选择性还原氧化石墨烯
摇
第29卷摇第1期2014年2月
新摇型摇炭摇材摇料NEWCARBONMATERIALS
Vol.29摇No.1
摇
Feb.2014
文章编号:摇1007鄄8827(2014)01鄄0061鄄06
选择性还原氧化石墨烯
(1郾福州大学光催化研究所福建省重点实验室鄄国家重点实验室培育基地,福建福州350002;
2郾南京理工大学教育部软化学与功能材料重点实验室,江苏南京210094)
徐摇超1,摇员汝胜1,摇汪摇信2
摘摇要:摇还原氧化石墨烯已被广泛用于制备基于石墨烯的材料。目前,还原处理方法均是尽可能地将氧化石墨烯中的功能团去除,恢复石墨烯的电子结构。由于氧化石墨烯中氧基功能团(如羟基、羧基及环氧基)不同的反应活性,氧化石墨烯是可能通过分步的方法进行还原。利用醇溶剂如乙醇、乙二醇、丙三醇还原氧化石墨烯,并采用不同分析手段对样品进行表征。结果发现,在一定条件下这些醇可选择性地还原氧化石墨烯。经这些醇的处理后,氧化石墨烯中环氧功能团被大部分去除,而其他的功能团如羟基和羧基仍被保留。这种选择性去除氧化石墨烯表面功能团的方法可利于有效地控制氧化石墨烯的还原程度、获得具有特定功能团的石墨烯衍生物,从而扩大这类材料的使用范围。
关键词:摇氧化石墨烯;氧化功能团;醇;选择性还原
基金项目:国家自然科学基金(21201036,21077023);福建省自然科学基金(2010J01035,2012J01039).作者简介:徐摇超,博士,讲师郾E鄄mail:cxu@fzu郾edu郾cn
Selectivereductionofgrapheneoxide
XUChao1,摇YUANRu鄄sheng1,摇WANGXin2
(1.ResearchInstituteofPhotocatalysis,FujianProvincialKeyLaboratory
ofPhotocatalysis鄄鄄StateKeyLaboratoryBreedingBase,FuzhouUniversity,Fuzhou350002,China;MaterialsofMinistryEducation,NanjingUniversityofScienceandTechnology,Nanjing210094,China)
2.KeyLaboratoryforSoftChemistryandFunctional
Abstract:摇Thereductionofgrapheneoxidehasbeenwidelyusedtocontrolthepropertiesofgraphene鄄basedmaterials.Traditionalmethodsthoroughlyremoveoxygenatedfunctionalgroupsingrapheneoxides.Weshowthatethanol,ethyleneglycolandglycerolcanse鄄lectivelyreduceepoxygroupsingrapheneoxidewhilehydroxylandcarboxylgroupsremainunchanged.Hydrazinehydratecanreduceox鄄ygenfunctionalgroupsexceptcarboxylgroups.Theseselectiveremovalscanbeusedtocontrolthereductiondegreeofgrapheneoxidesandtheirproperties.Theelectricalconductivityofthereducedgrapheneoxideswithdifferenttypesofoxygenfunctionalgroupsvariedsig鄄nificantlyandincreasedwiththedegreeofreduction.
