句子的种类
九、句子的种类
第十讲 句子类型
【要点提示】
一.简单句的五种基本句型
1、主语+系动词+表语:e.g. He is a student.
2、主语+不及物动词: e.g. We work.
3、主语+及物动词+宾语:e.g. Henry bought a dictionary.
4、主语+及物动词+双宾语(间接宾语+直接宾语):e.g. My father bought me a car.
5、主语+及物动词+复合宾语(宾语+宾补):e.g. Tom made the baby laugh.
注:其他各种句子都可由这一种基本句型扩展、变化或省略而构成。
双宾语:有些英语动词可以接双宾语,句式为: subject + vt. + sb.(间接宾语)+ sth.(直接宾语) 英语中,能接双宾语的常用动词有:ask、promise、cause、play、leave、make、do、bring、buy、reach、order、teach、offer、serve、show、tell、wish…. 。
e.g. Can I ask you a question, Sir? She made me a model ship for my birthday.
注:带双宾语的句子可以被改为 subject + vt. + sth(直接宾语)+ 介词 + sb. 的形式。
另还有:play a joke / trick on sb ; play a game with / against sb.
e.g. Excuse me, you demand too much from / of me.
May I ask a question of you?
另外 句型:Subject + link-v. + n. / adj.
在该句型中的系动词有特定含义,有“人称、数、时态”等形式变化。常用的有:
显得:look , appear , seem
变得:become , come , fall , get , go , grow , run , turn
持续是:continue , keep , remain , stand , stay
听(闻、尝、摸)起来:sound, smell, taste, feel
证明是:prove
e.g. His words proved right. The dish smells wonderful.
二、感叹句:感叹句有两个基本句式句式:
1)What + N. phrase + subject + be / v. !
这里的名词短语有以下三种可能:a、 a / an + adj. + 名词单数 b、adj. + 名词复数
c、adj. + 不可数名词
e.g. What a lovely boy he is! What sweet flowers they are!
What cold weather it is!
2) How + adj. + the + N.(单数、复数、不可数)+ subject + be / link-v.
e.g. How lovely the boy is! How sweet the flowers are!
How could the weather is! How smooth the silk feels!
另:上两种感叹句可以相互转换
有时, 在上下文明确的情况下,可以省略How后面的形容词。
e.g. How (fast / well)the students work! How well / beautifully)she sings!
三、反意疑问句:
1) 反意疑问句一般遵循:前面肯定,反意部分否定、前面否定反意部分肯定的原则。
e.g. He likes playing football, doesn’t he?
You don’t watch TV in the evening, do you?
注:a、当前否后肯时,要注意它的答局的意思。
e.g. She doesn’t speak English, does she?
Yes, she does.(不,她讲英语的) No, she doesn’t. (是的,不讲)
2)祈使句的反意部分用won’t you?/ shan’t we? 或will you?/ shall we? 但常用will you?/ shall
we?
e.g Lend me a hand, will you? Let us pass through the room, will you?
Don’t make any noise, will you? Let’s play tennis now, shall we?
3)含有否定意思的副词:hardly、no、not、never、seldom、little、scarcely 等,属于准否
定词,用于句中时,该句即为否定句。
e.g. He hardly goes home on Sundays, does he?
The little boy seldom tells lies, does he?
但是像unfair、useless、impossible、dislike等词,虽然也有否定意思,但由于它们是在一个词前加前缀dis- / im- / un- 等或在词后加后缀 -less构成的,不属于准否定词。当这些词用于句中时,该句并不是否定句,即:反意部分仍然用否定式。
e.g. You dislike the way he speaks, don’t you?
It is impossible to finish the work in three hours, isn’t it?
4) must 表示推测时,反意部分用must后面的动词的相应助动词形式。
e.g. He must know both English and French, doesn’t he?
She must have know the answer to the question, hasn’t she?
They must have visited the farm last week, didn’t they?
注意:a、Let me引起的祈使句,反意部分用will you? / won’t you? / may I?
