土木专业英语论文
Knowledge of civil engineering
【Abstract 】 :
With the accelerated development of urbanization in recent years, civil engineering becomes increasingly important position in economic development. for In a college students majoring in civil engineering, to have a deep understanding of civil engineering is a must . In this paper, with the historical development of civil engineering and the main content of the civil engineering and the important role, and for the future development prospects of civil engineering on my knowledge of civil engineering.
【Keywords 】 :
The content of the civil engineering The development direction classification The main content
【introduction 】 :
around time past the blink, civil engineering professional English course of study is over,Look back the short the four Weeks, through learning this course, I am from Have the professional and industry in the future is in the further Know, at the same time also stimulated interest in civil engineering.That no matter from which Perspective are very significant. In the future Lesson to learn, We will be right here On the basis of work harder to learn Xi. Below is I through the study of this course in civil engineering
A little knowledge.
1.The future development direction of civil engineering
1 .1to the high altitude
Now polish Gabin227kHz artificial highest building is 646 m long steel tower, consists of 15 cordelle root steel anchor.Japan plans to build a 800.7 m high of one thousand in Tokyo tower, it is about 1.25 miles from the sea, will work, leisure, entertainment, business, shopping and so on into the integration of seismic vertical cities, residents of up to 50000 people.China proposed in Shanghai near 1.6 km wide, 200 m deep on the island to build a 1250 m of the bionic tower, residents of 100000.India is also proposed to invested $5 billion to build super skyscrapers, its the earth 202 layers, up to 710 m.Will still be visible in the 21st century high-rise building is an important development direction of civil engineering.
1.2 to the development of underground
Held in Tokyo in 1991 the urban underground space of the international academic conference passed the declaration of the east, proposed "the 21st century is the century of human development and utilization of underground space".Construction of underground construction will effectively improve urban congestion, saving energy and reducin
g noise pollution, etc.Japan in the late 1950 s to 70 s, large-scale exploitation and utilization of shallow underground space by the end of the 80 s have started to study 50 ~ 100 m deep underground space development and utilization of the problem.
The future urban underground space development mainly has the following trends:
(1) integration.Integration is the main trend of foreign underground space development, the first is the emergence of underground complex, become a symbol of city modernization construction type one.Second integrated performance in underground pedestrian system and underground rapid rail system, the combination of high-speed road system, and the combination of underground complex and the underground transport hub.Third comprehensive performance on the ground, underground space
function distinguished, and the coordinated development of combination mode.
(2) layering and deep.For comprehensive utilization of underground space resources, underground space development and gradually to the deep development.Art such as the United States at the university of Minnesota and mineral engineering of underground building as many as seven layers, vancouver, Canada to build an underground garage up to the 14th floor, with a total area of 72324 m2.
(3) the micro tunnel project will speed up development.Micro tunnel is people can't get into tunnel, in 25 -- 30 cm in diameter, and up to 2 m.At the entrance of the tunnel surface is excavation and supporting with the remote control.This method is rapid, accurate, economic and security.So is appropriate under the high-rise building, under the historical and cultural monuments, expressway, subway and channel to install the pipe.
(4) the role of 3 S technology in underground space development would be strengthened, 3 S GPS (global positioning satellite), RS (remote sensing) and GIS (geographic information system).
1.3 to the sea to broaden
In order to prevent the airport noise influence on urban residents, also in order to save the use of land, on August 4, 2000, Osaka, Japan use 1.8 billion cubic sea around 1000 m long kansai international airport flight a success.Capital, seven star hotel in dubai, united Arab emirates also built at sea, maritime city will be built in Honduras cruise ship, the ship will be 804.5 m long, 228.6 m wide, with 28 floors, the ship is equipped with small jet runway, hospitals, hotels, supermarkets, restaurants, barber shops, casinos and so on.In recent years, our country has made gratifying achievements in this field, such as the Shanghai nanhui beach reclamation reclamation success, success and chongming dongtan has recently in the huangpu river, the bund, shore engineering.Reclamation, Rio shore have similar engineering and construction of artificial islands, like Shanghai big coastal cities for the future construction of artificial islands have accumulated experience of science and technology and ready to power.