Keywords:摇Grapheneoxide;Oxygenatedfunctionalgroups;Alcohols;SelectivereductionCLCnumber:摇TQ127郾1+1Documentcode:摇A Receiveddate:2013鄄07鄄10;摇Reviseddate:2013鄄12鄄22
Correspondingauthor:XUChao,Ph.D,Lecturer.E鄄mail:cxu@fzu郾edu郾cn
Foundationitems:NationalNaturalScienceFoundationofChina(21201036,21077023);NaturalScienceFoundationofFujianProvince
(2010J01035,2012J01039)郾
EnglisheditionavailableonlineScienceDirect(http:蛐蛐www郾sciencedirect郾com蛐science蛐journal蛐18725805)郾DOI:10.1016/S1872鄄5805(14)60126鄄8
1摇Introduction
Grapheneoxide(GO),utilizedasprecursorforalarge鄄scaleproductionofgraphene鄄basedmaterials,hasattractedagreatdealofattentioninrecentyears[1鄄5]郾GOsheetsareelectricallyinsulating,owingtotheiroxygenatedfunctionalgroups(hydroxyl,carboxylandepoxygroups)onsurface,whichusuallyneedfurthertreatmentstorestoretheelectricalconductivityforspe鄄cificapplications[6]郾Alotofmethods,suchaschemi鄄calreduction[7鄄9],laserirradiation[10,11],microwaveir鄄
radiation[12,13],photocatalysis[14,15],solvothermalre鄄duction[16,17],havebeenexploredtoremovetheseatta鄄chedgroupsthoroughlyandtorecovergraphenenet鄄worksofsp2bonds郾
Actually,researchersrecentlyhavefoundthatthereductiondegreeofgrapheneoxideoroxidationdegreeofgraphenehascertaininfluencesontheirproperties,suchaselectricalconductivity,catalysisactivityandsemi鄄conductivebandpositions[18鄄20]郾Amongtheseresearchwork,thereductiondegreeof
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新摇型摇炭摇材摇料第29卷
grapheneoxidesheets(oroxidationdegreeofgra鄄phene)iscontrolledbyadjustingthereactivetemper鄄atureortime[19鄄21]郾Itisverydifficultforthesemeth鄄odstocontrolthereductiondegreepreciselyandtherepeatabilityisusuallyfarfromsatisfactory,whichlimitfurtherstudiesontheirinherentcharacteristics郾ItiswellknownthattheoxygenatedfunctionalgroupsonGOsheetsmainlyconsistofhydroxyl,carboxylandepoxygroups[22]郾Intheory,thesefunctionalgroupsshouldhavedifferentreactionactivities郾Ac鄄cordingly,itispossibletoutilizesuchdiversifiedre鄄drazinehydrate,atypicallystrongreducingagentforGO,wasalsousedhereasacomparison[8]郾200mgofGOwasdispersedin100mLofwaterbysonicationfor30mintoformasuspension郾2mLofhydrazinehydrate(50%w/v)wasthenaddedtothesuspen鄄sionthatwasrefluxed(100益)for24h郾Afterthere鄄action,thesolidproduct(RGO鄄Hy)wasisolatedbyfiltrationandwashedwithwaterandanhydrousalco鄄hol,andfinallydriedat60益invacuum郾2郾2摇Characterization
PowderX鄄raydiffraction(XRD)摇wereper鄄activitiesthroughreductionatostepwiseremovemannerthesefunctional,resultinggroupsinaselectivelyconditionsHereinofGO郾
controllableandGOglycerol,,alcoholswewillcanactassuchshowthatundermanipulativemildasethanol,ethyleneglycolbeenselectivelytheirutilizedto郾AlthoughreduceGOsomereducing,fewofagentstoreduceattentionthesealcoholshavementalspecialreducingabilities[17,23,24]郾Ourispaidexperi鄄tothesesignalsalcoholsresultsindicatethatwhenGOwastreatedwithnoandobviousfromreactionsepoxyundergroupsappropriateconditions,onlytheareobservedhavebeenforattenuated,buttioncarboxylgroupsonGO郾Suchselectivethehydroxylelimina鄄latemannertheoffunctionalreductiongroupscouldenableustomanipu鄄volvedgrapheneandtoobtaindegreeofGOinawell鄄controlledconsequentlycertain郾
functionalgroups鄄in鄄2摇2郾1摇Experimental
withGOChemicalmethodameanwasparticlepreparedreductionsizefromofof325purifiedGO
