2015年北京市夏季普通高中会考化学试卷
2015年北京市夏季普通高中会考
化 学 试 卷
可能用到的相对原子质量:H 1 C 12 N 14 O 16 Na 23 Al 27
Si 28 S 32 Cl 35.5 Fe 56
第一部分 选择题(共50分)
在下列各题的四个选项中,只有一个选项符合题意。(每小题2分,共50分) 1.温室气体的排放是全球变暖的主要原因。下列温室气体中,属于有机物的是 A .O 3 B .CO 2 C .N 2O D .CH 4 2.位于周期表第ⅦA 族的元素是
A .H B .Mg C .O D .F
3.电解质是一类在水溶液里或熔融状态下能够导电的化合物。下列物质属于电解质的是
A .Fe B .O 2 C .NaCl D .KNO 3溶液 4.合金是由两种或两种以上的金属(或金属与非金属)熔合而成的具有金属特性的物质。下列物质不属于合金的是 ...
A .青铜 B .水银 C .硬铝 D .碳素钢
5.在国民经济各部门、国防工业以及人们日常生活中得到广泛应用。 铝作为一种重要原料,下列关于铝的说法不正确的是 ...
A .银白色金属 B .不与氧气反应
C .能发生铝热反应 D .能与氢氧化钠溶液反应 6.下列元素中,原子半径最大的是
A .Na B .Al C .P D .S 7.高分子化合物在自然界中大量存在。下列物质不属于高分子化合物的是 ...
A .淀粉 B .油脂 C .蛋白质 D .纤维素 8.当光束通过下列分散系时,能观察到丁达尔效应的是
A .盐酸 B .蔗糖溶液 C .NaCl 溶液 D .Fe(OH)3胶体
9.以共用电子对形成分子的化合物叫做共价化合物。下列物质属于共价化合物的是
A .H 2 B .CO 2 C .CaCl 2 D .NaOH
化学试卷 第1页(共8页)
10.过氧化氢溶液俗称双氧水,可用于环境和食品消毒。盛放过氧化氢溶液的试剂瓶上所贴
的危险化学品标志是
11.合成氨是人类科学技术发展史上的一项重大突破。一定条件下,在密闭容器中进行合成
氨反应:N 2(g) + 3H2(g) 状态的是
A .正、逆反应速率都等于零 B .N 2、H 2、NH 3的浓度相等 C .N 2、H 2、NH 3在容器中共存 D .N 2、H 2、NH 3的浓度均不再变化 12.原电池是将化学能转变为电能的装置。关于右图
所示原电池的说法不正确的是 ...A .Zn 为负极,Cu 为正极 B .电子由锌片通过导线流向铜片 C .正极反应式为Cu - 2e
-
2NH 3(g),下列说法能充分说明该反应已经达到化学平衡
2+
Cu
D .原电池的反应本质是氧化还原反应
13.钼(Mo )是生命必需的元素,参与人体内硝酸盐的代谢,阻止致癌物亚硝胺的形成。
10842
Mo 原子核内中子数与核外电子数之差是
A .24 B .42 C .66 D .108 14.一定条件下能与CH 4发生取代反应的是
A .Cl 2 B .O 2 C .溴水 D .KMnO 4酸性溶液
15.某粒子的结构示意图为
的是 ...
A .核电荷数为17 B .核外有3个电子层
C .属于非金属元素的离子 D .在化学反应中容易得到1个电子 16.能与碳酸钠溶液反应产生气体的物质是
A .苯 B .甲烷 C .乙烯 D .乙酸 17.下列物质的电子式书写正确的是
+
.. .. -.. ..
: O:C :O H C Na : Cl B : A . H : H . [: Cl .. ] . .. : D . .. .. :
18.FeSO 4溶液和FeCl 3溶液是实验室常用药品。下列不能区分二者的试剂是 ..
A .BaCl 2 B .NaOH C .H 2SO 4 D .KSCN
化学试卷 第2页(共8页)
19.下列物质性质的比较中,正确的是
A .氧化性:Br 2>Cl 2 B .稳定性:HF >HCl C .碱性:Mg(OH)2>NaOH D .酸性:H 2SiO 3>H 2SO 4
20.实验室用碳酸钙与盐酸反应制取二氧化碳。下列条件下,该反应的速率最快的是
21.下列关于安全事故的处理方法中,正确的是
A .金属钠着火时,立即用沙土覆盖 B .大量氯气泄漏时,应顺风往低处跑
C .不慎洒出的酒精在桌上着火时,立即用水扑灭 D .少量浓硫酸沾在皮肤上,立即用氢氧化钠溶液冲洗 22.下列说法中,正确的是
A .1 mol CO2的质量是44 g B .17 g NH3的体积是22.4 L
C .100 mL 1 mol/L NaOH溶液中含有1 mol OH D .标准状况下,11.2 L O2中含有6.02×1023个氧分子 23.下列解释实验事实的离子方程式正确的是
2
A .用石灰石与稀盐酸制备二氧化碳:CO 3+ 2H
+ -
CO 2↑ + H 2O
-
-
B .氢氧化钡溶液与稀硫酸反应生成白色沉淀:Ba 2+ + SO 42C .钠与水反应后的溶液显碱性:Na + 2H 2O 24.下列有关物质用途的说法中,不正确的是 ...