1.4 March to desert
About one-third of the land to desert, around the world each year about 6 million hectares of arable land, erosion, this will affect hundreds of millions of people's life.The world future society on early in the 21st century is one of the world's top ten engineering idea turned into desert oasis to west Asia and Africa.Desert must have water first, an
d then to afforestation and sand.Now the Libyan desert area has built a large water pipe, and the in benghazi, built a diameter of 1 km, 16 kilometers deep reservoir irrigation to the desert.In the absence of the desert areas of groundwater, the research and development on the international use of desert solar desalination feasible solution, once implemented, the scheme will start offshore the large-scale construction engineering in desert areas.Desert test for the water conveyance project success in our country, to build the first long distance water conveyance project has been built across the desert, the Yellow River into the desert smoothly.
1.5 to space
Due to the rapid development of modern astronomy, aerospace industry and the successful implementation of human landing on the moon, it was found that the moon has a lot of ilmenite, under 800 ℃ high temperature, ilmenite and hydride synthesis of iron, titanium and oxygen and moisture, which can make human survival required oxygen andwater.The-government has decided to build a moon base on the moon, and Mars by the base of action.Chinese-american copper column, Dr. Lin in 1985 found that needed to build the concrete materials are on the moon, so it can be made of reinforced concrete parts assembly station on the moon.Since the 2050 s, is expected to space commercialization, industrialization and space space travel, outer space humanization, etc may get bigger development.
2.The definition of civil engineering：
What is a "civil engineering"?Civil engineering is to build all kinds of engineering facilities of science and technology of the total, according to which refers to the application of materials, equipment and conducted the survey, design, construction, maintenance and other technical activities;Also refers to the object of engineering construction, building on the ground or underground, on the road or water, directly or indirectly for human life, production, military, scientific research services of all kinds of engineering facilities, such as houses, roads, railways, pipelines, tunnels, Bridges, canals, DAMS, ports, power stations, the offshore platform, water supply and drainage, and protective engineering, etc.
3.The classification of civil engineering
To build a project facilities generally go through survey, design and construction of the three phase, need to use engineering geological survey and hydrogeological survey, engineering surveying, soil mechanics, engineering mechanics, engineering design, construction-materials,construction-equipment, engineering machinery, building economic disciplines and knowledge in the field of construction technology, construction organization, as well as the electronic computer and mechanical testing techniques.So wide in civil engineering is a comprehensive discipline.With the progress of science and technology and the development of engineering practice, the civil engineering discipline connotation also has developed into a broad category, large, complex integrated system.
Civil engineering technology are mainly relies on the development of engineering practice rather than relying on scientific experiments and theoretical studies, for two reasons: one is some objective conditions are too complex, difficult to faithfully indoor experiment or field testing and theoretical analysis.Foundation, tunnel and underground engineering, for example, the stress and deformation state and its change with time, the engineering-experience analysis judgment still need reference.2 it is only for new engineering practice, to reveal new problems.Built high-rise buildings, for example, high tower mast and long-span Bridges, engineering of wind and earthquake resistant problem highlights, to develop this aspect of the new theory and technology.
After the industrial revolution, especially in the 20th century, on the one hand, society puts forward new demand to the civil engineering;On the other hand, social each domain to move forward to create a good condition of civil engineering.Therefore this period of civil engineering get the development by leaps and bounds.Have sprung up all over the world of modern large-scale industrial buildings, skyscrapers, nuclear power plants, highways and railways, long-span Bridges, large diameter pipeline long tunnels, the grand canal, big DAMS, airport, sea port and Marine engineering, etc.Modern civil engineering constantly create new material environment for human society, human society is an important part of modern civilization.
4.Construction engineering
Refers to all kinds of construction of the building and affiliated facilities thereof and its supporting lines, pipes, equipment installation activities of the project entity.There "buildings" refers to the top, the foundation of the beams, walls, and the ability to form internal space, meet the production, living, learning, public events, such as need, including factory buildings, theatres, hotels, shops, schools, hospitals and residential, etc.;"Affiliated facilities" means and building towers, sheds, pool, etc."Lines, pipelines, equipment installation" refers to the building and affiliated facilities matching with the electrical, water supply and drainage, communication, elevators and other lines, pipelines, equipment installation activities the foundation of the beams.
