跨文化交际-术语解释

Terms

1. Globalization is considered as a process of increasing involvment in international business

operations.

经济学视角中的全球化表现为不断增加的国际商务往来过程。

2. Macroculture :The term macroculture implies losing ethnic differences and forming one

large society.

宏观文化意味着种族差异的消失和一个大社会的形成。

3. Melting pot means a sociocultural assimilation of people of different backgrounds and

nationlities.

熔炉:不同背景和国籍的人们之间的社会文化的同化。

4. Microcultures:cultures within cultures

微观文化：文化中的文化

5. Intercultural communication refers to communication between people whose culture

perceptions and symbol systems are distinct enough to alter the communication event. 跨文化交际:指拥有不同文化认知和符号体系的人文之间进行的交际。

Chapter 1

6. Culture is a learned set of shared interpretations about beliefs,values,and norms,which affect

the behavior of a relatively large group of people.

文化是习得的一套关于信仰，价值观，规范的公认的解释，这些信仰，价值观，规范对相当大人类群体的行为产生影响。

7. Culture identity refers to one’s sense of belonging to a particular culture or ethnic group.

文化身份：指有意识地把自己归为某一特定文化或种族群体。

8. Subculture are formed by groups of people possessing characteristic traits that set apart and

distinguish them from others within a larger society or dominant culture.

亚文化:具有能在更大的一个社会范围内或主流文化中使自己有别于他人的特点的人类群体所形成的文化。

9. Subgroup are groups with the dominant culture does not agree and with which it has

communication problems.

亚群体:与主流文化不一致，并与主流文化有交际障碍的交际群体。

10. Rules may refers to socially agreed-on behavior or to individual guidelines for behavior.

规则:社会认同的行为或行为的个体原则。

11. Norms are culturally ingrained principles of correct and incorrect behaviors which, if

broken carry a form of overt or covert penalty.

规范指的是正确和不正确行为根深蒂固的文化原则，这种不正确的行为一旦发生，就意味着一种显性或隐性的处罚。

Chapter 2

12. Enculturation is the socialization process you go through to adapt to your society.

社会文化适应：人们学习适应自己所在社会的文化的社会化过程。

13. Acculturation refers to an individual’s learning and adopting the norms and values of the

new host culture.

文化适应：人们学习适应新文化的社会规范和价值观的过程。

14. 分隔和隔离separation and segregation refer to maintaining one’s original culture and not

participating in the new culture.

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在文化适应过程中保留了原有文化，完全没有接受和习得新文化。 融合Integration takes place when individuals become an integral part of the new culture while maintaining their cultural integrity integration ensures a continuity of culture. 在文化适应中人们成为新文化的一部分，同时又保留了自己文化的完整性。 同化Assimilation is the degree to which an individual relinquishes an original culture for another .when individuals are assimilated into a mainstream culture,they lose their previous culture. 人们放弃原有文化，接受新文化的程度一旦被主流文化同化，人们就失去了原有的文化。 边缘化Marginalization or deculturation , refers to losing one ’s cultural identity and not having any psychological contact with the larger society. 人们不仅失去自己原有的文化身份，而且与广大社会失去了心理联系。 文化震荡Culture shock refers to the traumatic experience that an individual may encounter when entering a different culture.人们在进入一种新文化环境时，遭遇的痛苦和难忘的经历。 Chapter 3 信息源source is the person with an idea he orshe desires to communicate. 是具有交际需要和愿望的具体的人。 编码encoding is the process of putting an idea into a symbol. 是指将思想转换成代码的行为过程。 信息message is the resulting object. 是交流的内容，编码的结果。 渠道channel 是信息传递的手段。 干扰noise 指任何会曲解信息源所要表达的信息的事情。 解码decoing 信息接收者在积极参与交流的过程中对所接收到的符号信息赋予意义的过程。 反馈feedback 指信息接收者的反应被信息源所了解的那一部分反应。 情境context 交际发生的环境并且有助于解释交际内容的含义。 Chapter 4 人际交际interpersonal communication: a small number of individuals who are interacting exclusively with one another and who therefore have the ability to adapt their messages specifically for those others and to obtain immediate interpretaions from them.指少数人之间的交往他们既能根据对方调整自己的信息，又能立即从对方那里获得解释。 内文化交际intracultural communication is defined as communication between and among members of the same culture .指同一文化内某成员之间的交际，总的来说，同一种族，政治倾向宗教，或者具有同样兴趣的人们之间的交际。 国家间交际internation communication 指国家和政府而非个人之间的交际，此种交际非常正式和仪式化。 跨民族交际interthnic communication ：refers to communication between people of the same race ,but different ethnic backgrounds . 指同一种族，不同民族背景的人们之间的交际。 跨种族交际interracial communication:occurs when the sender and the receiver exchanging messages are from different races that pertain to different physical characteristics.指信息源和信息来自不同的种族，种族具有不同的身体特征。 跨地区交际interregional communication :refers to the exchange of messages between

