最新巴塞尔协议三中英对照

Group of Governors and Heads of Supervision announces higher global minimum capital standards

12 September 2010

At its 12 September 2010 meeting, the Group of Governors and Heads of Supervision, the oversight body of the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision, announced a substantial strengthening of existing capital requirements and fully endorsed the agreements it reached on 26 July 2010. These capital reforms, together with the introduction of a global liquidity standard, deliver on the core of the global financial reform agenda and will be presented to the Seoul G20 Leaders summit in November.

The Committee's package of reforms will increase the minimum common equity requirement from 2% to 4.5%. In addition, banks will be required to hold a capital conservation buffer of 2.5% to withstand future periods of stress bringing the total common equity requirements to 7%. This reinforces the stronger definition of capital agreed by Governors and Heads of Supervision in July and the higher capital requirements for trading, derivative and securitisation activities to be introduced at the end of 2011.

Mr Jean-Claude Trichet, President of the European Central Bank and Chairman of the Group of Governors and Heads of Supervision, said that "the agreements reached today are a fundamental strengthening of global capital standards." He added that "their contribution to long term financial stability and growth will be substantial. The transition arrangements will enable banks to meet the new standards while supporting the economic recovery." Mr Nout Wellink, Chairman of the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision and President of the Netherlands Bank, added that "the combination of a much stronger definition of capital, higher minimum requirements and the introduction of new capital buffers will ensure that banks are better able to withstand periods of economic and financial stress, therefore supporting economic growth."

Increased capital requirements

Under the agreements reached today, the minimum requirement for common equity, the highest form of loss absorbing capital, will be raised from the current 2% level, before the application of regulatory adjustments, to 4.5% after the application of stricter adjustments. This will be phased in by 1 January 2015. The Tier 1 capital requirement, which includes common equity and other qualifying financial instruments based on stricter criteria, will increase from 4% to 6% over the same period. (Annex 1 summarises the new capital requirements.)

The Group of Governors and Heads of Supervision also agreed that the capital conservation buffer above the regulatory minimum requirement be calibrated at 2.5% and be met with common equity, after the application of deductions. The purpose of the conservation buffer is to ensure that banks maintain a buffer of capital that can be used to absorb losses during periods of financial and economic stress. While banks are allowed to draw on the buffer during such periods of stress, the closer their regulatory capital ratios approach the

minimum requirement, the greater the constraints on earnings distributions. This framework will reinforce the objective of sound supervision and bank governance and address the collective action problem that has prevented some banks from curtailing distributions such as discretionary bonuses and high dividends, even in the face of deteriorating capital positions.

A countercyclical buffer within a range of 0% - 2.5% of common equity or other fully loss absorbing capital will be implemented according to national circumstances. The purpose of the countercyclical buffer is to achieve the broader macroprudential goal of protecting the banking sector from periods of excess aggregate credit growth. For any given country, this buffer will only be in effect when there is excess credit growth that is resulting in a system wide build up of risk. The countercyclical buffer, when in effect, would be introduced as an extension of the conservation buffer range.

These capital requirements are supplemented by a non-risk-based leverage ratio that will serve as a backstop to the risk-based measures described above. In July, Governors and Heads of Supervision agreed to test a minimum Tier 1 leverage ratio of 3% during the parallel run period. Based on the results of the parallel run period, any final adjustments would be carried out in the first half of 2017 with a view to migrating to a Pillar 1 treatment on 1 January 2018 based on appropriate review and calibration.

Systemically important banks should have loss absorbing capacity beyond the standards announced today and work continues on this issue in the Financial Stability Board and relevant Basel Committee work streams. The Basel Committee and the FSB are developing a well integrated approach to systemically important financial institutions which could include combinations of capital surcharges, contingent capital and bail-in debt. In addition, work is continuing to strengthen resolution regimes. The Basel Committee also recently issued a consultative document Proposal to ensure the loss absorbency of regulatory capital at the point of non-viability. Governors and Heads of Supervision endorse the aim to strengthen the loss absorbency of non-common Tier 1 and Tier 2 capital instruments.

