英语语法_代词
英语语法 代词
一. 概念:
代词是代替名词的词, 按其意义、特征及其在句中的作用分为:人称代词、物主代词、指示代词、反身代词、相互代词、疑问代词、不定代词和关系代词等。
二. 相关知识点精讲
1. 人称代词
1) 人称代词的人称、数和格,如下表所示。
2) 人称代词有主格和宾格之分。通常主格作主语,宾格作宾语。如:
I like table tennis. (作主语) Do you know him?(作宾语)
3) 人称代词还可作表语。作表语时用宾格。如:
---Whos is knocking at the door?
---It’s me.
4) 人称代词在than 之后与其他人或事物进行比较时,用主格和宾格都可以。如: He is older than me. He is older than I am.
2. 物主代词
1) 表示所有关系的代词叫物主代词。物主代词分形容词性物主代词和名词性 物主代词,如下表所示。
2) 形容词性物主代词的作用相当于形容词,可在句中作定语。例如:
Our teacher is coming to see us.
This is her pencil-box.
3) 名词性物主代词的作用相当于名词,在句中可用作主语、宾语和表语。
Our school is here, and theirs is there.(作主语)
--- Is this English-book yours? (作表语)
--- No. Mine is in my bag.
I've already finished my homework. Have you finished yours? (作宾语)
3. 指示代词
指示代词包括:this ,that ,these ,those 。
1) this和these 一般用来指在时间或空间上较近的事物或人,that 和those
则指时间和空间上较远的事物或人,例如:
This is a pen and that is a pencil.
We are busy these days.
In those days the workers had a hard time.
2) 有时that 和those 指前面讲到过的事物,this 和these 则是指下面将要讲
到的事物,例如:
I had a cold. That's why I didn't come.
What I want to say is this ; pronunciation is very important in learning English .
3) 有时为了避免重复提到的名词,常可用that 或those 代替,例如:
Television sets made in Beijing are just as good as those made in Shanghai.
4)this 在电话用语中代表自己,that 则代表对方。例如:
Hello! This is Mary. Is that Jack speaking?
4. 反身代词
英语中用来表示" 我自己" ," 你自己" ," 他自己" ," 我们自己" ," 你们自己" 等意义的代词称为反身代词,也有人称之为自身代名词,其形式如表所示。
反身代词可以在句中作宾语,表语,同位语。
1)作宾语,表示动作的承受者就是动作的发出者,主语和宾语指同一个人
或一些人。
He called himself a writer.
Would you please express yourself in English?
2) 作表语。
It doesn't matter.I'll be myself soon.
The girl in the news is myself.
3)作主语或宾语的同位语,表示亲自或本人。
I myself washed the clothes.(=I washed the clothes myself.)(作主语同位语) You should ask the teacher himself.(作宾语同位语)
5. 不定代词
不是指明代替任何特定名词的代词叫做不定代词,在句中可作主语、表
语、宾语和定语。现将几个常用的不定代词举例说明如下:
1)some 与any 的区别
①some 多用于肯定句,表示“一些,几个”作形容词时,后面可以接①不可数名词+单数动词;②可数名词+复数动词。 Look! Some of the students are cleaning the library. . Some rice in the bag has been sold out.
②any 多用于疑问句、条件句和否定句中,表示“一些,任何”用作形容词时,后面
可以接①不可数名词+单数动词;②可数名词+复数动词。
If you have any questions, please ask me.
There isn't any orange in the bottle.
Have you got any tea?
③any 和some 也可以作代词用,表示“一些”。any 多用于疑问句或否定句中,some 多
用于肯定句中。
How many people can you see in the picture?
I can't see any.
If you have no money, I'll lend you some.
注意:与some, any 结合的词如something, somebody, someone, anything, anyone,
anybody 在肯定句、否定句、疑问句、条件句中的用法,大致和some, any的用法相同。
2) few, a few, little, a little在用法上的区别
①用作形容词:
I'm going to buy a few apples.
He can speak only a little Chinese.
There is only a little milk in the glass.
He has few friends.
They had little money with them.
②a little 和little 也可以用作副词,a little 表示“有点,稍微”,little 表示“很少”。 I'm a little hungry. (修饰形容词hungry)
Let him sleep a little. (修饰动词sleep)
Mary, go a little faster, please. (修饰副词比较级)
She slept very little last night.