BaSO 4↓ SiO 32 + H 2O
-
Na + + 2OH + H 2↑
-
D .二氧化硅与氢氧化钠溶液反应生成硅酸钠:SiO 2 + 2OH A .铝用于制造电缆
B .硝酸用于制造化肥
C .常温下用铁制容器盛装浓硫酸 D .四氧化三铁用作红色油漆 25.下列实验方法能达到实验目的的是
化学试卷 第3页(共8页)
第二部分 非选择题(共50分)
一、必答题(共30分)
1.(3分)为治理汽车尾气中的NO 和CO 对环境的污染,可在汽车排气管上安装催化转化器,发生的反应为2NO + 2CO
催化剂
N 2 + 2CO2。该反应中,被氧化的物质是 (填
化学式),作为氧化剂的物质是 (填化学式);若反应中生成1 mol N2,则消耗 NO mol 。
2.(3分)在化工生产常用的3种有机物 ①乙烯、②乙醇、③油脂中,可用于制取肥皂的是 (填序号,下同),可用来衡量一个国家石油化工发展水平的是 ,可与水以任意比互溶的是 。
3.(4分)现有下列4种物质:①SiO 2、②稀HNO 3、③浓H 2SO 4、④Na 2SiO 3。其中,不溶于水的是 (填序号,下同);能使蔗糖变黑的是 ;能与盐酸反应产生白色胶状物质的是 ;能与Cu 反应生成NO 的是 。
4.(4分)早在1774年,瑞典化学家舍勒在研究软锰矿(主要成分MnO 2)的过程中,将它与浓盐酸混合加热,产生了黄绿色气体——氯气。某小组同学利用舍勒发现氯气的方法制取氯气并探究其性质。
请回答:
(1)装置①中制取氯气,是利用了MnO 2的 (填字母)。
a .氧化性 b .还原性 (2)装置②的作用是 。 (3)装置③中的现象是 。
(4)装置④中反应的离子方程式是 。
化学试卷 第4页(共8页)
溶液
① ② ③ ④
5.(8分)铁硅铝合金制成的磁粉芯在高频下具有较好的磁性和较低的损耗,所以被用作新型电子节能材料。由于铝、硅的含量影响铁硅铝合金的性能,某研究小组同学欲测定该合金中铝的含量,设计了如下实验。
(1)①~③所涉及的实验操作方法中,用到过滤的是 (填序号)。 (2)①中发生反应的离子方程式是 。 (3)下列说法正确的是 (填字母)。
a .溶液C 含有3种阴离子 b .③中发生了氧化还原反应 c .②中的氢氧化钠溶液可用氨水代替
(4)若红棕色固体E 为纯净物,则合金中铝的质量分数为 。
6.(8分)甲、乙、丙3种物质在生产生活中用途广泛,它们均是由短周期元素组成的化合物。甲含有4种元素,其中一种元素原子的最外层电子数是内层的2倍。
请回答:
(1)若甲、乙含有同一种金属元素,其焰色反应均为黄色。丙是一种无色无味的气体。
① 该金属元素在周期表中的位置是 。 ② 下列叙述正确的是 (填字母)。 a. 甲、乙均可用作食用碱
b. 乙中混有的少量甲可用加热法除去
c. 等质量的甲、乙分别与足量盐酸反应可生成等量丙
(2)若乙是可以使湿润的红色石蕊试纸变蓝的气体,丙在空气中由无色变为红棕色。 ① 甲与足量NaOH 溶液反应的离子方程式是。
② 乙生成丙的反应中,若转移了1.6 mol 电子,则生成丙的物质的量为
化学试卷 第5页(共8页)
二、选答题(共20分。请在以下三个模块试题中任选一个模块试题作答,若选答了多个模块的试题,以所答第一模块的试题评分) 《化学与生活》模块试题
1.(4分)“端午节”为中国传统节日,已被列入世界非物质文化遗产名录。端午节吃粽子是我国人民的文化传统。制做粽子的部分原料如下:①蔗糖、②糯米、③鲜瘦肉、④橄榄油。请回答:
(1)富含油脂的是 (填序号,下同)。 (2)富含淀粉的是 。 (3)富含蛋白质的是 。 (4)属于调味剂的是 。
2.(8分)水是人体的重要组成成分,是进行体内反应的介质。人体缺水后会增加血液的粘稠度,易引发多种心脑血管疾病,因此常用阿司匹林来预防。在我们每天的日常生活中,不仅需要适当补充水分,也需要保证合理均衡的饮食。长期以来,我国居民有进食腌制肉类食品的习惯,摄入水果、蔬菜等碱性食物偏少,容易导致人体血液偏酸。因此合理选择饮食,能帮助我们打下健康的基础。
请依据以上短文,判断下列说法是否正确(填“对”或“错”)。 (1)阿司匹林可以预防心脑血管疾病。
(2)长期过量食用腌制肉类食品对人体是无害的。 (3)水果、蔬菜等属于酸性食物,要控制摄入量。 (4)人体内的水需要不断补充,水是进行体内反应的介质。
3.(8分)燃煤产生的烟气中含有较多的SO 2,直接排放会严重污染空气。氨法脱硫是一种操作简单、效率高的脱硫方法,其反应原理可用下图表示。 请回答:
(1)含SO 2的烟气未经处理直接排放的危害是 (填字母)。
a. 危害人体健康 b. 影响动植物生长 (2)SO 2跟氨水反应生成NH 4HSO 3的化学方程式是 。 (3)②中通入空气发生反应时,NH 4HSO 3是 (填字母)。
a. 氧化剂 b. 还原剂
(4)某研究小组对①产生的溶液进行监测,测得有关数据如下:
-
则c (HSO3
) = mol/L。
化学试卷 第6页(共8页)
《有机化学基础》模块试题
1. (4分)现有下列6种与人们生产生活相关的有机物:
① HCHO (防腐剂) ② CH 3CH 2CHO (橡胶防老剂) ③ CH 3CH 2CH 2CH 3(打火机燃料)
④ CH 3 3 (冷冻剂)
COOH
⑤ (防腐剂) ⑥ OH (杀菌剂) 请回答:
(1)属于羧酸的是 (填序号)。 (2)与①互为同系物的是 (填序号)。 (3)与③互为同分异构体的是 (填序号)。 (4)用系统命名法给④命名,其名称为 。
2. (8分)现有下列4种重要的有机物:①乙烯、②乙酸、③乙醇、④苯。请回答: (1)能发生消去反应生成①的是 (填序号)。 (2)能与③发生酯化反应的是 (填序号)。
(3)能发生加成反应使溴的四氯化碳溶液褪色的是 (填序号)。 (4)写出④与浓硝酸和浓硫酸的混合物发生硝化反应的化学方程式: 。 3. (8分)乳酸是世界上公认的三大有机酸之一,其应用非常广泛,可用作食品酸味剂、医药防腐剂、工业pH 调节剂等。乳酸的结构简式如下图所示。 请回答:
(1)乳酸分子中含氧官能团的名称是 。 (2)乳酸的分子式是 。
(3)乳酸聚合得到的聚乳酸可以抽成丝线,这种线是良好的医用手术缝合线。乳酸在一
定条件下聚合生成聚乳酸的化学方程式是______。
(4)乳酸有多种同分异构体,请写出任意一种满足下列条件的同分异构体的结构简式:
______。
① 含酯基且能发生银镜反应
② 能与金属钠反应产生氢气
化学试卷 第7页(共8页)
3
《化学反应原理》模块试题
1. (4分)有关“人工固氮”研究的最新报道:在常温、常压、光照条件下,N 2可在催化剂(掺有少量Fe 2O 3的TiO 2)表面与水发生反应:2N 2(g) + 6H 2O(l) 3O 2(g)。
