定语的含义
一.定语的含义:放在名词前后,起修饰说明作用的词或词组。 (划___部分为句子中的定语)
二. 定语的位置:通常单个的词作定语时要放于被修饰词的前面,短语作定语时要放于被修饰词的后面。
三. 定语从句的基本定义
1.定语从句:放在名词或代词后面,由关系词引导的完整的句子作后置定语的成分的从句叫定语从句。
2.先行词:被修饰的词叫先行词。
3.关系词:处在关系词与定语从句之间,起着连接主从句,指代先行词和在从句中做句子成分的三重作用。
4.关系词再无本意,可译为“...的”。
例:The boy who is reading is Tom. 正在读书的男孩是Tom.
㈠关系代词that、which、who、whom、whose的用法。
①that 指人或物,在定语从句中作主语或宾语。(作宾语时,可省略。)
A plane is a machine that can fly.(物作主语)
He is the man (that) I told you about.(人作宾语)
② which指物,在定语从句中作主语或宾语。(作宾语时,可省略。) These are the trees which were planted last year.(物作主语)
This book(which)he sent me is very good.(物作宾语)
③ who指人,在定语从句中作主语或宾语。(作宾语时,可省略。)
The man (who) I talked with is our teacher.(人作宾语)
A person who steals things is called a thief.(人作主语)
④whom指人,在定语从句中作宾语,可省略。
The man (whom) I talked with is Mr. Li.(人作宾语)
⑤whose指人或物, 在定语从句中作定语. 先行词与后面的名词是所属关系。
(whose的先行词指人时,可用of whom代替,但语序不同,即whose+名词 = the+名词+of whom,或= of whom + the + 名词。如:
The boy whose mother (= the mother of whom或of whom the mother) is a doctor is my friend.)
㈡、关系副词when, where, why, 都在其引导的定语从句中充当状语。代替表示时间,地点或原因的先行词。(介词+时间=时间状语,介词+地点=地点状语,介词+reason=原因状语)
1.when修饰表示时间的先行词,并在定语从句中作时间状语.相当于“介词+关系代词(which)”。
例句:I still remember the day when/on which I first came to this school. on the day= when =on which
2.where修饰表示地点的先行词,在定语从句中充当地点状语。相当于“介词+ 关系代词(which)”。
例句:This is the office where/in which he worked.
in the office=in which =where
3.why修饰先行词reason,在定语从句中充当原因状语。相当于“介词+ 关系代词(which)”
例句:There are many reasons why/for which people like traveling.
for the reason=why= for which
关系副词=介词+which
注意:同样的先行词在从中充当不同成分, 引导词不同:
a.This is the place where he works.(做地点状语)
This is the place which/that we visited last year.(做宾语)
b.That was the time when he arrived.(做时间状语)
I miss the days that/which we spent together? (做宾语)
c. This is the reason why he went. (做原因状语)
The reason that/which he gave us was right.(作宾语)
㈢介词+which/ whom引导的定语从句
介词后只能跟which或whom,其中:
介词+which, 先行词为物,在定语从句中做(原因,时间,地点)状语。 介词+ whom, 先行词为人 ,在定语从句中做宾语,介词宾语。
1. 介词的选用原则:
(1) 根据先行词的习惯搭配来决定。
I remember the day on which I joined the Party.(on the day)
(2)根据定语从句谓语动词的习惯搭配来决定。
This is the book on which I spent 8 dollars.(spend on)
This is the book for which I paid 8 dollars.(pay for)
㈣非限制性定语从句
1. 非限制性定语从句的定义
非限制性定语从句是对被修饰部分进行附加说明,如果去掉,主句的意思仍然完整或清楚。它和主句之间的关系比较松散,因此常用逗号隔开。
My watch, which is very old, stopped again.
2.限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别:
(1).形式不同
限制性定语从句和主句之间不能有逗号,非限制性定语从句和主句之间有逗号。
(2)先行词不同
限制性定语从句的先行词只能是一个名词或一个代词,而非限制性定语从句的先行词可以是一个词,也可以是部分或整个主句。
(3)关系词的使用情况不同
1.限制性定语从句可以用that,why 引导,非限制性定语从句中不可用that,why,要用which代替that,for which 代替why。
2.在限制性定语从句中关系词作宾语时可省略,在非限制性定语从句中,任何关系代词都不能省略。
(4)翻译不同
限制性定语从句先译从句,再译先行词。非限制性定语从句先译先行词,再译定语从句。
3. 关系代词as, which引导非限制定语从句时的区别
(1)as和which都可指代一个句子。as引导的非限制性定语从句,既可在主句前,又可在主句后,有时还可插入主句中;而which引导的非限制性定语从句一般置于主句之后。As还有正如的意思。如: expect.