meshnaturalaccordinggraphitetotheotherreportedbyHummersandOffeman[25]郾AllfengChemicalreagentsReagentswerepurchasedCo郾fromShanghaiLing鄄andGOglycerolThreetypes)wereofalcoholsusedtoreact(Ltdethanol郾,China郾
with,ethyleneglycolunderpowderThensonicationwasdispersedfor30minin50atmLGO郾Typically,roomofethylenetemperatureglycolbathquentlyatthe160as鄄obtained益for6hsuspensionundervigorouswasheatedstirring郾inSubse鄄anoil郾which,themixturewascentrifugedwhilestillhot,deionizedwasas鄄preparedwaterfurthercompletelywashedwithanhydrousalcoholandplesprocedurereducedproductsbyglycerolarewerelabeledanddriedat60益郾ThepreparedasRGO鄄EGusing郾Sam鄄Reduction,sealedofandGOthebyproductsethanolarewaslabeledcarriedasRGO鄄GLthesameoutin郾aas鄄preparedautoclavesamplesandareheatedlabeledat160as益RGO鄄ETfor6h郾,Theandhy鄄
theformedCuforK琢onradiationaBruker郾TheD8diffractionAdvancedatadiffractometerwithmicroscopy2兹angles6380(SEMbetween)were5毅andcarried60毅out郾ScanningwererecordedonaJEOLelectronformedLVscanningelectronmicroscope郾Fourier鄄trans鄄JSM鄄outpreparedonainfraredBrukerspectroscopyVector鄄22,for(FT鄄IRwhich)sampleswerecarriedwerephotoelectroninpotassiumkin鄄Elmerspectra(XPSbromide)werepelletsrecorded郾TheonaX鄄rayPer鄄terexcitation,usingMgPHI5300K琢(hX鄄ray自=1253郾photoelectronspectrome鄄outwereonspectradriedaVariosource郾Theelementalanalysis6eV)X鄄raywerecarriedastheat100EL益芋,invacuumandbeforefortwotestdaysallsamplesRenishawwereargonInviarecordedRamanfrom200to2000cm郾鄄Raman1onasampleionMicroprobeusinga514郾5nmprobeinstrumentwaslaserwas郾Theelectricalconductivityofeach郾
analyzedbyaSDY鄄4four鄄point3摇ResultswhichHydrazineandhydratediscussion
issontheforwasotheremployedmethodsheretoareducestrongGOreducingasacompari鄄agentethyleneXRDpatternsofGOinandthisitsstudyderivatives[8]郾Fig郾1showsmaterialsglycolspectivelyarelabeledandhydrazineasRGO鄄EGhydrateand(RGO鄄Hythetreatedresultingby,ternsofRGO鄄EG)郾ItcanarebequiteclearlydifferentseenthatfromthethatXRDofGOpat鄄re鄄郾
Fig郾1摇XRDpatternsofGO,RGO鄄EGandRGO鄄Hy郾
··63
Thecharacteristicdiffractionpeak(001)ofGOal鄄
mostdisappears,whileanewbroadpeakataround24毅isformed,whichisonecharacteristicdiffractionpeakobservedinthetraditionalreducedGO[8,17]郾Furthermore,theXRDpatternsofRGO鄄ETandRGO鄄GLaresimilartothatofRGO鄄EGandRGO鄄Hy,indicatingstructureofGOcouldbechangedbyreducingwiththesealcohols[17,26,27]郾
Fig郾2displaysSEMimagesofGO,RGO鄄EGandRGO鄄Hy郾Bycomparison,itcanbefoundthatGOsheetspossessaplatlamellarstructure(Fig郾2a,b),whereasRGO鄄EGandRGO鄄Hypossessafloccu鄄lentmorphology,formingadisorderedsolid(Fig郾2b),whichissimilartothatofreducedGOsreportedinpreviousliteratures[8,17]郾
Fig郾2摇SEMimagesof(a,b)GO,(c)RGO鄄EGand(d)RGO鄄Hy郾
Fig郾3摇FT鄄IRspectraofGO,RGO鄄EGandRGO鄄Hy郾
摇摇ItisworthnotingthattherearesomedifferencesbetweenthesereducedGOusingalcoholsandhydra鄄zinehydrate郾Fig郾3showstheFT鄄IRspectraofGO,RGO鄄EGandRGO鄄Hy郾AsshowninFig.3,thecharacteristicfeaturesintheFT鄄IRspectraofGOaretheabsorptionbandscorrespondingtotheC詤O
