论文文内引用标注格式规范

文献引用注明出处反映了论文作者对所涉领域的把握和治学的态度。引用的规范按专业方向的不同一般分为MLA（the Modern Language Association）和APA（the American Psychological Association）两类，区别在于次序、大小写、缩写、标点等细节上。学位论文撰写人应该根据MLA或APA的要求，格式上做到前后一致。（详见文献引证。）

引文出处应使用括号夹注的方法（一般不使用脚注或者尾注）。在正文中，括号夹注是引文出现的小句的一部分，因而必须放在句末的标点以内，不得放在句外，但也不得放在引文的引号以内（见图6.1）。

图6.1 ：括号夹注在正文中的使用方法

正确： 错误：

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further confirmed that “people

confirmed that think her odd and that “people think her odd and that nobody loves

and admires

her” (Fountain Her idea is further

33). confirmed that “people

think her odd and that

nobody loves and

引文出处的标注（语言学、翻译方向请参照APA格式；文学方向请参照MLA格式）

参考文献引用的规范应该按专业方向的不同选择使用MLA（the Modern Language Association）或者APA（the American Psychological Association），按一般的学术规范，偏重人文学科论文的采用MLA，偏重自然学科论文的采用APA。就我院学位论文而言，文学方向的论文采用MLA，其他方向的学位论文采用APA。 申请人应认真阅读相应的规范使用手册。本节提供部分实例，供参考。 正文中的引证

学位论文引用别人的观点、方法、言论必须注明出处，注明出处时应该使用括号夹注的方法，一般不使用脚注或者尾注。

1.引用整篇文献的观点

引用整篇文献（即全书或全文）观点时有两种情况，一种是作者的姓氏在正文中没有出现，如：

MLA：

Charlotte and Emily Bronte were polar opposites, not only in their

personalities but in their sources of inspiration for writing (Taylor，1990). APA：

Charlotte and Emily Bronte were polar opposites, not only in their

personalities but in their sources of inspiration for writing (Taylor, 1990).

另一种情况是作者的姓氏已在正文同一句中出现，按MLA的规范不需要使用括号夹注，如：

MLA：

Taylor (1990) claims that Charlotte and Emily Bronte were polar opposites, not only in their personalities but in their sources of inspiration for writing. 而按APA的规范则没有必要在括号夹注中重复作者的姓，如：

APA：

Taylor claims that Charlotte and Emily Bronte were polar opposites, not

only in their personalities but in their sources of inspiration for writing

(1990).

如果作者的姓氏和文献出版年份均已在正文同一句中出现，按APA的规范不需使用括号夹注，如：

APA：

In a 1990 article, Taylor claims that Charlotte and Emily Bronte were polar opposites, not only in their personalities but in their sources of inspiration

for writing.

在英文撰写的论文中引用中文著作或者期刊，括号夹注中只需用汉语拼音标明作者的姓氏，不得使用汉字，如：

MLA：

APA：

(Zhang, 2005) (Zhu 12)

2. 引用文献中具体观点或文字

引用文献中某一具体观点或文字时必须注明该观点或者该段文字出现的页码，没有页码是文献引用不规范的表现。例如：

MLA：

Ancient writers attributed the invention of the monochord to Pythagoras,

who lived in the sixth century BC (Marcuse 197).

Monasteries in medieval Europe were not short of speculations about

Greek inventions (Marcuse 190-203).

APA：

Emily Bronte “expressed increasing hostility for the world of human

relationships, whether sexual or social” (Taylor, 1988: 11).

Newmark (1988: 39-40) notes three characteristically expressive text-types: (a) serious imaginative literature (e.g. lyrical poetry); (b) authoritative

statements (political speeches and documents, statutes and legal documents, philosophical and academic works by acknowledged authorities); (c)

autobiography, essays, personal correspondence (when these are personal

effusions).

注意在这些例子中引文超过一页时的页码标记方法：MLA的规范是(Marcuse 190-203)，而 APA的规范是(1988: 39-40)。

假若作者的姓氏已在正文同一句中出现，则不需要在括号夹注中重复，如： MLA：

Ancient writers, according to Marcuse, attributed the invention of the

monochord to Pythagoras, who lived in the sixth century BC (197).

APA：

Taylor writes that Emily Bronte “expressed increasing hostility for the

world of human relationships, whether sexual or social” (1988: 11).

3 引用多位作者写作的同一文献

MLA（二至三位作者）：

Among intentional spoonerisms, the “punlike metathesis of distinctive

features may serve to weld together words etymologically unrelated but

close in their sound and meaning” (Jakobson and Waugh 304).

（如果有三位作者，在括号夹注中应用逗号分隔他们的姓氏，如：(Alton, Davies, and Rice 56)。）

MLA（三位以上的作者）：

The study was extended for two years, and only after results were reviewed by an independent panel did the researchers publish their findings (Blaine

et al. 35).