Transition arrangements

Since the onset of the crisis, banks have already undertaken substantial efforts to raise their capital levels. However, preliminary results of the Committee's comprehensive quantitative impact study show that as of the end of 2009, large banks will need, in the aggregate, a significant amount of additional capital to meet these new requirements. Smaller banks, which are particularly important for lending to the SME sector, for the most part already meet these higher standards.

The Governors and Heads of Supervision also agreed on transitional arrangements for implementing the new standards. These will help ensure that the banking sector can meet the higher capital standards through reasonable earnings retention and capital raising, while still supporting lending to the economy. The transitional arrangements, which are summarised in Annex 2, include:

National implementation by member countries will begin on 1 January 2013. Member countries must translate the rules into national laws and regulations before this date. As of 1 January 2013, banks will be required to meet the following new minimum requirements in relation to risk-weighted assets (RWAs):

3.5% common equity/RWAs;

4.5% Tier 1 capital/RWAs, and

8.0% total capital/RWAs.

The minimum common equity and Tier 1 requirements will be phased in between 1 January 2013 and 1 January 2015. On 1 January 2013, the minimum common equity requirement will rise from the current 2% level to 3.5%. The Tier 1 capital requirement will rise from 4% to 4.5%. On 1 January 2014, banks will have to meet a 4% minimum common equity requirement and a Tier 1 requirement of 5.5%. On 1 January 2015, banks will have to meet the 4.5% common equity and the 6% Tier 1 requirements. The total capital requirement remains at the existing level of 8.0% and so does not need to be phased in. The difference between the total capital requirement of 8.0% and the Tier 1 requirement can be met with Tier 2 and higher forms of capital.

The regulatory adjustments (ie deductions and prudential filters), including amounts above the aggregate 15% limit for investments in financial institutions, mortgage servicing rights, and deferred tax assets from timing differences, would be fully deducted from common equity by 1 January 2018.

In particular, the regulatory adjustments will begin at 20% of the required deductions from common equity on 1 January 2014, 40% on 1 January 2015, 60% on 1 January 2016, 80% on 1 January 2017, and reach 100% on 1 January 2018. During this transition period, the remainder not deducted from common equity will continue to be subject to existing national treatments.

The capital conservation buffer will be phased in between 1 January 2016 and year end 2018 becoming fully effective on 1 January 2019. It will begin at 0.625% of RWAs on 1 January 2016 and increase each subsequent year by an additional 0.625 percentage points, to reach its final level of 2.5% of RWAs on 1 January 2019. Countries that experience excessive credit growth should consider accelerating the build up of the capital conservation buffer and the countercyclical buffer. National authorities have the discretion to impose shorter transition periods and should do so where appropriate.

Banks that already meet the minimum ratio requirement during the transition period but remain below the 7% common equity target (minimum plus conservation buffer) should maintain prudent earnings retention policies with a view to meeting the conservation buffer as soon as reasonably possible.

Existing public sector capital injections will be grandfathered until 1 January 2018. Capital instruments that no longer qualify as non-common equity Tier 1 capital or Tier 2 capital will be phased out over a 10 year horizon beginning 1 January 2013. Fixing the base at the nominal amount of such instruments outstanding on 1 January 2013, their recognition will be capped at 90% from 1 January 2013, with the cap reducing by 10 percentage points in each subsequent year. In addition, instruments with an incentive to be redeemed will be phased out at their effective maturity date.

Capital instruments that no longer qualify as common equity Tier 1 will be excluded from common equity Tier 1 as of 1 January 2013. However, instruments meeting the following three conditions will be phased out over the same horizon described in the previous bullet point: (1) they are issued by a non-joint stock company 1 ; (2) they are treated as equity under the prevailing accounting standards; and (3) they receive unlimited recognition as part of Tier 1 capital under current national banking law.

Only those instruments issued before the date of this press release should qualify for the above transition arrangements.

Phase-in arrangements for the leverage ratio were announced in the 26 July 2010 press release of the Group of Governors and Heads of Supervision. That is, the supervisory monitoring period will commence 1 January 2011; the parallel run period will commence 1 January 2013 and run until 1 January 2017; and disclosure of the leverage ratio and its components will start 1 January 2015. Based on the results of the parallel run period, any final adjustments will be carried out in the first half of 2017 with a view to migrating to a Pillar 1 treatment on 1 January 2018 based on appropriate review and calibration.