carbonylstretchingat1720cm鄄1,theC—OHstretc鄄hingat1224cm鄄1,andtheC—Ostretchingat1050cm鄄1[28,29]郾ThespectraalsoshowaC詤Cpeakat1620cm鄄1correspondingtotheremainingsp2charac鄄ter[30]郾TheseabsorptionbandsintheRGO鄄Hyarenotpronounced,indicativeofanapparentremovaloftheoxygen鄄containinggroups[31]郾Severalabsorptionbandsataround1721,1568and1210cm鄄1arestillob鄄servableinthespectrumofRGO鄄EG郾IthasbeendemonstratedthatC詤Ocarbonylstretchingata鄄round1720cm鄄1ishardtobereduced,evenwithhy鄄drazinehydrate郾Thesamephenomenonisobservedinoursamples[7]郾Thebandsataround1568and1210cm鄄1maybeattributedtothevibrationsofskeletonandC—OHbondsofRGO鄄EG,respectively[17]郾Itisworthnotingthattheabsorptionofepoxygroups(around1050cm鄄1)almostdisappearasthearrow,whichmaybeascribetothereactionsbetweentheep鄄
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新摇型摇炭摇材摇料第29卷
oxygroupsandalcohols郾Analogously,theRGO鄄ETandRGO鄄GLpossessalmostthesameabsorptionbands郾
ThefunctionalgroupspresentinthesesamplesarefurtheranalyzedbyXPS郾TheC1sXPSspectrumofGO(Fig郾4a)clearlyindicatesthattherearefourkindsofcarbon:thesp2鄄hybridizedC—C,theCinC—OHbonds,theepoxyC,andthecarboxylatecar鄄bon[8,32]郾StrongreductantssuchashydrazinehydratecanusuallyremoveoxygeninGOconsiderably(Fig郾4c)郾However,bycomparison,itcanbeclearlyseenthatonlyepoxyC1speakintensityofRGO鄄EGre鄄selectivereductionforGOwithalcoholscanbealsosupportedbyRamanspectroscopy郾InFig郾5,twoprominentpeaksofGOappearataround1355and1598cm鄄1,whichareattributedtoDandGband,re鄄spectively[33,34]郾Afterreductionwithalcoholsorhy鄄drazinehydrate,theDandGpeaksstillexistbutwithanincreasedD/GintensityratiocomparedtothatofGO(0郾85)郾Generally,D/Gintensityratioisin鄄verselyproportionaltotheaveragecrystallitesizeingraphitematerials,sotheincreaseinD/Gintensityratioafterreductionindicatedadecreaseintheaver鄄agesizeofthegraphiticdomains,whichiscausedbyducedcoldroxyl,andsignificantlyableandthecarboxylchangeafterofreductionwithethylenegly鄄groupstheCin1sRGO鄄EGpeakintensitiesofhy鄄theincreasedresults(asshownofFT鄄IRinFigspectra郾4b),isnotnotice鄄郾whichOntheisotherconsistenthandwithspbond2鄄hybridizedareapercentageofthepeakassociated,withthethe郾ThereforeC,indicatesitistheformationofC詤Cwhileoxygenhydroxylinandepoxycarboxylgroupsassumedgroupsarethatmostlyinoursystem,leftun鄄attackedremoved郾
,Fig摇摇Theoretically(郾b4摇),RGO鄄EGC1sXPSandspectra(c)ofRGO鄄Hy(a)GO郾
,asgroupsaresultofofGOof郾thetheC/OatomicratiowillincreaseIndeedde鄄oxygenation,thereisasignificantofthefunctionalthetheC/Oatomicratiosbychemicalreductionschangefromerlower,startingtheGO(2郾9)tothereducedGO[8]郾Howev鄄functionalthanC/OatomicratioofRGO鄄EG(5郾4)ismuchgroupsthatofareRGO鄄Hyalmostremoved(10郾8)郾Suchwhosefeatureoxygenof
thethesmallphiticselectivere鄄graphitizedreductionwithsp2domainsalcohols,[8,33,34]郾DuetographitizationdomainsRGO鄄HyofintheRGO鄄EGepoxyarethesmallgra鄄groupscreated,merelybyandacarboxylconsistedgroupsofintheadditiongraphitizationwhilethatoftoepoxyofhydroxylisresult,theD/GintensityratioofRGO鄄EGgroups(0郾郾97)AsphenomenalowerthanETarethatalsooffoundRGO鄄Hyin(1郾1)郾ThesimilarfurtherandwiththeseevidencesRGO鄄GL郾RamanspectraofRGO鄄alcoholsforThus,theRamananalysisprovides郾
theselectivereductionofGOFig.5摇RamanspectraofGO,RGO鄄EGandRGO鄄Hy郾