Let’s引起的祈使句,反意部分用shall we?
b、当陈述部分的主语是:—body或—one 构成的不定代词时,反意部分的主语用he
或they;是—thing 时,用it。
c、I am ….. 的反意部分用aren’t I?
四. 并列句
1、表示连接两个同等概念,常用and, not only…but also…, neither…nor…, then等连接。
e.g. The teacher’s name is Smith, and the student’s name is John.
2、表示选择,常用的连词有or, either…or…, otherwise等。
e.g. Hurry up, or you’ll miss the train.
3、表示转折,常用的连词有but, still, however, yet, while, when等。
e.g. He was a little man with thick glasses, but he had a strange way of making his classes lively and interesting.
4、表示因果关系,常用的连词有so, for, therefore等。
e.g. August is the time of the year for rive harvest, so every day I work from dawn until dark.
注意:两个分句之间必须用一个连词连接。
五.强调句用法归纳
强调句是一种修辞,是人们为了表达自己的意愿或情感而使用的一种形式,下面简单归纳它的几种结构:
1.用助动词“do(does/did)+动词原形”来表示强调: (用于祈使句和陈述句,一般现在时和一般过去时中)
He does know the place well.他的确很熟悉这个地方。
Do write to me when you get there.你到那儿后务必给我来信。
2.用形容词very,only,single,such等修饰名词或形容词来加强语气:
That's the very textbook we used last term.这正是我们上学期用过的教材。
You are the only person here who can speak Chinese.你是这里唯一会讲汉语的人。 Not a single person has been in the shop this morning.今天上午商店里连一个人都没有
How dare you buy such expensive jewels?你怎么敢买这么贵的宝石呢?
3.用ever,never,very,just等副词和badly,highly,really等带有-l y的副词来进行
强调:
Why ever did you do so?你究竟为什么要这么做?
He never said a word the whole day.一整天,他一句话也没说。
You've got to be very,very careful.你一定得非常、非常小心。
This is just what I wanted.这正是我所要的。
He was badly wounded.他伤得很严重。
I really don't know what to do next.我的确不知道下一步该怎么做。
4.用in the world,on earth,at all等介词短语可以表达更强的语气(常用于疑问句): Where in the world could he be?他到底会在哪儿?
What on earth is it?它究竟是什么?
Do you know at all?你到底知不知道?
5.用感叹句来表示强烈的感情,突出说话人的情感:
How interesting a story it is!这是一个多么有趣的故事啊!
Oh,what a lie!啊,真是弥天大谎!
6.用重复来表示强调:
Why!why!The cage is empty!啊!啊!箱子是空的。
They walked for miles and miles.他们走了好多英里。
7.用倒装句(也就是将要强调的句子或被强调的部分置于句首)来加强语气: On the table were some flowers.桌上摆着一些花。(强调地点)
Many a time have I climbed that hill.我多次翻过那座山。
Only in this way,can we solve this problem.只有这样,我们才能解决这个问题。
8.用强调句型:“It is(was)+被强调的部分+that(who)+原句其它部分”来强调说话人的意愿: (细解见—本届主体资料—P343)
It was on Monday night that all this happened.所有这一切发生在周一晚上。
It's me that he blamed.他怪的是我。
六.There be 结构
There be 结构是英语中陈述事物客观存的常用句型,表示“有”,其确切含义是“存在”there 作为引导词,本身没有意义,用动词be的某些形式作为谓语动词,它的主语是用一些表示泛指或不定特指的名词词组,动词be和 主语的数必须一致。句子最后通常为表示地点和时间的状语。因此要表达“某个地方或某个时间存在什么事物或人”的时候常用“There be + 名词+ 地点(时间)这一句型。例如:
There is a great Italian deli across the street.
穿过街道,有一家大的意大利熟食店。
There are some students in the dormitory.
在宿舍里有一些学生。
(一)There be 结构中的主谓一致
1.当动词be后所接的名词是单数可数名词或不可数名词时,be 应该取单数is;当其后所接的名词是复数的可数名词时,be用复数are。
There's a man at the door.