After an observation period beginning in 2011, the liquidity coverage ratio (LCR) will be introduced on 1 January 2015. The revised net stable funding ratio (NSFR) will move to a minimum standard by 1 January 2018. The Committee will put in place rigorous reporting processes to monitor the ratios during the transition period and will continue to review the implications of these standards for financial markets, credit extension and economic growth, addressing unintended consequences as necessary.

The Basel Committee on Banking Supervision provides a forum for regular cooperation on banking supervisory matters. It seeks to promote and strengthen supervisory and risk management practices globally. The Committee comprises representatives from Argentina, Australia, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, China, France, Germany, Hong Kong SAR, India, Indonesia, Italy, Japan, Korea, Luxembourg, Mexico, the Netherlands, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, the United Kingdom and the United States.

The Group of Central Bank Governors and Heads of Supervision is the governing body of the Basel Committee and is comprised of central bank governors and (non-central bank) heads of supervision from member countries. The Committee's Secretariat is based at the Bank for International Settlements in Basel, Switzerland.

Annex 1: Calibration of the Capital Framework (PDF 1 page, 19 kb)

Annex 2: Phase-in arrangements (PDF 1 page, 27 kb)

Full press release (PDF 7 pages, 56 kb)

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1 Non-joint stock companies were not addressed in the Basel Committee's 1998 agreement on instruments eligible for inclusion in Tier 1 capital as they do not issue voting common shares.

最新巴塞尔协议3全文

央行行长和监管当局负责人集团宣布较高的

全球最低资本标准

国际银行资本监管改革是本轮金融危机以来全球金融监管改革的重要组成部分。9月12日的巴塞尔银行监管委员会央行行长和监管当局负责人会议就资本监管改革一些关键问题达成了共识。这些资本监管改革措施一旦付诸实施将对全球银行业未来发展产生重大的影响。

一、会议的基本内容

作为巴塞尔银行监管委员会中的监管机构，央行行长和监管当局负责人集团在2010年9月12日的会议上，宣布加强对现有资本金要求的持续监管，并对在2010年7月26日达成的协议进行充分认可。这些银行资本改革措施和全球银行业流动性监管标准的推行，履行了全球金融改革核心议程的诺言，并且将在11月份韩国首尔召开的G20领导峰会上提交。

巴塞尔委员会一揽子改革中，普通股（含留存收益，下同）将从2%增至4.5%。另外，银行需持有2.5%的资本留存超额资本以应对未来一段时期对7%的普通股所带来的压力。此次资本改革巩固了央行行长和监管当局负责人在7月份达成的关于强化资本约束和在2011年底前提高对市场交易、衍生产品和资产证券化的资本需要。

此次会议达成了一个从根本上加强全球资本标准的协议。这些资本要求将对长期的财政稳定和经济增长有重大的贡献。安排资本监管过渡期将使银行在满足新的资本标准的同时，支持经济复苏。更强的资本定义，更高的最低资本要求和新的超额资本的结合将使银行可以承受长期的经济金融压力，从而支持经济的增长。 1央行行长和监管当局负责人集团是巴塞尔委员会中的监管机构，是由成员国央行行长和监管当局负责人组成的。该委员会的秘书处设在瑞士巴塞尔国际清算银行。

