药大研究生科技英语翻译

被动语态

质量分3个阶段来执行。第一阶段是计划阶段，设定质量目标并对资源进行分配；

第二阶段是控制阶段，评估执行状况并与目标作比较，同时找出二者之间的差距；

第三阶段，针对每一个差距订立一项质量提高计划，以找到缩小这一差距的办法并实施解决方案。

The execution of quality is divided into three stages. In the first stage—planning stage, the quality objects should be set and the resources should be allocated. In the second stage —controlling stage, the execution status should be assessed and compared with the objects, and at the same time, the gap between them must be found out. In the third stage, a quality improvement project must be formulated for each one of gap, in order to find a way to narrow the gap and implement solutions.

质量分3个阶段来执行。

初译：Quality is carried out through three stages.

译文：The execution of quality is divided into three stages.

第一阶段是计划阶段，设定质量目标并对资源进行分配；

初译：In the first stage —planning stage, the quality objects should be set and the resources should be distributed.

译文：In the first stage —planning stage, the quality targets should be set and the resources should be allocated.

第二阶段是控制阶段，评估执行状况并与目标作比较，同时找出二者之间的差距； 初译：In the second stage—control stage, the execute conditions should be assessed and compared with the objects, and at the same time, the disparity between them must be find out.

译文：In the second stage—controlling stage, the execution status should be assessed and compared with the targets, and at the same time, the gap between them must be found out..

第三阶段，针对每一个差距订立一项质量提高计划，以找到缩小这一差距的办法并实施解决方案。

初译：In the third stage, a quality improvement program must be concluded for each one of disparity, in order to find a way to narrow the disparity and implement solutions.

译文：In the third stage, a quality improvement project must be formulated for each one of gap, in order to find a way to narrow the gap and implement solutions.

科技英语的名词化现象

所谓名词化，就是在表达动作、行为、状态的概念时不用动词而用相应的名词。科技英语倾向于使一些形容词、动词甚至从句名词化。

apply force the application of force

He is very careful His carefulness

形容词名词化的应用

It is doubtful how accurate the results are.

The accuracy of these results is doubtful.

This company became powerless and unpopular.

This company got a fall.

动词名词化的应用

The application of plastics increases day by day.

The application of plastics is on the increase.

Energy can neither be created nor destroyed although its form can be changed. Energy can neither be created nor destroyed despite the changeability of its form. If we add or remove heat, the state of matter may change.

The addition or removal of heat may change the state of matter.

The moving parts of a machine are often oiled so that friction may be greatly reduced. The moving parts of a machine are often oiled for great reduction of friction. 动名词和不定式有时用来代替介词宾语中的行为名词，使形式更简洁。 in the application of this method

in applying this method

For the production of these machines

to produce these machines

科技英语中名词化的翻译

对英汉翻译来说，笔译时通常名词化短语应译成主谓结构并补充动作的发出者，如添加“人类、人们、大家”等，并对含有具体概念的动作性名词加些“现象、作用、原理、方法、过程、能力、技术”等字眼。

Television is the transmission and reception of images of moving objects by radio waves.

电视是（人们）用无线电波发射和接收活动物体图像的一种技术。

Our knowledge of medals and our use of medals have been very important in forming our present material civilization.

人类认识、使用金属，这对当今物质文明的形成是非常重要的。

注意逻辑分析语义：后置的介词短语可转换为中心词的逻辑主语或逻辑宾语，即介词短语可表示动作的发出者或动作的对象。

Pressure on the wall of a bronchus by a tumor also may cause bronchiectasis. 肿瘤压迫支气管壁也会引起支气管扩张。

The slightly porous nature of the surface of the oxide film allows it to be colored with either organic or inorganic dyes.

氧化膜表面具有渗透性，因此可以用有机或无机染料染色。

药品信息

1、药品营养信息：复合维生素B 是几种维生素B 为能量，并保持神经系统的正常工作。

Drug nutrition information: vitamin B complex, the compound of several vitamin B, can promote the conversion of food into energy, and keep/maintain the normal work of the nervous system.