High-rise buildings rise from the United States in the first place.In Chicago in 1883 built the first brick house since the bearing and steel frame institutions, building high 11 layers of insurance company.As the population to concentrate in big cities, as urban land increasingly nervous and the invention and application of the elevator, breakthrough of the theory of structure, new materials unceasingly, began to appear a lot of tall buildings, and the construction scale is more and more big, the building height is higher and higher.Built in 1913 in New York City high 52 Woolworth building, built in 1913 in New York City 102floors, 381 meters of the Empire State Building.But despite the has adopted advanced steel frame structure and strength of the steel reinforced concrete material, have yet to create and adapt to the new architectural type modelling form, modelling idea still wandering in the middle ages people tall straight architectural form, thus a new structure type package by traditional modelling form, structure and shape of begin.
5.Road and bridge engineering
Road and people's relations are very close, our side, at any time as you can see, with all the city and the city, city and countryside, between country and country and inside are all linked together on the road.In recent years, China's highway construction has obtained the good result."15" the first three years, highway construction investment as a share of GDP keep in 3.1 ~ 3.2%, investment grew by an average of 17% a year. Highway construction in the following characteristics: the country more than half of the province of more than 1000 km highway mileage.New road mileage of 46000 kilometers, the total mileage of 1.81 million kilometers;The new highway 4600 kilometers, nearly 30000 km highway mileage.With jiang to sanya, Beijing to zhuhai, lianyungang to huoerguos, four basic run-through trunk highway between Shanghai and chengdu. So as to realize the "five vertical and seven horizontal" trunk highway system in the first stage construction goals, namely "two vertical and two horizontal three important sections" full penetration.Since the 20th century, the world bridge has made outstanding achievements, all kinds of bridge, takahashi appeared, such as the large bridge over akashi channel in Japan (mainspan 1990 meters), the Swiss Gunter bridge and so on.In recent years, our country bridge project also entered a vigorous development period.Easter bunny has the nanjing Yangtze river bridge, the Hong Kong bailing gate bridge, the jiangyin bridge and runyang bridge, three single pylon single cable plane cable-stayed bridge county, state, etc.
6.Tunnel and underground engineering
In today's world, human beings are low to the ground, sea and space development.To the development of underground boil down to: underground resources development, energy development and underground space development in three aspects.The use of underground space is also by the use of "line" to "space" of large section and large distance using the progress.
The development and utilization of underground space in China began in the 60 s.Construction of subway in Beijing in 1965.In the 70 s, built a lot of underground engineering in our country, a significant proportion of utilization, has been built for the underground street, underground mall, underground plants and storehouse.Since the 90 s, China's urban underground traffic and municipal facilities to speed up the speed of construction.Shanghai metro line 1, metro line 2 has opened.Underground space development and utilization of the network system in China has started construction, within the earth's surface to - 30 m more shallow construction of underground engineering.With the development of economy, foreseeable underground engineering in our country will enter the booming period.
Modern underground engineering is developing rapidly, all kinds of typical engineering famous vastness.The world has hundreds of cities built underground railway.Some developed countries, and gradually to underground mall, underground parking, underground railway, and blends into underground pipelines, etc, become a multifunctional underground complex.
7.Railway engineering
Railway engineering originally included railway related civil (subgrade, rail, bridge, tunnel, station), mechanical (locomotive, vehicle) and the signal and other projects.With the development of the construction and technology further division of labor, some engineering gradually formed an independent subject, such as the locomotive, vehicle engineering, signal engineering;Others gradually in their respective subject, such as bridge engineering, tunnel engineering.Now only narrowly refers to the word of railway engineering, railway track railway line selection, roadbed engineering, railway station and hub.