2巴塞尔银行监督委员会提供了有关银行监管合作问题的定期论坛。它旨在促进和加强全球银行监管和风险管理。 21

二、增加的资本要求 （一）最低普通股要求。根据巴塞尔委员会此次会议达成的协议，最低普通股要求，即弥补资产损失的最终资本要求，将由现行的2%严格调整到4.5%。这一调整将分阶段实施到2015年1月1日结束。同一时期，一级资本（包括普通股和其他建立在更严格标准之上的合格金融工具）也要求由4%调整到6%。（附件一概述了新的资本要求） （二）建立资本留存超额资本。央行行长和监管当局负责人集团一致认为，在最低监管要求之上的资本留存超额资本将应达到2.5%，以满足扣除资本扣减项后的普通股要求。留存超额资本的目的是确保银行维持缓冲资金以弥补在金融和经济压力时期的损失。当银行在经济金融出于压力时期，资本充足率越接近监管最低要求，越要限制收益分配。这一框架将强化良好银行监管目标并且解决共同行动的问题，从而阻止银行即使是在面对资本恶化的情况下仍然自主发放奖金和分配高额红利的（非理性的）分配行为。 （三）建立反周期超额资本。反周期超额资本，比率范围在0%-2.5%的普通股或者是全部用来弥补损失的资本，将根据经济环境建立。反周期超额资本的建立是为了达到保护银行部门承受过度信贷增长的更广的宏观审慎目标。对任何国家来说，这种缓冲机制仅在信贷过度增长导致系统性风险累积的情况下才产生作用。反周期的缓冲一旦生效，将被作为资本留存超额资本的扩展加以推行。 （四）运行期限规定。上述这些资本比例要求是通过在风险防范措施之上建立非风险杠杆比率。7月，央行行长和监管机构负责人同意对平行运行期间3%的最低一级资本充足率进行测试。基于平行运行期测试结果，任何最终的调整都将在2017年上半年被执行，并通过适当的方法和计算带入2018年1月起的最低资本要求中。 （五）其他要求。对金融系统至关重要的银行应具备超过今天所提标准的弥补资产损失的能力，并继续就金融稳定委员会和巴塞尔委员会工作小组出台的意见进行进一步讨论。巴塞尔委员会和金融稳定委员会正在研发一种对这类银行非常好的包括资本附加费，核心资金和担保金在内的综合的方法。另外，加强制度决议的工作还将继续。巴塞尔委员会最3 本文将the capital conservation buffer译为资本留存超额资本。

4 本文将A countercyclical buffer译为反周期超额资本 43

近也发表了一份咨询文件，建议确保监管资本在非正常环境下的损失弥补能力。央行行长和监管机构负责人赞同加强非普通一级资本和二级资本工具的损失弥补能力。

三、过渡时期安排

自危机开始，银行为提高资本水平已经采取了很多努力。但是，巴塞尔委员会的综合定量影响研究结果显示，截至2009年底，大型银行从总体上考虑仍需要相当大量的额外资本才能满足新的监管要求。那些对中小企业贷款尤为重要的规模较小的银行，大部分已经满足了更高的资本要求。央行行长和监管当局负责人还就执行新的资本标准做出了过渡性的安排。这将有助于确保银行通过合理的收益留存和提高资本金以满足更好资本金管理要求的同时，仍能通过信贷投放支持经济的发展。过渡时期的安排在附件二中有概括，包括：

（一）2013年达到的最低资本要求。在巴塞尔委员会各成员国国内执行新的资本监管要求将从2013年1月1日开始，各成员国必须在执行之前将关于资本新的要求以法律法规的形式予以确立。自2013年1月1日起，银行应符合以下新的相对于风险加权资产（RWAs ）的最低资本要求：

（二）普通股和一级资本过渡期要求。最低普通股和一级资本要求将在2013年1月至2015年1月逐步实施。到2013年1月1日，最低普通股要求将由2%提高到3.5%，一级资本将由4%提高到4.5%。到2014年1月1日，银行将必须达到普通股4％和一级资本5.5%的最低要求。到2015年1月1日，银行将必须达到普通股4.5％和一级资本6%的最低要求。总资本一直要求保持8%的水平，因此不需要分阶段实施。8%的总资本要求和一级资本要求

之间的区别在于二级资本和更高形式的资本。 超过资本总额15%的投资、抵押服务权、所得税时间上有差异的递延资产，从2018年1月1日起，将完全从普通股中扣除。特别是，监管调整将从2014年1月1日从普通股中减去