3)other, the other, another, others, the others的区别。
①other 可以作形容词用,后面可以跟单数或复数名词,意思是“其他的、别
的”。
Where are his other books?
I haven't any other books except this one.
②other 也可以用作代词,与冠词the 连用构成“the other ”,表示两个人或物中的“另一个”。常与one 搭配构成“one ..., the other ...”句型。
He has two brothers. One is 10 years old , the other is 5 years old.
She held a ruler in one hand and an exercise-book in the other.
③other 作代词用时,可以有复数“others ”,泛指“另外的人或物”。常与some 搭配构成“some ...., others ...”句型。
Some went to the cinema, others went swimming.
This coat is too large. Show me some others, please.
④“the others”表示特指某范围内的“其他的人或物”。
We got home by 4 o'clock, but the others didn't get back until 8 o'clock. In our class only Tom is English, the others are Chinese.
⑤another 可以作形容词用,修饰后面的名词,意为“另一个”,还可以跟代词one. You can see another ship in the sea, can't you?
Mary doesn't want to buy this skirt. Would you please show her another one? ⑥another 也可以作代词用,表示“另一个”。
I'm still hungry after I've had this cake. Please give me another.
4)every 与each 的区别。
Each ball has a different colour.
当我们说each child, each student或each teacher时,我们想到的是一个人的情况。而当我们说every child和every student时,我们想到的是全体的情况,every 的意思与all 接近,表示他们都如此。
Every student loves the English teacher. = All students love the English teacher. Every child likes playing. = All children like playing.
5)all 和both 的用法。
①all 指三者以上,或不可数的东西。谓语动词既可以用单数,也可以用作复数。在句中作主语、表语、宾语、同位语和定语。
All of us like Mr Pope. 我们都喜欢Pope 先生。(作主语)
= We all like Mr Pope. (作同位语)
All the water has been used up. (作主语)
That's all for today. (作表语)
Why not eat all (of) the fish? (作宾语)
All the leaders are here. (作定语)
②both 作代词。
a. 与其他名词或代词并列出现,表示“两个都”。
Lucy and Lily both agree with us.
They both passed on their sticks at the same time.
How are your parents? They're both fine.
b.与“of +代词(或名词)”连用,表示“两者都”。
Both of them came to see Mary.
Both of the books are very interesting.
c. 单独使用,表示“两者(都)”。
Michael has two sons. Both are clever.
I don't know which book is the better, I shall read both.
③both 用作形容词,放在名词之前,修饰该名词,表示“两者都”。
Both his younger sisters are our classmates.
. There are tall trees on both sides of the street.
6. 相互代词
表示相互关系的代词叫做相互代词。相互代词有each other 和one another 两种形 式。在当代英语中,each other和one another没有什么区别。相互代词可在句中作宾语,定语。作定语用时,相互代词用所有格形式。
We should learn from each other / one another. (作宾语)
Do you often write to each other / one another? (作宾语)
We often borrow each other's / one another's books. (作定语)
The students corrected each other's / one another's mistakes in their homework. (作定语)
7. 疑问代词
疑问代词有who ,whom ,whose ,what 和which 等。疑问代词用于特殊疑
问句中,一般都放在句首,并在句子中作为某一句子成分。例如: Who is going to come here tomorrow? (作主语) What is that? (作表语) Whose umbrella is this? (作定语) Whom are you waiting for? (作宾语)
8. 关系代词
关系代词是一种引导从句并起连接主句和从句作用的代词。关系代词有 who, whose, whom, that, which. 它们在句中可用作主语, 表语, 宾语, 定语. 在主句中, 它们还代表着从句所修饰的那个名词或代词。例如: I hate people who talk much but do little.
I’m looking at the photograph which you sent me with your letter. With the money that he had saved, he went on with his studies. Do you know the lady who is interviewing our headmaster?
三. 巩固练习
1. Tom, Please pass ________ the glasses. I want to read the newspapers.
A. you B. me C. him D. her
2. The English novel is quite easy for you. There are ______ new words in it.
A. a little B. little C. a few D. few
3. ---Do you want ________ sandwich?