已知:① N2(g) + 3H 2(g) ② 2H 2O(l) 请回答:
(1)反应①属于(填“吸热”或“放热”)反应。 (2)反应①消耗3 mol H2(g)时,∆H kJ/mol。 (3)反应②生成1 mol O2(g)时,∆H = _______ kJ/mol。 (4)反应2N 2(g) + 6H 2O(l)
CO 2(g) + 3H 2(g)
4NH 3(g) 2NH 3(g)
4NH 3(g)
+
ΔH 1 = -92.0 kJ/mol ΔH 2 = +571.6 kJ/mol
2H 2(g) + O 2(g)
+ 3O 2(g) ∆H kJ/mol。
2.(8分)二氧化碳催化加氢合成甲醇的反应:
CH 3OH(g) + H 2O(g) ∆H <0
可以用来缓解温室效应、开发新能源。一定条件下,向容积为1 L的密闭容器中充入1 mol CO 2和3 mol H2,CO 2(g)和CH 3OH(g)的浓度随时间变化如下图所示。
请回答:
(1)4 min内,v (CO2min) 。
(2)其他条件不变,增大c (CO2) ,平衡向(填“正”或“逆”)反应方向移动。 (3)升高温度,该反应的化学平衡常数)。 (4)平衡时,CO 2的转化率是 。
3.(8分)25℃时,现有浓度均为0.10 mol/L的2种溶液:① 氨水、② 氯化铵溶液。 请回答:
(1)两种溶液中c (H+) > c (OH) 的是(填序号)。
-
(2)一水合氨的电离方程式是 。 (3)下列说法正确的是 (填字母)。
a .①和②中水的电离均被抑制
b .①中由水电离出的c (H+) =1.0×10-13 mol/L
c .若两溶液等体积混合后pH >7,则溶液中离子浓度存在关系: c (NH4+) >c (Cl) >c (OH) >c (H+)
-
-
(4)用石墨作电极电解②时,阳极反应式是 。
2015年北京市夏季普通高中会考
化学试卷答案及评分参考
说明:考生答案如与本答案不同,若答得合理,可酌情给分,但不得超过原题所规定的分数。
第一部分 选择题 (共50分)
选择题(每小题2分,共50分)
第二部分 非选择题(共50分)
一、必答题(共30分)
1.(3分) CO ··················································································· 1分 NO ··················································································· 1分
2 ···················································································· 1分
2.(3分) ③ ····················································································· 1分
① ···················································································· 1分 ② ···················································································· 1分
3.(4分) ① ····················································································· 1分
③ ···················································································· 1分 ④ ···················································································· 1分 ② ···················································································· 1分
4.(4分)(1)a „„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„1分 (2)除去氯气中混有的氯化氢气体 ·········································· 1分 (3)黄绿色气体进入③中,湿润的有色纸条褪色 „„„„„„„ 1分
(4)Cl 2 + 2OH
(2)Fe + 2H+
-
Cl + ClO + H2O ·································· 1分
--
5.(8分)(1)① ② „„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„2分
Fe 2+ + H2↑ 2Al + 6H+
2Al 3+ + 3H2↑ „2分
(3)a b ············································································ 2分 (4)5.9%(或0.059) ······························································ 2分
6.(8分)(1)① 第3周期 第IA 族 „„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„2分
② a b ········································································ 2分 (2)① NH 4+ + HCO3 + 2OH
—
△ —
NH 3↑+ CO32 + 2H2O
—
或NH 4+ + OH
分
△ —
NH 3↑+ H 2O „„„„„„„„„„2
② 0.32 mol (或3.2×10-1 mol )„„„„„„„„„„„„„„ 2分
二、选答题(共20分)
说明:考生可任选其中一个模块的试题作答,若选答了多个模块的试题,以所答第一模块的
试题评分。 《化学与生活》模块试题
1.(4分)(1)④ ·············································································· 1分