摇of摇ductivityitsSincephysicalRGO鄄EGpropertiesisonlypartiallyreduced,someHy,shouldbebetween,forexamplethatofGOelectricalandRGO鄄con鄄electrically郾Earlierstoreinsulatingresearches,andhavechemicalsuggestedreductionthatthecanGOre鄄isclosedthereductiontothatelectricalofpureconductivitygraphite[8]郾ofWesuchfindmaterialsRGO鄄EGNeverthelessindeedwithEGincrease,thefromelectricalthatafter0郾02conductivityto6郾7S·m鄄1of郾(2100conductivityS·m鄄1,),comparedwiththatofRGO鄄Hygraphiteismuchtheextentlower郾ofThoughrestorationofelectricalEGhydroxyl,thedomainspresenceincreaseoffunctionaltheconductivitythere鄄establishedgroupsespeciallyofRGO鄄surfaceofgroupsRGO鄄EGare,stillmakesdecoratedtheelectricallysporadicallyconduc鄄
onthethe
2012,8(12):1805鄄1834郾
··65
tivegraphitedomainsdiscontinuous郾Consequently,
theconductivityofRGO鄄EGismuchlowerthanthatofRGO鄄Hy(Table1)郾
Table1摇Electricalconductivityofthegraphite,
GO,RGO鄄EGandRGO鄄Hy
Graphite
Electricalconductivityk/S·m鄄1
2800依10
GO0郾02依0郾002
RGO鄄EG6郾5依0郾5
RGO鄄Hy2100依150
[6]摇StankovichS,DikinDA,DommettGHB,etal郾Graphene鄄[7]摇LiD,MullerMB,GiljeS,etal郾Processableaqueousdisper鄄
sionsofgraphenenanosheets[J]郾NatNanotechnol,2008,3(2):101鄄105郾
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phene鄄basednanosheetsviachemicalreductionofexfoliated
摇摇Furthermore,theas鄄preparedRGO鄄EGcanbefurtherde鄄oxygenatedbyhydrazinehydrate,resulting[9]摇YANJia鄄lin,CHENGui鄄jiao,CAOJun,etal郾Functionalized
grapheneoxidewithethylenediamineand1,6鄄hexanediamine[J]郾NewCarbonMaterials,2012,27(5):370鄄376郾
inGOtheformationofawell鄄reducedGO郾Accordingly,removalsheetscialofcanbereducedcontrollablybyastepwiseofgroupsgrapheneforstudyingfunctionalinthederivativespropertiesgroups,whichmaybebenefi鄄future郾
relatingandtopotentialthetypeapplicationsofoxygen4摇Conclusions
reducedWeandbyhavealcoholsdemonstratedsuchasthatethanolGOcanbeselectivelyfeatureglycerolunderthermaltreatments,ethylene郾Onetypicalglycolmainlyofthisreductionisthattheepoxygroupsareanddicatescarboxylreducedcordingthatitgroupsandisfeasiblearere鄄graphitizedmaintained,whilehydroxylto郾Ourresearchin鄄chedtotheactivitydifferencesreducebetweenGOselectivelytheseac鄄ofreductionfunctionalfunctionalgroups郾Andsuchselectiveremovalatta鄄phenewhichderivativesdegreegroupsofwithgraphenecouldbeutilizedtocontrolthespecificoxidefunctionalandpreparegroupsgra鄄,tiesofisgraphene鄄basedusefultorelatematerialsfunctional郾
groupsandproper鄄Acknowledgments
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InstructionstoAuthors
摇摇NewCarbonMaterialsisabimonthlyjournalpublishedwiththepermissionoftheMinistryofScienceandTechnologyandoftheStateNewsandPublicationAgency.ThejournalissponsoredbytheInstituteofCoalChemistry,ChineseAcademyofSciences,andispublishedbySciencePress.AimsandScope
NewCarbonMaterialspublishesresearchdevotedtothephysics,chemistryandtechnologyofthoseorganicsubstancesthatareprecursorsforpro鄄ducingaromaticallyortetrahedrallybondedcarbonaceoussolids,andofthematerialsthatmaybeproducedfromthoseorganicprecursors.Thesemate鄄rialsrangefromdiamondandgraphitethroughchars,semicokes,mesophasesubstances,carbons,carbonfibers,carbynes,fullerenesandcarbonnanotubes,etc.Papersonthesecondaryproductionofnewcarbonandcompositesmaterials(forinstance,carbon鄄carboncomposites)fromtheabovementionedvariouscarbonsarealsowithinthescopeofthejournal.Papersonorganicsubstanceswillbeconsideredifresearchhassomerelationtotheresultingcarbonmaterials.ManuscriptRequirements
1.NewCarbonMaterialsacceptsResearchPapers,ShortCommunicationsandReviews.