APA（两位作者）：

Research (Yamada & Matsuura, 1982) reports the poor performance of

advanced English learners who could use English articles correctly only in

70 percent of the cases.

若作者不在括号内，请用and，如：

Pauling and Liu (2005) discovered a possible genetic cause of alcoholism.

（注意两种规范的括号夹注中分别使用“and”与“&”。）

APA（三至五位作者）

第一次引用：

According to educational psychologists, raising children is a responsibility

of the entire community (Franklin, Childs, & Smith, 1995).

Pauling, Liu and Guo (2006) conducted a study that discovered a new possible genetic cause of alcoholism.

以后的引用：

To be successful, “communities must be willing to take this responsibility” (Franklin et al., 1995: 135).

APA（五位以上的作者）：

Patterns of byzantine intrigue have long plagued the internal politics of

community college administration in Texas (Douglas et al., 2003)

4 引用同样姓氏的不同作者

假若两个或两个以上的作者有同样的姓氏，则括号夹注中应同时使用他们名字的首字母，如：

MLA：

Although some medical ethicists claim that cloning will lead to designer

children (R. Miller 12), others note that the advantages for medical

research outweigh this consideration (A. Miller 46).

APA：

Well-established SLA researchers (e.g., R. Ellis, 2002) seem rather

skeptical of the assertion that repetition alone explains the development of

the knowledge of a second language (N. Ellis, 2002).

引用中文著作或期刊时同姓作者的情况较多，应在括号夹注中使用他们名字的首字母加以区分，如：

MLA：

(S.R. Wang 26) (J.X. Wang 30)

APA：

(W.Y. Wang, 2003) (L.F. Wang, 2003: 213)

5 引用团体作者（corporate author）

引用团体作者的作品，括号夹注中应使用团体的名称，如：

MLA：

It was apparent that the American health care system needed “to be fixed

and perhaps radically modified” (Public Agenda Foundation 4).

APA：

Retired officers retain access to all of the university's educational and

recreational facilities (Columbia University, 1987: 54).

6 引用无作者文献

引用无作者文献，如果文献标题没有出现在正文里，则括号夹注中应使用该标题或者（如果标题过长的话）使用该标题中的关键词组，如：

MLA：

An anonymous Wordsworth critic once argued that his poems were too

emotional (“Wordsworth Is A Loser” 100).

APA：

(“Mad Cow,” 2001) 或者 (Sleep Medicine, 2001)

在使用关键词组时应该选择标题开始部分的词组。

无论是MLA还是APA的规范，独立出版物的标题或者标题中的关键词组用斜体标出，出版物内含的作品的名称以及未出版的作品（讲演、论文等）的标题或者标题中的关键词组用引号标出。

7 引用书信、谈话中的观点或文字

书信和谈话（含电子邮件、访谈、电话等）无法在正文后面的参考文献中列出，但应该在正文中使用括号夹注的方法注明出处。例如：

MLA：

Jesse Moore (telephone conversation, May 12, 1989) admitted the need for an in-depth analysis of the otherness expressed in the work.

APA：

Mira Ariel (e-mail, April 17, 2004) confirmed that accessibility marking

played a crucial role in discourse organization.

Researchers may observe that Chinese English majors with no overseas

experience often have a better command of English than American foreign

language majors with no overseas experience have of the language they

study (Eugene Nida, personal communication, November 8, 1986).

8 引用同一作者的多篇文献

按MLA规范，引用同一作者的多篇文献时，在括号夹注中应加入文献标题中的关键词组，如：

Lightenor has argued that computers are not useful tools for small children (“Too Soon” 38), though he has acknowledged that early exposure to

computer games does lead to better small motor skill development

(“Hand-Eye Development” 17).

或者

Computers are not useful tools for small children (Lightenor, “Too Soon”

38), though he has acknowledged that early exposure to computer games

does lead to better small motor skill development (Lightenor, “Hand-Eye

Development” 17).

或者

Lightenor has argued that computers are not useful tools for small children, though he has acknowledged that early exposure to computer games does

lead to better small motor skill development (“Too Soon” 38 and

“Hand-Eye Development” 17).

按APA规范，同一作者的不同文献可用出版年份来区，如：

(Zhang, 1997)

(Zhang, 1999)

(Zhang, 2004)

括号夹注还可以表示同一作者的多篇文献，文献按发表次序排列，如：

(Zhang, 1997, 1999, 2004)

同一年份发表的文献应对年份另加字母，以示区别（正文后参考文献著录中相应的条目里的年份应加同样的字母），如：

(Bloom, 2003a, 2003b)

9 同时引用不同作者的多篇文献

括号夹注可以包括不同作者的多篇文献，文献按作者姓氏的字母顺序排列（注意分号的使用），如：

MLA：

The dangers of mountain lions to humans have been well documented

(Rychnovsky 40; Seidensticker 114; Williams 30).

