺陷,但在过去15年里,太阳能利用已大幅上升了约百分之20,这要归功于快速下跌的价格和效率的提高。日本,德国,和美国(美国)是太阳能电池的主要市场。
A. buildings and futuristic cars一楼和未来汽车
B. such as a battery电池等。
C D. to collect the sun's energy收集太阳的能量
E. United States美国的
P19 CUSTOMER SERVICE
The American idea of customer service is to make each customer the center of attention. People going shopping in America can expect to be treated with respect( from the very beginning). When customers get to the store, they are treated as honored guests. In most stores, the signs that label each department make shopping a breeze (容易的事情). Customers usually don't have to ask (how much items cost), since prices are clearly marked.
When customers are ready to check out, they find the nearest and shortest checkout lane. After they(have paid for) their purchases, customers receive a smile and a warm "thank you" from the clerk. Many stores even allow customers to take their shopping carts out to the parking lot. In that way, they don't have to carry heavy bags out to the car.
In America, customer service continues long (after the sale). Many products come with a money-back guarantee, ff there is a problem with the product, customers can take it back.( The customer service representative )will often allow them to exchange the item or return it for a full refund.
客户服务
美国顾客服务理念是使每个顾客成为关注的中心。在美国购物的人们可以期待得到尊重(从一开始)。当顾客到商店时,他们被当作尊贵的客人对待。在大多数商店,标志,标签各部门制定购物微风(容易的事情)。客户通常不必问(多少项目成本),因为价格明显。
当客户准备退房时,他们找到了最接近的和最短的结帐通道。在他们(已支付)购买,客户收到一个微笑和一个温暖的“谢谢”,从秘书。许多商店甚至允许顾客把购物车带到停车场。这样,他们就不用背着沉重的行李到车上了。
在美国,客户服务持续时间较长(售后)。许多产品来保证可以退款,FF 的产品有问题,顾客可以把它送回去。(客户服务代表)往往会让他们换商品或返回全额退款。
A .how much items cost如何多项目成本
B .after the sale项销售
C .The customer service representative客户服务代表
D .have paid for到付
E. from the very beginning从一开始就开始
P20
Reliable and affordable energy supply
The necessity of reliable and affordable energy supply is crucial point of discussion in developing countries, especially in the context of economic development and as a measure against poverty. today, 77% of rural households in (developing countries) are not connected to the grid, i.e. a total of two billion people world-wide are without access to electricity. As the populations of developing countries are continually growing, each day (there are more people) without electricity.
DECENTRALIZED STAND-ALONE SYSTEMS POWERED BY DIESEL GENERATORS, hydro power, wind or PV are technically and commercially a viable alternative to grid extension. cost calculations show that( renewable energy systems in particular) are very often ideally suited for decentralized rural electrification as they make people in remote areas independent of fuel deliveries and prices; they are best exploited on a small scale, and they are ( highly reliable).
The large number of households to be supplied however makes different demands on the
involved actors, and new challenges like infrastructure development arise. ( for this reason), governmental institutions in many countries have started to adopt a rather market based approach to rural energy supply, and more and more private companies are involved in rural electrification activities.
可靠和负担得起的能源供应
可靠和负担得起的能源供应的必要性是发展中国家讨论的一个关键问题,特别是在经济发展的背景下,作为衡量贫穷的一个措施。今天,77%的农村家庭(发展中国家)没有连接到网格,即二十亿人,全世界都没有获得电力。随着发展中国家人口的不断增长,每一天(也有更多的人)没有电力。
分散式独立系统的柴油发电机,水力发电,风力发电或光伏发电技术和商业上可行的替代电网扩展。成本计算显示,(可再生能源系统,特别是)是经常理想适合分散的农村电气化他们让人们在偏远地区独立的运输燃料和价格;他们是最好的利用规模小,他们是高度可靠)。
然而,大量的家庭提供,但对所涉及的演员提出不同的要求,并出现新的挑战,如基础设施发展。(基于这个原因),许多国家的政府机构已经开始采取一种基于市场的方法,以农村能源供应,越来越多的私人公司参与农村电气化活动。
A. developing countries发展中国家
B. highly reliable高度可靠
C. there are more people有更多的人
D. for this reason因为这个原因
E. renewable energy systems in particular特别是可再生能源系统
P21 SOMETHING ABOUT Dictionary
"Look it up in the dictionary" is the usual comment when people are in doubt about the meaning or spelling of a word. Dictionaries are considered the final authority on these matters as well as on pronunciations and other facts about a word.