2、本产品能 。

This product can perfectly meet the daily intake of folic acid regulated in the US Reference Daily Intake.

3

译： Research shows that folic acid can help to keep/maintain the normal operation of the cardiovascular system of adult.

4、妇女在健康饮食中摄入足量的叶酸能降低有先天性大脑或脊髓缺陷的婴儿的出生率

(1) Women should intake enough folic acid on a healthy diet, which can reduce the birth rate of babies with congenital brain or spinal cord defects.

(2) Adequate intake of folic acid on a female’s healthy diet can reduce the birth rate of babies with congenital brain or spinal cord defects.

药品营养信息：复合维生素B 是几种维生素B 的化合物，它能促进食物转化为能量，并保持神经系统的正常工作。本产品能100%满足美国日摄入量参考标准中规定的叶酸日摄入量。研究表明，叶酸有益于保持成年男女的心血管系统正常运行。妇女在健康饮食中摄入足量的叶酸能降低有先天性大脑或脊髓缺陷的婴儿的出生率。

初译：Drug nutrition information: Vitamin B complex is a combi- nation of several B vitamins which can help turn food into energy and maintain the normal function of nervous system.

改译：Drug nutrition information: Vitamin B complex is a comp-ound of several B vitamins which can help convert food into energy and maintain the normal function of nervous system.

初译：This product can 100% meet the amount of folic acid specified in the US Reference Daily Intake.

改译：This product can meet the amount of folic acid specified in the US Reference Daily Intake.

初译：Researches have shown that folic acid is beneficial to keep the cardiovascular system away from disorder in adults.

改译：Researches have shown that folic acid is beneficial to keep the cardiovascular system from disorder in adults.

初译：For women , consuming adequate folic acid in healthy diet helps decrease the natality of infants with congenital defect in brain or spinal cord.

改译：Adequate folic acid in healthy diet can reduce a woman’ risk of having an infant with congenital defect in brain or spinal cord.

Drug nutrition information: Vitamin B complex is a compound of several B vitamins which can help convert food into energy and maintain the normal function of nervous system. This product can meet the amount of folic acid specified in the US Reference Daily Intake. Researches have shown that folic acid is beneficial to keep the cardiovascular system from disorder in adults. Adequate folic acid in healthy diet can reduce a woman’ risk of having an infant with congenital defect in brain or spinal cord.

句意反译

这份说明书不够详尽

The specification is not in details.

The specification is too simple.

The specification is far from exhaustive.

The specification lacks detail.

The explanation of this specification is pretty thin.

我们不应当再把海洋当成人类生活污水和工业污水的垃圾场了

We shouldn’t treat the ocean as the garbage dump of domestic sewage and industrial wastewater.

It is our fault that the ocean is treated as the garbage dump of domestic sewage and industrial wastewater.

We should be against that the ocean is treated as the garbage dump of domestic sewage and industrial wastewater.

We should keep the ocean away from being the garbage dump of domestic sewage and industrial wastewater.

精密仪器必须保持无尘

The precision instrument must be no dirt.

The precision instrument must keep clean.

The precision instrument must be kept free from dust.

铁箱能使地球磁场影响不了指南针

An iron box can’t make the earth's magnetism influence the compass.

An iron box can disturb the earth's magnetism to the compass.

An iron box can keep the earth's magnetism away from the compass.

他们公司在产品的包装和宣传上明显比不上竞争对手

The company has no advantage over their competitors in packaging and publicity of products.

The company is obviously inferior to their competitors in packaging and publicity of the products.

The company fails to defeat their competitors in packaging and publicity of products.

The company can hardly compare to their competitors in packaging and publicity of products.

The company is significantly weaker than their competitors in packaging and publicity of products.

在壳聚糖醋酸溶液中，加入吐温-80作为分散剂，将硫酸钠溶液滴入搅拌的壳聚糖醋酸溶液中，超声处理。

原文：Tween-80 is added into the chitosan acetic acid solution as dispersing agent, and sodium sulfate solution is added by drops in the chitosan acetic acid solution with

stirring, then deal with the mixture by ultrasonic wave.