8.The experience of civil engineering：
With the deepening of China's reform and opening up and economic rapid development, China will face a more large-scale construction high tide.Said that we are facing a large civil engineering along with the national economic leap development of good times.And such a fine development environment has been and will continue to eager attention by western countries.As a cross-century generation, a good situation provides us with an unprecedented rare good opportunity with the impact of their talents, to the international level.At the same time, we also deeply feel that this is an "opportunity" and "challenge", "cooperation" and "competition", "innovation" with "old" era, how to grasp the trend of the development of civil engineering disciplines, create with Chinese characteristics, has the international first-class level of civil engineering disciplines in the new era, is a cross-century generation of severe challenges to us.As a student majoring in civil engineering, I will in the future university in the learning process, try to grasp the basic specialized knowledge, to do a good job of professional practice;At the same time actively learn other professional knowledge, such as computer language and programming skills, experimental materials and structure of the experiment, the basic method of general structure experiment preliminary structure testing skills, completes the technical practice, course design, in the future study life, I will continue to improve their ability to study independently, actively improve the personal ability, to prepare for a job step into society.
9.The main content of the civil engineering and the important role:
Civil engineering is the use of the art of the great natural resources for human benefit (London royal charters of the institution of civil engineers to clarify the definition of) it includes construction engineering, bridge engineering, underground engineering, road and railway engineering, port, Marine and environmental engineering, water supply and drainage, disaster prevention and mitigation and many other content.Civil engineering involves the content can be is closely related to life.Industry, agriculture, transportation, communication, education and other undertakings, is inseparable from the civil engineering.Such as factories, mines, railways, highways, Bridges, shops, homes, hospitals, schools, such as irrigation and water conservancy project construction, generally referred to as the basic construction of "place" is civil engineering.Civil engineering directly with the people of the "food, clothing, shelter, line" are closely related, is
one of the oldest subjects, but it is accompanied by the development of other related disciplines, deepening the needs of economic construction and social progress, continue to expand.
【Conclusion 】 :