(2)② ·············································································· 1分 (3)③ ·············································································· 1分 (4)① ················································································ 1分
2.(8分)(1)对 ··············································································· 2分
(2)错 ··············································································· 2分 (3)错 ··············································································· 2分 (4)对 ··············································································· 2分
3.(8分)(1)a b ··············································································· 2分
(2)NH 3 + SO2 + H2O
NH 4HSO 3 ····································· 2分
(3)b „„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„2分 (4)0.08(或8.0×10-2) ························································ 2分
《有机化学基础》模块试题
1.(4分)(1)⑤ ··············································································· 1分
(2)② ·············································································· 1分 (3)④ ················································································ 1分 (4)2-甲基丙烷 ··································································· 1分
2.(8分)(1)③ ··············································································· 2分
(2)② ·············································································· 2分 (3)① ··············································································· 2分
NO 2浓H 2SO 4
(4) +HNO
3 +H 2O
△
·········································· 2分
3.(8分)(1)羟基、羧基 ··································································· 2分
(2)C 3H 6O 3 ········································································ 2分
(3)
O
n CH 3
H O
CH 3
OH
O
OH + (n -1)H 2O
(4)
O O CH 2CH 2OH
或
O
„„„„„„„„„„2分
O 3
《化学反应原理》模块试题
………………………2分
1.(4分)(1)放热 ··········································································· 1分
(2)-92.0 ········································································· 1分 (3)+571.6 ······································································ 1分 (4)+1530.8 ······································································ 1分
2.(8分)(1)0.125 ··········································································· 2分
(2)正 ··············································································· 2分 (3)减小 ············································································ 2分 (4)75% (或0.75、或3/4) ··········································
··········· 2分
3.(8分)(1)② ·············································································· 2分
(2)NH 3·H 2O
NH 4++OH ············································· 2分
—
(3)c ················································································ 2分 (4)2Cl - 2e
—
—
Cl 2↑
2分