修改：Add Tween-80 as dispersant into the chitosan acetic acid solution,and add sodium sulfate solution into the chitosan acetic acid solution with stirring by drops, then deal with the mixture by ultrasonic wave.

分析：这句话主要是突出整个动作，所以将原来的被动语态都改成了主动语态。

通过溶液的浊度来判定微粒的形成，所得微粒界于微球与纳米粒子之间（平均粒径为0.9µm ±0.2µm ）

原文：Determine the formation of particles by observing the turbidity of the solution. The prepared particle size is between microsphere and nanoparticle (with an average size about 0.9µm ±0.2µm).

修改：The prepared particle which size is between microsphere and nanoparticle is determined by observing the turbidity of the solution (with an average size about 0.9µm ±0.2µm).

分析：将其改成一句话，更加简洁些。

沉淀析出法的另一种途径则是基于乳化溶剂的扩散作用。将作为水相的壳聚糖溶液在卵磷脂一类乳化剂存在下分散在作为油相的亲水性有机溶剂中，同时将要包载的物质溶于其中。

原文：Another way of precipitation method is based on the diffusion effect of emulsion solvent. The water phase that contains chitosan solution and emulsifier such as lecithin is dispersed in oil phase such as hydrophilic organic solvent, and meanwhile the material to be packaged is dissolved in the mixture.

修改：Another way of precipitation method is based on the diffusion effect of emulsion solvent. The chitosan solution which acts as water phase is dispersed in hydrophilic organic solvent which works as oil phase under the environment of lecithin as emulsifier, and meanwhile the material packaged is dissolved in the mixture.

分析：这句话的主要中心思想就是：将水相在乳化剂的作用下加入到水相中去，

但是突出的是本文中的壳聚糖溶液和亲水性有机溶剂，而不是水相和油相。乳化剂是在整个过程中起作用的，所以可以看成是在乳化剂的环境中，为了与前面的结构保持一致，所以仍然使用从句来解释卵磷脂。

由于亲水性有机溶剂会自动地从油相扩散到水相，导致两相之间的界面产生湍流，从而使壳聚糖分子发生沉降析出，形成具有纳米尺度的微粒。

原文：The hydrophilic organic solvent will spontaneously diffuse to the water phase from the oil phase, causing turbulence on the two phase interface and as a result, the chitosan moleculars are precipitated and nano particles are formed.

修改：The hydrophilic organic solvent will diffuse from the oil phase to the water phase spontaneously，causing turbulence on interface of the two phases. As a result the chitosan moleculars are precipitated and then the nano particles are formed.

分析：这句话主要是将diffuse to ……from …… 改成为diffuse from ……to ……。使壳聚糖分子发生沉降析出，形成具有纳米尺度的微粒。这句话有逻辑关系，是先有沉降析出，后有纳米尺度，所以在句中加入then 来显示出这层关系。

相比较而言，沉淀析出法需在较苛刻的制备条件如存在乳化剂、有机溶剂和超生振荡下进行，且不易通过反应条件的优化调控壳聚糖微粒的大小，因而这种方法在实际应用上受到一定程度的限制。

原文：Comparatively, precipitation method need harsh experimental conditions such as emulsifier, organic solvent, ultrasonic wave, and the size of chitosan moleculars is difficult to regulate, so its application is rare.

修改：Comparatively, precipitation method is required in more demanding preparation conditions such as emulsifier, organic solvent and ultrasonic wave, and the size of chitosan moleculars is difficult to regulate which blocks its application in some degree.

分析：这句话中：so its application is rare.用的太简单了，将其改成一个定语从句做结果。

科技英语翻译

1、Nowadays, few academic lectures of traditional style rise above dullness. 译：如今，传统风格的学术讲座通常很乏味。

2、The electric locomotive is not dependent, like its steam counterpart, on the competence of driving and firing or the quality of the fuel burned.

译：电力机车不像蒸汽火车那样依赖于驱动与点火的能力，也不依赖于燃料的质量。

3、The central fact of biology, evolution, was not established until modern science had been in existence for over two hundred years.