engineering level and importance of the first is that it is the country's basic industries and pillar industries, is the development and an imporant platform of our country's labor resources, since it in big and lead the industry, to the ebb and flow of the national economy plays a decisive role.Human life and survival dependence on civil engineering, make it a strong vitality of discipline, with the progress of technology and the development of The Times show vitality in civil engineering.In civil engineering more and more important today, efforts to learn professional knowledge, actively participate in urban construction of civil engineering is we these college students own now.Civil engineering is rooted in practice, only more involved in practice, the professional knowledge of civil engineering can be effectively learn and consolidate.So, in the future work of learning, I will learn professional knowledge, take an active part in practice, to make good progress, for our country construction efforts.
【References 】 :
1 gestine J.Fredrich, Martha's son: civil engineering in the modern literary reading.New York: ASCE. 1989.
2 Clois e. KickAulighter architecture Rcsidential painting and design, south Holland: Goodheart - Willcox company Inc., 1990
3 Leo diamond and C.R.T umblin, construction cost estimating, second edition, John wiley and sons, Inc., 1990
Civil engineering is a broad discipline, its various infrastructure and social contact.Civil
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对土木工程的认知
【摘要】：近些年来随着城市化的快速发展，土木工程在经济发展过程中所处的地位愈加重要。作为一个土木工程专业的大学生，深刻了解土木工程的相关知识很必要。本文主要关于土木工程的历史发展和土木工程的主要内容和重要作用, 以及未来的发展前景土木工程在土木工程方面的知识。
【关键词】：土木工程的内容 发展方向 分类 主要内容
【正文】：
时间飞逝, 土木工程专业英语课程的学习已经结束, 回顾短4周, 通过学习本课程, 我对专业和行业在未来有了进一步了解, 同时也激发了我对土木工程行业的兴趣，无论从哪个角度来看这都是非常重要的。在未来课程学习中，我们将在学习土木工程的基础上更加努力。下面是我通过学习土木工程这门课的一点知识。
1. 土木工程的未来发展方向
1.1高度
现在波兰人工最高建筑是646米长的钢塔，由15纤绳根刚锚组成。Japan 计划建立一个一千年的东京塔高800.7米，从海上约1.25英里, 将工作、休闲、娱乐、商业、购物等地震垂直一体化的城市，居民50000 人。中国提出在上海附近1.6公里宽,200米深的岛上建造一个1250米的仿生塔，可容纳居民100000人。印度也提出投资50亿美元建造超级摩天大楼，地上202层，710米. 在21世纪仍然是可见的高层建筑是土木工程的一个重要发展方向。
1.2地下发展
1991年在东京举行的城市地下空间国际学术会议通过了《东方宣言》，提出了“21世纪是人类开发利用地下空间的世纪”，地下建设将有效改善城市交通拥堵、节约能源和减少噪音污染等等。日本在1950年代末到70年代, 浅层
地下空间的大规模开发利用，80年代末开始研究50 ~ 100米深的地下空间开发利用的问题。
未来城市地下空间发展主要有以下趋势:
集成：
集成是地下空间发展的主要趋势，第一个是地下复杂的出现成为城市现代化建设的象征类型。第二综合性能在地下步行系统和地下快速轨道系统, 高速公路系统的组合, 组合的地下复杂, 地下交通枢纽。第三综合性能在地上、地下空间功能区分, 和组合的协调发展模式。
分层和深度：
对地下空间资源的综合利用和地下空间开发逐步深入发展。艺术如美国明尼苏达大学和矿产工程的地下建筑多达七层, 温哥华, 加拿大建立一个地下车库到14楼, 总面积72324平方米。
微型隧道项目将加快发展：
Micro 隧道是人们无法进入的隧道，在25 - 30厘米直径达2 m 。入口处的隧道表面开挖和支持与远程控制，这种方法快速、准确、经济和安全。因此它高层建筑、历史文化古迹、高速公路、地铁和通道安装管道。
3S 技术在地下空间开发中的作用会加强：
3S ：GPS(全球定位卫星) 、RS(遥感) 和GIS(地理信息系统) 。
1.3扩大
为了防止机场噪声对城市居民的影响，也为了节省土地的使用，2000年8月4日，大阪，日本使用18亿立方海约1000米长关西国际机场飞行成功。迪拜的首都、七星酒店，阿拉伯联合酋长国也建在海上，海上城市将建在洪都拉斯巡航船，这艘船将804.5米长，228.6米宽，有28个地板，这艘船配备小型飞机跑道、医院、酒店、超市、餐馆、理发店、赌场。最近几年，我国在这一领域取得了可喜的成就，如上海南汇海滩回收改造成功，成功和崇明东滩最近在黄浦江, 外滩, 岸上工程，同样，里约热内卢海岸也有类似的工程和建筑的人工岛屿。为上海等沿海大城市未来建设的人工岛屿科技积累了经验和准备。
1.4发展到沙漠
大约三分之一的土地是沙漠，全世界每年约有600万公顷的耕地被侵蚀——这将影响数亿人的生活。世界未来社会在21世纪初的全球十大工程的想法变成了西亚和非洲的沙漠绿洲。 沙漠必须先有水，然后造林和和沙子。现在利比亚沙漠地区建立了一个大水管，在班加西，建造了一个直径1公里16公里深水
库灌溉沙漠。在缺乏地下水的沙漠地区，国际上的研究和开发利用沙漠太阳能海水淡化的可行性解决方案一旦实施，该计划将在沙漠地区展开进行。沙漠测试我国输水工程的成功, 建立第一个长距离输水工程是建立在沙漠, 黄河到沙漠顺利。
1.5到太空
由于现代天文学的快速发展，航空航天工业和人类登月的成功实现，发现月球有很多钛铁矿，在800℃高温下，钛铁矿和氢化合成铁、钛和氧和水分，从而产生使人类生存需要的氧气和水。现在政府已经决定在月球上建立一个月球基地，火星的基地。美籍华人林博士在1985年发现，需要构建的具体材料是在月球上，所以它可以由钢筋混凝土部分装配站在月球上。到2050年左右时，预计空间商业化、工业化和空间太空旅行，外层空间人性化等可能会得到更大的发展。
2. 土木工程的定义:
“土木工程”是什么?