---Yes, I usually eat a lot when I’m hungry.
A. other B. another C. others D. the other
4. The doctors and nurses are doing their best to fight SARS. They think more of others than _______.
A. they B. them C. themselves D. theirs
5. ---Which do you prefer, a bottle of orange or a bottle of milk?
---______________, thanks. I’d like a cup of tea.
A. Either B. Neither C. Both D. None
6. ---Oh! I came in a hurry and forgot to bring food.
---Never mind. You can have ________.
A. us B. ours C. you D. yours
7. ---Can I come this evening or tomorrow morning?
---_______ is OK. I’m free today and tomorrow.
A. Either B. Neither C. Both D. None
8. ---How are you going to improve _______ this term?
---Work harder than last term.
A. ourselves B. myself C. himself D. yourself
9. ---Could you tell me _______ she is looking for?
---Her cousin, Susan.
A. that B. whose C. who D. which
10. ---Is _______ here?
---No. Li Lei and Han Mei have asked for leave.
A. everybody B. somebody C. anybody D. nobody
11. Paul has _______ friends except me, and sometimes he feels lonely.
A. many B. some C. few D. more
12. If you want to book a round-trip ticket, you’ll have to pay ______ $ 30.
A. more B. other C. the other D. another
13. ---Do you live by yourself, Mr Wang?
---Yes. I have two sons. But ______ of them lives with me. They are now studying in America?
A. neither B. both C. none D. either
14. ---Have you sent your parents an E-mail telling them you arrived safe? ---No. _______ of them can use a computer.
A. None B. Both C. Neither D. All
15. Who taught _______ English last term? Was _____ Mr. Smith?
A. you; it B. you; he C. your; it D. your; that
16. will be sent to Germany for the training.
A. I, you and he B. He, I and you
C. You, she and I D. I, you and they
17. We decided to go for a field trip with some friends of _______.
A. us B. our C. ours D. ourselves
18. ---Is there a bus to the zoo?
---I’m afraid there’s _______ bus to the zoo.
A. no B. any C. some D. none
19. This is ______ classroom. Where is _______?
A. our; them B. us; they C. our; theirs D. ours; theirs
20. The players from Europe are taller than from Asia.
A. those B .these C. that D. they
21. ---- Who is singing in the next room?
---- must be Mary.
A. She B. This C. It D. He
22. Your digital camera is quite nice . Where did you buy ? I want to buy , too.
A. it; one B. it; it C. one; one D. one; it
23. ---- Do you have to say?
---- No, .
A. else anything; anything B. else something; nothing
C. something else; anything D. anything else; nothing
24. “He ’s the tallest in the class. ” means “He ’s taller than in the class.”
A. every boy B. any students C. each boy D. any other student 25. of the family are watching the football game now.
A. Every B. Each C. Every one D. All
26. A lot of climbers have tried to climb the Qomolangma, but only have succeeded.
A. many B. few C. a few D. much
27. You can see colorful flags on A. any B. every C. both D. each
28. Are you sure that of them has been abroad?
A. no one B. none C. nobody D. everyone
29. ---- I’ m very thirsty, could I have to drink?
---- What would you like ?
---- will do.
A. anything; Something B. something; Anything
C. something; Something D. anything; Anything;
30. I can’t give you any ink because I have left.
A. little B. few C. a little D. a few
四. 答案
1.B 2.D 3.B 4.C 5.B 6.B 7.A 8.D 9.C 10.A 11.C 12.D 13.A 14.C 15.A 16.C 17.C 18.A
19.C 20.A 21.C 22.A 23.D 24.D 25.D 26.B27.D28.B 29.B 30.A
代词
A
any 任何(一个) anyone 任何人
anything 任何东西,任何事情
B
both 两个,两个都
E
each 各个,每个
everybody 每个人
everyone 每个人,每一个 everything 每件事物,一切
H
her 她的
him 他(宾格)
I
its 它的
M
myself 我自己
N
neither 两者都不
nobody 没有,无人 none 没有一个
nothing 没有什么,没有东西
O
other 不同的人(或物) ours 我们的(人、物) ourselves 我们自己
S
someone 某人,有人
T
them 他、她、它们(宾格)
Y
yourself 你自己