译：现代科学建立了200多年后，进化论这一生物学的重要法则才得以形成。 4 、It is not my wish that you should break your word.

译： 我希望你不要食言。

5、 Metals do not change their form as easily as plastic bodies do.

译：金属不像塑料那样容易变形。

被动语态

质量分三个阶段来执行。

The implementation of quality management is divided into three stages.

第一阶段是计划阶段：设定质量标准并对资源进行分配

In the first one, planning stage, the quality standards are set, and resources are 第二阶段是控制阶段：评估执行现状并对目标作比较，同时找出二者之间的差距； Then, in the second stage—with the goals to find out the disparities.

第三阶段，针对每个差距订立一项质量提高计划，以找到缩小差距的办法并实施解决方案

In the third stage, a quality improvement plan according to each gap has to be made and carried out to bridge the gap.

It was to test the effects of mercury on the heart that the two new studies compared

the mercury levels in chippings from toenails, where heavy metals tend to be deposited.

重金属通常是富集在指甲内。于是，两项新的研究比较了脚趾甲剪取物中的汞水平，以此来考察汞对心脏的影响。

在自然界找不到处于游离态的铝，因为这种金属总是和其他元素结合在一起，最普遍的是跟氧结合（铝和氧都有很强的亲和力）。所以，铝直到十九世纪才被人类发现。

Aluminum was not discovered until 19 century , because no free aluminum can be found in natural ,which is caused by the fact that it always combines with other elements of strong affinity , most commenly with oxygen.

保护人类基因健康是个需要认真对待的重大问题。为了确保有效地抵御生活环境中的危害，人们已不能单靠自然选择。人类为了保持体力智力的勃勃生机而不得不节制数量，迎接污染的挑战，这已不是遥远的将来。

Keeping human genetic healthy is a big problem that should be taken seriously. In order to ensure that the environmental threat can be effectively defended against , relying on natural selection only is not enough. In near future, man has to take population into control and meet the challenge of pollution to sustain his physical and intellectual vitality.

1．通过乳腺癌的研究，会证实这些结论。

直译：We will prove these conclusions by the study of breast cancer.

修改：These conclusions will be proved by the study of breast cancer.

The study of breast cancer will prove these conclusions.

2．18世纪末叶到19世纪初叶的第二次工业革命，美国成了头号工业强国。 直译：The United States, instead of the British, had become a top industrial power in the period of the second industrial revolution from the late 18th to the early 19th century.

修改：The second industrial revolution witnessed that the United States, replacing the British, had become a top industrial power from the end of the 18th century to the early 19th century.

The second industrial revolution from the late 18th to the early 19th century witnessed that the United States, replacing the British, had become a top industrial power.

3．如果考虑热传递的原因，问题就非常复杂。

直译：If we take the reason of heat transmission into consideration, the problem will be quite complicated.

修改：The problem will be quite complicated if the reason of heat transmission is taken into consideration.

The reason of heat transmission makes the problem quite complicated.

4．Could a plant virus have found a way to infect humans? It has always been assumed that plant virus cannot infect animals and vice versa, but plant virus are known to be abundant in human faeces.

直译：植物病毒可以通过某种途径感染人类吗？人们一直认为植物病毒不能感染动物，反之亦然，但是众所周知，植物病毒广泛存在于人类排泄物中。

修改：植物病毒可以感染人类吗？人们一直认为植物病毒不能感染动物，反之亦然，但是众所周知，植物病毒广泛存在于人类排泄物中。

单个血细胞通过血浆在体内运行，时间多达120天，最后被冲到循环系统的垃圾场——脾脏。

译文 ：In vivo, a hemocyte goes through the plasma up to 120 days and is finally rushed to the spleen, the dumping ground of circulatory system.

我国政府高度重视农业的发展，农业生产条件发生了显著的变化， 生产水平有了很大的提高。

Because our government pays considerable attention to the development of agriculture, the production condition and productivity have greatly improved.