土木工程是建造各类工程设施的科学技术, 根据指的应用材料、设备和开展调查, 设计、施工、维护等技术活动, 也指工程建设的对象, 构建在地上或地下, 在路上或水, 直接或间接为人类生活、生产、军事、科研服务的各种工程设施, 如房屋、公路、铁路、管道、隧道、桥梁、运河、水坝、港口、电站、海上平台、供水和排水、防护工程等。
3. 土木工程的分类：
建立项目设施一般经过调查，设计和施工的三个阶段，需要使用工程地质调查、水文地质调查、工程测量、土力学、工程力学、工程设计、建筑材料、建筑设备、工程机械、建筑经济学科和知识领域的施工工艺、施工组织、以及电子计算机和力学测试机械。因此土木工程是一个综合性学科。随着科学技术的进步和工程实践的发展，土木工程学科也已发展成为内涵广泛的类别, 大型、复杂的综合系统。
土木工程技术的发展主要依赖于工程实践而不是依靠科学实验和理论研究，有两个原因：一是有些客观情况过于复杂，难以如实地进行室内实验或现场测试和理论分析。基础、隧道和地下工程，例如，应力和变形的状态及其随时间而变化，工程经验、分析判断仍然需要参考。二是只有新工程实践，揭示新的问题。建造高层建筑，例如，塔桅高、大跨度桥梁、工程的抗震问题突出，要开发这方面的新理论和技术。
在工业革命之后, 尤其是在20世纪，一方面，社会对土木工程提出了新的要求；另一方面，社会各个领域前进创造良好条件的公民工程。因此这段时间土木工程得到跨越式发展，世界各地涌现现代大型工业建筑、摩天大楼、核电站、高速公路和铁路、大跨度桥梁、大直径管道长隧道、大运河、大坝、机场、海港和海洋工程、等。现在土木工程不断地为人类社会创造新的物质环境，渐渐成为人类社会现代文明的重要组成部分。
4. 建筑工程：
指的是各种各样的建筑物及其附属设施的建设及其支持线、管道、设备的安装活动项目的实体。“建筑”是指基础梁、墙、和内部空间形式的能力，满足生产、生活、学习、公共事件，如需要，包括厂房、剧院、酒店、商店、学校、医院和住宅等；“附属设施”是指和建筑塔楼、棚屋、游泳池, 等。“线路、管道、设备安装”是指建筑物及其附属设施匹配与电气、给排水、通信、电梯和其他线路、管道、设备的安装活动。
美国是高层建筑的首发地，自芝加哥在1883年建立第一个砖房轴承和钢框架机构建筑高11层保险公司以来。在人口集中在大城市，随着城市土地日益紧张和电梯的发明和应用，突破理论的结构，新材料不断，开始出现大量的高层建筑，建设规模越来越大，建筑高度较高，建于1913年在纽约高52伍尔沃斯大楼建于1913年在纽约102层,381米的帝国大厦 。但是尽管采用了先进的钢框架结构和钢钢筋混凝土材料，却还没有创建和适应新的建筑类型的造型形式，造型观念仍然徘徊在中世纪人们高直的建筑形式，因此一个新的结构类型是通过传统的造型形式，结构和形状的开始。
5. 道路和桥梁工程：
道路和人们的关系很近，在我们这边，随时可以看到，所有的城市和城市，城市和农村，国家和国家之间和内部都是通过道路连接在一起。近年来，中国的公路建设取得了良好的结果，“15”的前三年, 公路建设投资占GDP 的比例保持在
3.1 ~ 3.2%，投资每年以平均17%的速度增长。
公路建设在以下特点：国家超过一半的省有1000多公里公路里程，新公路里程46000公里，总里程181万公里，这条新公路4600公里，近30000公里高速公路里程。北京到珠海，连云港至霍尔果斯，四个基本贯通上海和成都之间的干线公路。从而实现“五纵七横”主干公路系统在第一阶段建设目标，即“两个垂直和两个水平”三个重要部分完整渗透。自20世纪世界桥梁做出突出成就后，各种各样的桥、高桥出现，如日本明石海峡大桥主跨1990米，瑞士甘特桥。
最近几年, 我国桥梁工程也进入了一个蓬勃发展时期，有南京长江大桥、香港援助门大桥、江阴大桥、润扬大桥、三独塔单索面斜拉桥, 状态等。
6. 隧道及地下工程：
在当今世界，人类是在地面，海洋和空间发展。地下的发展归结为：地下资源开发、能源开发和地下空间开发三个方面。利用地下空间也通过使用“线”“空间”的大型节和大距离使用进展。
