澳大利亚税法:实际发生制
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Introduction
There are two main methods regards to keeping account. “Accrual accounting basis” is an important principle which must be observed in the accountancy. It specifies a method of keeping accounts, which mainly describes that an account must be kept based on the actual time of occurrence of rights and liabilities, regardless whether corresponding amounts are received or paid or not. Any incomes or expenses which have been occurred must be kept in current period despites corresponding amounts have not been received or paid, and, any amounts which have been received or paid must not be kept in account in current period due to the reason that they have not occur in the current period. On the contrary, other accounting method named cash accounting basis, treats whether an amounts is received or paid as a standard to keep account. Any payments which have been received will be kept as income in current period, and any amounts which have been paid will be kept as expenses in current period, despite whether they occur in current period or not.
The difference between the above two methods of accountancy lead to the different understanding about the meaning of the word “incurred ” in section 8(1) of the Income Taxation Assessment Act 1997.
Analysis
Judged from the concept of “accrual accounting basis”, the word “incurred” used in Income Taxation Assessment Act 1997 section 8(1) means the incurrence of rights and obligations, regardless whether relevant losses or outgoings occur or not.
I think the understanding based on the principle of “accrual accounting basis” about the word is correct and more appropriate. “Accrual accounting basis ” is developed from “cash accounting basis ”, accountancy process based on cash payment and receipt is simple and suited for the situation of simple and undeveloped commodity economy. Cash accounting basis has been applied under few circumstances, such as settlement of small business, family accountancy and so on. It is simple but also it is limited. Since the economic activities became increasingly complex, cash basis did not meet people ’s requirements any more. People adopted new method so that they may obtain more useful and important information from accountancy. Along with the development of the commodity economy and arising of credit system, “cash accounting basis ” could not calculate incomes and costs in current period correctly any more and therefore was replaced by “accrual accounting basis”. I would like to say the transform is progressive to make the job of accountancy more useful and valued. It mainly because: 1. the method is reasonable to represent and structure the accountancy statements; 2. it will make its users more clear about the continuous process of accounting status and help decision maker to make suitable decisions; 3. the method is able to make accountancy more accurate to reflect the fact. Incomes and costs in a fixed period will be counted correctly, and decision makers will be provided 本人男，汉族，1987年11月出生于湖北。2010年武汉科技大学法学本科毕业。毕业后，先后在越南（15个月）、埃塞俄比亚（2013年6月至今）工作，热爱法律英语。在学习之余，随手写下了这些文章，供各位在学习、考试中参考，但请不要复制或抄袭。如有疑问或需要可联系本人，QQ ：1003703168。