尽管旱涝灾害时有发生，可耕地面积相对减少，我国仍然依靠自己的力量基本上保证了十二亿人口的温饱。

译文：Although floods and droughts occur frequently and arable land decreases relatively, we still make sure that the population of 1.2 billions has enough food and clothing on our own.

无灵

做了一些试验，结果发现这个理论不充分。

This theory was proved to be inadequate after several tests.

Experiments show this inadequate theory.

近20年来，上海发生了翻天覆地的变化。

Tremendous changes has happened in Shanghai in recent 20 years.

Shanghai has undergone tremendous changes in the past 20 years.

办公室实现了自动化，这给管理工作带来了很大的方便。

Great convenience has been brought in administration after automation of office. Office automation facilitates the management.

世界恐怕从未面临过像臭氧层破坏和温室效应这么严重的污染威胁。

The world might never face such a serious threat of pollution as the ozone layer and the greenhouse effect.

现在不采取行动，鼓励研究和技术投资，新世纪将面临科学家的锐减。

New century will face a sharp drop of number of scientists, if there is no measure to be taken to encourage research and technology investments.

名词化

地球绕轴自转，引起昼夜变化。

The rotation of the earth on its own axis causes diurnal change. 如果缺乏一种或多种必要的营养素，鱼就会成长缓慢、得病、甚至死亡。

The fish will grow slowly and get sick even dead for the lack of one or more necessary nutrition.

然而它的重要性还未被普遍地认识到，有时甚至造成无法挽回的损失。

However, lack of awareness of its importance sometimes even case irredeemable losses.

因为他了解细菌引起啤酒变质的道理， 所以他相信是某些微生物引起了这些疾病。

The knowledge that bacteria lead to beer spoilage makes him believe it is certain microorganism that cause the diseases. 我对这类机器的操作很陌生。

I am a stranger to the operation of the machine. 采用这种新装置可以大大降低废品率。

The adoption of the new device can reduces the rejection rate greatly. 操作机器需要懂得机器的一些性能。

Knowledge of the property of the machine is needed before operation. 计算机比人检查得更细心、更勤快。

The computer is a more careful and hard-working/ industrious inspector than human beings.

He witnessed the sixth post-war economic crisis of serious consequence that prevailed in various fields in the USA.

他目睹了战后第六次经济危机的恶果，这个恶果在美国各领域普遍可见。

The method of scientific investigation is nothing but the expression of the necessary mode of working of human mind; it is simply the mode by which all phenomena are reasoned about and given precise and exact explanation.

科学调查的方法不过就是人类思考模式的一种表达方式，仅仅通过这个模式就能推理出所有现象并给出精确的解释。

全世界的科学家都在寻找防止空气受各种有害工业废气污染的有效办法

Scientists all over the world are looking for effective methods of preventing air being polluted by various hazardous industrial waste gases.

1953年以来，科学家们做了大量实验尝试在“原始地球条件下”合成生命的化学成分，但是，没有任何一项实验能制作出哪怕最简单生命物体的复杂成分。 Since 1953,many experimental attempts have been done to synthesize the chemical constituents of life under primitive earth conditions, however ,even the complex constituents of the most simple living organisms have not been made up.

虽然如此，他们还是证明了当前构成生物体的复杂分子能够存在于早期的海洋和大气中，只是有一个局限：当含氧化合物在大气中居主导的情况下，一些元素的合成极不容易。

Nevertheless, they still proved that the complex molecules constituting organisms could exist in the early ocean and atmosphere, with only one limitation: it is rather difficult to synthesize some elements when oxygen-containing compounds dominate the atmosphere.

因此，一些科学家们假定远古大气层不像今天这样，而是由氢气、甲烷和氨气组成。

Therefore, some scientists assumed that the ancient atmosphere, unlike that of today, was composed of hydrogen ,methane and ammonia.

1、 This type of lung cancer had a long duration and was not sensitive to traditional

radiotherapy and chemotherapy, but some qi-replenishing and expectorant traditional Chinese medicines had good effects on patients with this type of lung cancer, especially elderly ones.