2.Manuscriptincludinganabstract,graphicalabstract,highlight,keywords,referencelist,originalfiguresandcaptions,tables.ManuscriptscanbewrittenbothinChineseandEnglish.
3.ManuscriptshouldbeaccompaniedwithkeywordsplacedafterAbstractandashortresumeoffirstauthor(name,academicdegree,profes鄄sionalposition)placedintheendof1stpageoftextasfoot鄄note.Correspondingauthorandhis(her)E鄄mailaddressshouldalsobementioned.
4.Allillustrations,photographs,figuresandtablesshouldbeonseparatesheets,figurecaptionsshouldbetypedseparately,notincludedonthediagram.Authorsarerequestedtosubmitoriginalphotographs,whichshouldhavegoodcontrastandintensity.
5.Referencesshouldbeindividuallynumberedintheorderinwhichtheyarecitedinthetext,andlistedinnumericalsequenceonseparatesheetsattheendofthepaper,typedindoublespacing.Rememberthat"unpublishedworks"arenotreferences!Inthereferencelist,periodicals[1],books[2],multi鄄authorbookswitheditors[3],proceedings[4],patents[5],andthesis[6]shouldbecitedinaccordancewiththefollowingexamples:
[1]摇MordkovichVZ,BaxendaleM,YoshimuraS,etal.Intercalationintonanotubes.Carbon,1996,34(10):1301鄄1303.[2]摇LovellDR.CarbonandHigh鄄PerformanceFibersDirectory.5thed.,London:Chapman&Hall,1991:66.
[3]摇MochidaI,KoraiY.Chemicalcharacterizationandpreparationofthecarbonaceousmesophase.In:BachaJD,NewmanJW,WhiteJL,
eds.Petroleum鄄DerivedCarbons.WashingtonDC:ACS,1986,29鄄31.
[4]摇SuJ,LiG,HaoZ.Theresearchandapplicationofcopperimpregnatedcoarse鄄graingraphitethroat.23rdInt'lBiennialConferenceonCar鄄
bon,ExtendedAbstractandProgram,July18鄄23,Pennsylvania1997,256鄄258.
[5]摇ShigekiT,JinichiM,HiroshiH.Manufactureofmesocarbonmicrobeads.JP61鄄222913,1986.
[6]摇JonesLE.TheEffectofBorononCarbonFiberMicrostructureandReactivity.Ph.D.Thesis.PennStateUniversity,UniversityPartk,
PA1987.
Note:Forthereferenceswithmorethanthreeauthors,pleasegivethefirstthreeandmark"etal".
6.Publicationofpapersinthejournalisfreeofcharge.Authorswhosepaperispublishedinthejournalwillreceive10freeoffprintsand2copyofthisjournalsoonafteritscomingout.
7.ManuscriptSubmission:Onlinesubmission:http://xxtcl.sxicc.ac.cn/EN/volumn/home.shtml
E鄄mailsubmission:[email protected]
选择性还原氧化石墨烯
作者：作者单位：
徐超， 员汝胜， 汪信， XU Chao， YUAN Ru-sheng， WANG Xin
徐超,员汝胜,XU Chao,YUAN Ru-sheng(福州大学光催化研究所福建省重点实验室-国家重点实验室培育基地,福建福州,350002)， 汪信,WANG Xin(南京理工大学教育部软化学与功能材料重点实验室,江苏南京,210094)新型炭材料
New Carbon Materials2014(1)
刊名：英文刊名：年，卷(期)：
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