members of the dominant culture within a country.指一个国家内主流文化成员之间的信息交换过程。

Chapter 5

33. 世界观worldview :is the belief that we hold explaining the cosmos God,the nature of

humanityand nature.指我们持有的对宇宙，神，人本质及自然的最根本的看法。

34. 宗教religion refers to belief in and reverence for a supernatural power or powers regarded as

creator and governor of the universe. 对超自然力量宇宙创造者和控制者权力的相信与崇敬。

35. 个人主义individualism : Individualism refers to the doctrine that the interests of the individual are or ought to be paramount, and that all values, right, and duties originate in individuals. It emphasizes individual initiative, independence ，individual expression, and even privacy.

35. 集体主义collectivism ：as its opposite pertains to societies in which people from birth

onwards are integrated into strong cohesive ingroups, which throughout people ’s lifetime continue to protect them in exchange for unquestioning loyalty.

36. 对不确定因素的回避态度：uncertainty avoidance deals with a society ’s tolerance for

uncertainty and ambiguity ;it ultimately refers to man’s search for truth.是关于一个社会对不确定性和模棱两可的容忍程度。

37. 权利距离power distance refers to the extent to which the less powerful members of

institutions and organizations within a country expect and accept that power is distributed unequally. 组织或机构里边，没有权力的成员对于权力不均等分配接受和期望的程度。 Chapter 6

38. 感觉sensation ：is the neurological process by which people become aware of their

environmnent .人们意识到周围环境的神经过程。

低语境low-context ： Cultures in which little of the meaning is determined by the message is encoded in the explicit code are labeled low-context. 交际过程中所产生的信息量的大部分由显性的语码负载，只有少量的信息蕴含在隐性的环境和情景中。

39. 高语境high-context ：involves the use of indirect, implicit ambiguous messages when

speaking. 在人们交际时，有较多的信息量蕴含在社会文化环境和情景中，明显的语码负载较少的信息量。

Chapter 7

40. 焦虑Anxiety occurs because of not knowing what one is expected to do, and focusing on

that feeling and not be totally present in the communication transaction.在新环境下人们不知如何应对，过多关注自己的情绪，不能全身心投入到交际中。

41. 假定一致性：(1) To assume people know how someone else is thinking based on how they

see things is called projected cognitive similarity.

从自己看待事物的角度来判断别人的想法。

(2)Assuming similarity instead of difference refers to the assumption that people are more similar to you than they actually are or that another person's situation is more similar to you own situation than it in fact is.

42. 定势stereotypes ：refers to negative or positive judgment made about individuals based on

any observable or believed group membership. 针对目标群体成员所特有的正面或方面的判断。

43. 偏见Prejudice refers to the irrational dislike,suspicion,or hatred of a particular

group,race,religion,or sexual orientation.

偏见是指对于某一特定群体，种类，宗教或性取向的无端的憎恶和怀疑。

44. 种族主义是基于种族Racism isany policy,practice,belief,or attitude that attributes

characteristics or status to individuals based on their race.把性格特点或地位归因于个人的任意政策、做法、信仰或态度。

45. 语言绝对论：Linguistic determinist is that language structure controls thought and cultural

norms. 语言结构控制思维和文化。

46. 语言相对论：Linguistic relativity holds that culture is controlled by and controls language.