非小细胞肺癌的治疗时间长，对传统的放射疗法和化疗不敏感。但在临床上，尤其对于老年患者，服用补气化痰类的中药能起到较好的疗效。

2、 The traditional treatment mode with Western medicines was aiming at killing and

removing cancer tissues which was not suitable for elderly patients with lung cancer, because they were mostly weak and had concealed conditions.

传统的西药治疗方法旨在杀死和切除癌症组织，但是由于老年患者大多身体虚弱，患病组织比较隐蔽，该方法并不适合老年患者。

3、 Once discovered, the lung cancer was almost all in advanced period and

accompanied with many complications and injury of visceral functions.

一旦确诊为肺癌，大多数患者通常已处于晚期，并伴有多种并发症及脏器功能损伤。

4、 Some patients were difficult to accept survival with tumors, but it should be

pointed out that cancer cells were not exogenous impurities, but poorly differentiated normal cells.

一些患者很难接受与肿瘤共存，但是应当指出的是：肿瘤细胞并不是外源杂质，而是低分化的正常细胞。

5、 Normal cells have certain growth cycles, once growing to a certain level, they

will enter the period of aging and apoptosis gradually. When this process was damaged, the cells will grow infinitely with no apoptosis, then normal cells became cancer cells which formed tumors.

正常细胞都有特定的生长周期。当生长到一定阶段，正常细胞会逐渐衰老，最后凋亡。当这一过程被破坏时，这些细胞将无法正常凋亡而无限生长，异化为癌细胞。这些癌细胞最终聚集，形成肿瘤。

6、 The principle of treatment with traditional Chinese medicines is, on one hand, to

enhance human immunity comprehensively by the conditioning of traditional Chinese medicines and identify, kill cancer cells effectively, on the other hand, to induce cancer cells to normal cells.

传统的中药方法可通过两方面治疗肺癌：它可调节患者的免疫系统，全面增强人体免疫力，从而利用自身免疫机制有效地识别和消除癌细胞；另一方面，它能诱导癌细胞转化为正常细胞，（从而减少甚至消除癌细胞）。 改后：传统的中药方法治疗肺癌的原理可分为两方面：一方面，中药能通过改善患者免疫系统，全面增强免疫力，从而利用自身免疫机制有效地识别和消除癌细胞；另一方面，它能诱导癌细胞转化为正常细胞。

无主语

在我国古代就已有许多自然科学著作，特别是关于中医药和农业的著作出现。 初译：1. There has been numerous natural science works, especially in traditional Chinese medicine and agriculture, since ancient China.

2. Many great natural science works, especially about traditional Chinese medicine and agriculture, have occurred in our ancient times.

终译：There has been numerous natural science works, especially on traditional Chinese medicine and agriculture, since ancient China.

原文：因定单送错厂家，故未能按时填好送回。

初译：The order failed to be filled and sent in time for the delivery to the wrong factory.

终译： The order failed to be filled and sent back in time for the delivery to the wrong factory.

原文：让水冷却10分钟，然后测得温度。

初译：Take the temperature of the water after cooling for 10 minutes.

Tips: RECORD ： 记录

MEASURE ：测量（大小、容量、尺寸等）

Eg:With the compressor clutch engaged, record the discharge air temperature and the compressor discharge pressure.

原文：回顾过去病史, 未发现感染反复发作。

We have not found the recurrent infection in reviewing the past history.

5. 自从二十世纪中叶以来，对石油需求量有所增加，从而导致了在海上钻井取油。

The increased demand for oil led to the offshore drilling since the mid-twentieth century.

6. 需要进一步研究以了解肥胖趋势将来对糖尿病发生率和死亡率的影响。

Further researches are required to understand the impact of obesity trend on the mortality and morbility of diabetes in the future.

7. Her face showed nothing of her feeling.

喜怒不形于色

8. The characteristics of storage protein accumulation of maize with qualified protein are analyzed on the genetical and biochemical basis.

在遗传学和生物化学基础上来分析优质蛋白玉米中储存蛋白积累的特征。