There is some apple juice in the bottle.
There are some strangers in the street.
如果There be 后面是几个并列名词做主语时,动词be的形式和最靠近它的那个名词保持数的一致。
There is an ashtray and two bottles on the shelf.
There are two bottles and an ashtray on the shelf.
2.There be 句型也可以和这样一些的谓语动词连用:be going to 、seem to 、appear to 、used to、be likely to 、happen to ….
There seem to be a few trees between me and the green.
在我与草坪之间好像有一些树。
There is gong to be a meeting tonight.
There is likely to be a storm.
There happened to be a bus nearby.碰巧附近有辆公交车。
There appears to have been a nasty accident.似乎发生了一起严重事故。
3.there be 结构中除可以用be 外,还可以用其它动词。例如:
There came a scent of lime-blossom.飘来一阵菩提树的花香。
Once upon a time there lived a king in China.从前中国有一个国王。
(二)There be 句型的否定句、一般疑问句、特殊疑问句和反意疑问句
1.There be 句型的否定句有两种构成方式,一种是将否定副词not放在be 之后,如: There isn’t a box in the room.
There hasn’t been any rain for a week.
另一种是在主语前加上不定代词no , 如:
There is no water in the bottle.
There are no pictures on the wall.
2.There be 句型的反意疑问句
There is a cup on the table, isn’t there?
There are a lot of letters in the mailbox, aren’t there?
There will be a new hospital nearby, won’t there?
(三)There be 结构的非谓语动词形式
There be 结构的非谓语动词形式是there to be 和there being 两种形式。在句中作主语、宾语和状语。
1. there being 结构起名词的作用,直接位于句首作主语,通常用it 作形式主语,并且
用for引导。
There being a bus stop near my house is a great advantage.我家旁边有个公共汽车站,很是方便。
It is impossible for there to be any more.
不可能再有了。
2. there be 结构作宾语时,通常用there to be ,常作这样一些词的宾语:expect,like,
mean, intend, want,prefer,hate等。
I expect there to be no argument about this.
我期望关于这件事不要再争吵了。
I should prefer there to be no discussion of my private affairs.
我宁愿不要讨论我的私事。
People don’t want there to be another war.
人们不希望再有战争了。
3. 作状语的there be 形式,通常用“there being”结构。
There being nothing else to do , we went home.
They closed the door , there being no customers.
因为没有顾客,他们的店关门了。
(四)There be 结构和have的区别与联系
1.区别点:there be 意为存在,强调某地有某物,不表示所属关系,一般带地点状语;have 表示所有关系, 强调某人或某地有某物,这是其基本用法。如:
There are some trees in front of the house.
Tom has many friends in China.
2.相同点:在表示结构上的含有时,既可以用there be 句型,也可以用have(has) 来表示。
中国有许多长河。
There are many long rivers in China.
China has many long rivers.
三月份有多少天?
How many days are there in March?
How many days has March?
七.高考考点探讨
1、简单句的五大句型是最基本的句型。虽然近几年单纯考查这种基础句型的题不多,但是在阅读中有时需借助于划分句子成分去理解,在书面表达中,没有最基本的遣词造句的能力是不可能用地道的英语句子来表达清楚的。
2、祈使句、反意疑问句和感叹句是高考命题的热点之一。有时把祈使句与反意疑问句结合于一体来考查。一个题目,几个考点,是近几年命题的发展趋势。
3、高考对简单句、并列句和各种复合句的考查常表现在对连词的选择和使用上。如:and, but, or, while,以及其它连接名词性从句、定语从句和状语从句的连接词、关联词。
4、各种主从复合句的考查常常与动词的时态联系在一起,以宾语从句与状语从句最为明显,时间从句与条件从句中,如果主句是将来时,从句则用一般式表将来,这一点在高考中经常考查。
如:We will go outing if it doesn’t rain tomorrow。