文化由语言来决定，同时也决定语言。

Chapter 8

47. 言语交际Verbal intercultural communications happens when people from different

cultural backgrounds communicate with each other by using language.当来自不同文化背景的人们用语言进行交流时言语交际就发生了。

48. 禁忌语：Taboo refers to some words or actions that are avoided by a particular group of

people ，or in certain for religious or social reasons.在特定文化中出于宗教或社会原因被一特定群体所避免使用的一些词语或行为。

49. 委婉语：Euphemism means the act of substituting a mild,indirect,or vague term for one

considered harsh,blunt,or offensive.指用温和的，间接的方式来代替严厉的，生硬的或冒犯的言语。

Chapter 10

50. 非言语信号：（狭义）noverbal communicate refers to intertional use of nonspoken symbol

to communicate a specific message .运用非言语符号传达特定信息的交际行为。（广义）refers to elements of the environment that communicate by virtue of people’s use of them.人们交际时运用的环境因素。

51. 副语言：Paralanguage refers to the rate ,pitch and volume qualities of the voice,which

interrupt or temporarily take the place of speech and affect the meaning of a message是与口语交际有关，指说的速度，音高，和质量，这些要素会打断或临时取代语言并影响信息的语意表达.

52. 时间行为：Chronemics is the study of how people perceive and use time.是指研究人们如

何看待和使用时间。

53. 时空行为：proxemics refers to the perception and use of space including territoriality and

personal space.指对空间的认知和使用时空进行沟通，包括地盘性和个人空间。

54. 目光语：The study of communications sent by the eyes is termed oculesics.研究目光传递的

交流信息。

55. 气味行为Olfactics ：The study of communication via smell is called Olfactics对通过味道

进行交流的研究。

56. 触觉行为Haptics :refers to communicating through the use of bodily context .通过身体接触

来进行交流。

57. 身势语行为Kinesics ：is the term used for communicating through various types of body

movements including facial expressions,gestures,posture and stance ,and other mannerisms that may accompany or replace oral messages.

指交际时所使用的不同类型的动作，包括表情，手势，姿势，和其他代替语言传达信息

58. 59. 60. 61. 62. 63. 64. 65. 66. 67. 的行为举止。 色彩学Chromatics:refers to the study of color use in affecting people’s mood,emotions,and impression of others.指影响你的情绪，情感和对他人的印象的颜色的研究。 Chapter 11 礼节Etiquette:refers to manners and behaviors considered acceptable in social and business situation .在社会或商务往来中被认为可接受的行为举止。 Chapter 12 良好的交际Competent communication ：as interaction that is perceived as effective in fulfillingcertain rewarding objectives in a way that is also appropriate to the context in which the interaction occurs. 指的是以一种适合交际发生场景的方式来完成一定的有回报的目标的有效交际。 跨文化能力intercultural competence :refers to the ability to understand and adapt to the target culture;in another word,it refers to the sensitivity to cultural diversity,i.e,the ablity to behave in an appropriate way and to regulate one’s communication and interaction according to the context.指理解和适应目标文化的能力，指对文化多样性的敏感性，也就是根据具体的交际环境选择恰当的得体行为调整交际与交往的能力。 跨文化交际能力包括：involves cognition affect and behavior ,which are inseparable in reality. 认知能力，情感能力，行为能力，事实上他们是密不可分的。 认知Cognition :The cognitive aspects of intercultural communication competence are the mental capacities of comprehension and ability to understand the meaning of various verbal and nonverbal codes.指的是思维的理解力和理解各种言语和非言语交际的能力。 情感Feelings:refers to the emotional or affective states that you experience when communicating with someone from a different culture.当你和来自其他文化的人进行交际的时候，你所经历的情感状态 目的Intentions:are what guide your choices in a particular intercultural interaction.指引你如何进行一个特定的跨文化交际。 行动Action:refer to the actual performance of those behaviors that are regarded as appropriate and effective.指交际的适当而有效的行为表现。 移情Empathy:being able to see and feel things from other people’s points of view能够以他人的观点看待和感受事情。