Until a few hundred years ago, however, people could not "look it up" because there were no English dictionaries. The ancient Greeks and Romans and the scholars of the Middle Ages had made lists of Latin and Greek words. (But it was not until 1604 that a book of uncommon English words appeared) The first great English dictionary listing both common and uncommon words was written by Samuel Johnson in 1755. In America, the most famous name in dictionary writing is that of Noah Webster. He stressed American rather than British ways of speaking. His great dictionary, which first appeared in 1828, has been republished many times. (Each time, it has been updated) The latest edition is still considered "the" dictionary. It defines over 450,000 words, including radar, television and many others undreamed of by Webster.
( Dictionaries that list all kinds of words are known as general dictionaries )The huge ones that rest on stands in libraries are called unabridged, meaning "not shortened." They tell not only a word's meaning and spelling but also its pronunciation, origin, history, part of speech, grammatical forms, and ways of use. The smaller ones do not provide all this information.
(General dictionaries are not the only kind )A bilingual dictionary, such as a Spanish-English dictionary, translates words from one language into another. A thesaurus lists other words that mean the same as each listed word. A gazetteer lists place names, and a glossary is a small dictionary in a book defining technical words in that book. There are also dictionaries of scientific terms and ones on many other topics. There is even a dictionary of slang. (Thus there are many kinds of special dictionaries) The dictionary is one of our most valuable language tools.
关于字典的事
“在字典里查字典”是人们在怀疑词的意思或拼写时的通常的评论。词典是对这些问题的最终权威,
以及对一词的发音和其他事实。
然而,在几百年前,人们不能“看它”,因为没有英语词典。古希腊和古罗马,中世纪的学者们用拉丁语和希腊语做了列表。(但这是不到1604,一本罕见的英文单词出现的第一个伟大的英语词典列出的共同和罕见的话是由约翰逊塞缪尔在1755。
在美国,在词典编写最著名的名字是诺亚·韦伯斯特。他强调美国人而不是英国人说话的方式。他杰出的词典,它首先出现在1828,已再版多次。(每一次,它已被更新)最新版本仍然被认为是“的”字典。它定义了超过450000字,包括雷达,电视和其他许多人意想不到的韦伯斯特。
(列出各类词称为一般字典词典)巨大的休息站在图书馆被称为删节,意义”不缩短。”告诉他们不仅一个词的意义和拼写,而且其发音,起源,历史,部分的语音,语法形式,和使用方式。较小的不提供所有这些信息。
(普通字典不是唯一的一种)双语词典,如西班牙语词典,将一种语言翻译成另一种语言。同义词的同义词列表中的其他词,意味着相同的每一个字。一个记者列举地名,和一个词汇表是在这本书中的一本书中定义技术词小词典。也有科学术语和许多其他主题的字典。甚至还有一本俚语词典。字典是我们最有价值的语言工具之一,是我们最宝贵的语言工具之一。
A. Each time, it has been updated. 每一次,它已被更新
B. General dictionaries are not the only kind. 普通字典不是唯一的一种
C. Thus there are many kinds of special dictionaries. 因此有许多种类的特殊字典
D. But it was not until 1604 that a book of uncommon English words appeared. 但直到1604,一本罕见的英文单词出现了
E. Dictionaries that list all kinds of words are known as general dictionaries. 字典里列出了各种各样的词,被称为一般的字典