扣减项的20%，到2015年1月1日的40%，到2016年1月1日的60%，2017年1月1日的80%，最后到2018年的1月1日100%。在这段过渡时期，其余未从普通股中扣除的资本将继续视同为资本。 （三）资本留存超额资本过渡期安排。将在2016年1月到2018年1月间分阶段实施，并从2019年正式生效。在2016年，计提风险加权资产的0.625%，随后每年增加0.625个百分点，直到达到2019年的风险加权资产的2.5%。经历过信贷过度增长的国家应尽快考虑建立资本留存超额资本和反周期超额资本。国家有关部门应根据实际情况酌情缩短这一过渡期。那些在过渡阶段已经满足最低比例要求，但是普通股（最低资本加上资本留存超额资本）仍低于7%的银行，应该实行审慎地实行收益留存政策以使资本留存超额资本达到合理的范围。 （四）资本中需要取消的项目过渡期安排。现有的政府部门的资本注入将到2018年1月1日后被取消。从2013年1月1日起，不再作为核心资本或者附属资本的非普通权益的资本工具将通过10年逐步取消。从2013年1月1日起，在确定这类资本工具的名义价金融工具的增值部分的计算将在其到期后逐步取消。不符合核心资本条件的资本工具将自2013年1月1日起从核心资本中扣除。然而，同时满足下面三个条件的金融工具会不包括在上述扣除对象之中：一是由非关联股份公司发行；二是作为资本符合现行的会计标准；三是在现在银行法律下，被承认可以作为核心资本。仅有那些在本文发表之前的金融工具符合上述过渡时期的安排。 （五）监督检测期安排。央行行长和监管当局负责人集团于2010年7月26日发表了对资本充足率比例的阶段性安排。监督性监测期间开始于2011年1月1日，并行运行期从2013年1月1日一直持续到2017年1月1日。披露资本充足率和资本构成将于2015年1月1日开始。基于并行运行期的结果，任何最终调整都将在2017年上半年执行，并在采取适当的方法和计算的情况下，作为2018年1月1日正式执行时的最低资本要求。

2011年观察一段时间后，流动资金覆盖率（LCR ）将于2015年1月1日被引入。修订后的净稳定资金比率（NSFR ）将变动到2018年1月1

日执行的最低标准。巴塞尔委员会将实施严格的报告程序，以监测在过渡时期的资本充足率比例，并会继续检验这些标准对金融市场、信贷扩张和经济增长以及解决意外事件的意义。

附件一 资本划分框架

资本要求和超额资本 (所有数字用百分比表示)

附件二 阶段性实施安排（阴影部分表示过渡期）

（所有数据都从1月1日起）

*普通股或其他完全损失弥补资本

原文来自于：

http://www.bis.org/press/p100912.htm

据中国人民银行消息，2010年9月12日，巴塞尔银行监管委员会管理层会议在瑞士巴塞尔举行，会议通过了加强银行体系资本要求的改革方案，即《巴塞尔协议Ⅲ》。

据介绍，该改革方案主要涉及最低资本要求水平和过渡期安排，包括将普通股最低要求从 2%提升至4.5%，建立2.5%的资本留存缓冲和0%～2.5%的逆周期资本缓冲。这意味着，银行必须持有7%的一级资本金比率，其中包含2.5%的缓冲。换言之，银行每投资或放贷100美元，就需要留出7美元用作储备。而贷款和投资的风险越高，要求的资本也越高。

据《巴塞尔协议III 》规定，这些资本要求将逐步实施。到2015年1月，全球各商业银行的一级资本充足率下限将从现行的4%上调至6%，由普通股构成的“核心”一级资本占银行风险资产的下限将从现行的2%提高至4.5%。

对此，交银国际发布的市场观点指出，由于大部份内地和香港银行的“普通股权益资本”比率均高于7%，本次协议对他们的影响甚微。(baidu)

“巴塞尔Ⅲ”是一套全面的改革措施，由巴塞尔银行监管委员会制定，加强管理，监督和银行部门的风险管理。 这些措施的目的是：

提高银行业的承受能力，从金融和经济冲击所产生的压力，不管源 加强风险管理和治理

加强银行的透明度和披露。 这些改革的目标：

银行水平，或microprudential ，法规，这将有助于提高个人的银行机构抵御压力的时期。

宏观审慎，全系统的风险，可以建立跨银行部门以及这些风险随着时间的推移顺周期放大了。

这两种方法的监督作为在个人银行更大程度的弹性互补降低了系统宽幅震荡的风险。