APA：

Distance from health care providers, lack of transportation, lack of health

care providers, lack of information about the disease and various treatment options, poverty and social isolation due to geography are all factors which affect treatment decisions of rural clients (Brown, 2001; Sullivan, Weinert

& Fulton, 1993; Weinert & Burman, 1994).

在MLA的规范中，如果不同作者的多篇文献过于冗长，则不用括号夹注，而使用脚注（见第6.1.1.12节）。

10 引用非直接文献（indirect source）

论文应尽可能避免使用非直接文献（即二级文献secondary source），但在无法找到直接文献（即一级文献primary source）的情况下，引文可以从非直接文献中析出，例如：

MLA：

Samuel Johnson admitted that Edmund Burke was an “extraordinary man”

(qtd. in Boswell 2: 450).

（注意：“qtd. in”中的字母“i”不得大写。）

APA：

Grayson (as cited in Murzynski & Degelman, 1996: 135) identified four

components of body language that were related to judgments of

vulnerability.

One researcher (Grayson, as cited in Murzynski & Degelman, 1996: 135)

identified four components of body language that were related to

judgments of vulnerability.

引用非直接文献以后，在正文后参考文献著录中只需列入该非直接文献的条目（即上述实例中的“Boswell”和“Murzynski & Degelman, 1996”）。

11 引用文学作品和经典文献

按MLA的规范，有几种情况括号夹注内不标页码。

在引用剧本时应标出引文的幕、场、行，如：

In his famous advice to players, Shakespeare‟s Hamlet defines the purpose of theater, “whose end, both at the first and now, was and is, to hold, as

„twere, the mirror up to nature” (3.2.21-23).

这里的括号夹注表示引文来自剧本第三幕第二场的21至23行。（注意标点的使用。）

在引用诗歌时应标出引文的节、行，如：

When Homer‟s Odysseus comes to the hall of Circe, he finds his men

“mild / in her soft spell, fed on her drug of evil” (10.209-11).

这里的括号夹注表示引文来自诗歌第10节的209至211行。对不分节的诗第一次引用时应说明括号里标的是行数，使用“line”，以后的引用则不需再说明。例如：

第一次引用：(lines 5-8)

以后的引用：(12-13)

在引用有章节、分册的小说的时候，应标出引文所在的页码、册数、章节，如：

One of Kingsolver‟s narrators, teenager Rachel, pushes her vocabulary

beyond its limits. For example, Rachel complains that being forced to live

in the Congo with her missionary family is “a sheer tapestry of justice”

because her chances of finding a boyfriend are “dull and void” (117; bk. 2, ch. 10).

例子里的括号夹注表示引文来自该书第二册第十章的第117页。（注意标点和缩略语的使用。）

在引用《圣经》、《可兰经》等经典文献的时候，应标出引文的篇、章、节，如：

Consider the words of Solomon: “If your enemies are hungry, give them

food to eat. If they are thirsty, give them water to drink” (Bible, Prov.

25.21).

例子里的括号夹注表示引文来自旧约《圣经》的《箴言》篇第25章第21节。《圣经》各篇的缩写有标准的写法，因而使用时应该注意核对。

12 脚注（footnotes）的使用

在MLA的规范里，脚注只应在下列两种情况中考虑使用：（1）提供有一定重要性、但写入正文将有损文本条理和逻辑的解释性信息；（2）提供因篇幅过大不宜使用括号夹注注明的文献出处信息。在APA的规范里脚注仅仅在上述第一种情况下可以使用。脚注应该使用阿拉伯数字编号上标，每页重新开始。在下面两个例子中，前一个属第一种情况，后一种属第二种情况：

The commentary of the sixteenth-century literary scholars Bernardo Segni and Lionardo Salviati shows them to be less-than-faithful followers of

Aristotle1.

….

Technological advancements have brought advantages as well as

unexpected problems2.

—————————————

Notes

1 Examples are conveniently available in Weinberg. See Segni, Rettorica et poetica d'Aristotile (Firenze, 1549) 281, qtd. in Weinberg 1:405, and

Salviati, Poetica d'Aristotle parafrasata e comnetata, 1586, ms. 2.2.11,

Biblioteca Nazionale Centrale, Firenze, 140v, qtd. in Weinberg 1:616-17. 2 For a sampling of materials that reflect the range of experiences related to recent technological changes, see Moulthrop, pars. 39-53; Armstrong,

Yang, and Cuneo 80-82; Craner 308-11.

（第二个例子中“Moulthrop, pars. 39-53”中的“pars”指的是“段落”即paragraph。）

在脚注中提到的文献同正文中提到的一样，都必须在正文后面的参考文献著脚注可使用单倍行距，但相邻脚注之间应空1.5行。脚注的字体必须与正文录中详细注明。 一样。