地下空间的开发和利用在中国已经存在了六十年，1965年在北京地铁建设。在70年代, 我国建造了大量的地下工程地下空间很大一部分的利用率，已建成了地下街、地下商场、地下工厂和仓库。自90年代以来, 中国的城市地下交通和市政设施加快了建设的速度。上海地铁1号线、地铁2号线已对外开放。地下空间的开发和利用网络系统在中国已经开始建设, 在地球表面- 30米更浅地下工程建设。随着经济的发展, 可以预见我国地下工程将进入蓬勃发展的时期。
现代地下工程发展迅速，各种各样的典型工程著名的浩瀚。世界上数以百计的城市建造地铁。
一些发达国家，逐步地下商场、地下停车场、地下铁路和混合地下管道等等, 成为一个多功能的地下复杂系统。
7. 铁路工程：
铁路工程最初包括铁路相关民事(路基、轨道、桥梁、隧道、车站) ，机械(机车、车辆) 和信号和其他项目。随着施工技术的发展进一步分工，一些工程逐渐形成一个独立的主题, 如机车、车辆工程、信号工程；其他工程逐渐形成各自的主题，如桥梁工程、隧道工程。现在只有狭隘铁路轨道选择、路基工程、火车站和中心指的是铁路工程。
8. 土木工程的经验:
随着中国改革开放的深入和经济的快速发展，中国将面临一个更大规模的建设高潮。也就是说，我们正面临一个大土木工程随着国民经济飞跃发展的美好时光。这么好的开发环境已经并将继续由西方国家热切的关注。作为跨世纪的一代，一个如此之好的情况为我们提供了前所未有的难得的好机会，他们的才华的影响，国际我们的同时，也让我们我们也深深感到，这是一个“机会”和“挑战”，“合作”和“竞争”，“创新”与“旧”的时代，如何掌握土木工程学科的发展趋势，创建具有中国特色的、具有国际一流水平的土木工程学科的新时代，是我
们跨世纪一代的严峻挑战。作为土木工程专业的学生，我将在未来大学的学习过程中，努力掌握基本的专业知识，做好专业实践，同时积极学习其他专业知识，比如计算机语言和编程技能，实验中，实验材料和结构的一般结构实验的基本方法初步结构测试技能, 完成技术实践，课程设计，在未来的学习生活，我将继续提高他们的自学能力，积极提高个人能力，为踏入社会工作做准备。
9. 土木工程的主要内容和重要的作用:
土木工程是使用的自然资源为人类造福的艺术(伦敦皇家特许状的土木工程师学会澄清) 的定义：它包括建筑工程、桥梁工程、地下工程、公路、铁路工程、港口、海洋和环境工程、给排水、防灾减灾和许多其他内容。土木工程涉及的内容与生活密切相关，与工业、农业、交通、通信、教育等事业, 从土木工程是分不开的，如工厂、矿山、铁路、公路、桥梁、商店、住宅、医院、学校、灌溉和水利工程建设等，一般称为“地方”是土木工程的基本建设。土木工程直接与人的“衣、食、住、行”是密切相关的，是最古老的学科之一，但是它是伴随着其他相关学科的发展，深化经济建设和社会进步的需要，不断继续扩大。
【结论】:
工程的重要性水平：首先，它是国家的基础产业、支柱产业，是发展和我国劳动力资源的重要平台，因为它在大型和铅工业、国民经济的兴衰起着决定性的作用。人类生活和生存依赖土木工程，使它成为一个强大的生命力的学科，随着科技的进步和时代的发展活力在土木工程。在土木工程越来越重要的今天，努力学习专业知识，积极参与城市建设的土木工程是我们这些大学生自己的现在。土木工程是植根于实践，只有更多地参与到实践中，土木工程的专业知识可以有效地学习和巩固。因此，在未来的工作学习，我要学习专业知识，积极参加实践，取得良好的进展，为我国建设的努力。
【参考文献】:
1 .gestine J.Fredrich,Martha's son:《 土木工程在现代文学阅读 》。纽约：清华大学。1989年。
2 .Clois e。KickAulighter 建筑Rcsidential 绘画和设计, 南荷兰:Goodheart - Willcox 公司公司,1990年。
3 Leo diamond和C.R.T umblin, 施工成本估算, 第二
版, John wiley and sons, Inc., 1990