英语写作常用句式

我的字库

每个人在读文献时一定会遇到一些觉得有用的词、词组或者句型，可以摘录下来以便在写作时采用或模仿。下面是我总结的一些，请大家补充。 我的词库（words/phrase）

● 表示“研究”某个问题（除了用research ，explore ，investigate ，detect 或者study ，也可以是测量、观察、得到等等）

1. assess 评价

In previous decades there has been an emphasis on pain “sensation”, which

involves assessing the location and intensity of noxious stimuli.„„评价（研究）伤害性刺激的定位和强度

2. insight ，常用于研究某问题的内在机理、机制

In terms of pain, this meant that modulating the level of unpleasantness might provide insight into the substrate of affect.

3. specify ，某方法被用来做什么事情

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) ……was performed during the intentional memorizing of words to specify which medial temporal lobe structure is important in determining what words are subsequently remembered in a

cued-recall test and to characterize the time course of activation in that structure. ● “提示、说明、表明”等等，除了indicate 、suggest 、manifest 、clarify 以外，还可以：

1. Postmortem studies of this region may provide a window on processes that temporal cortices pass through decades before death.

● address 前言里面常用的一个词

The primary issue this paper will address is ……本文要搞清的首要问题是„„ Two questions were addressed: ……To address this issue……

● Clinical outcome 文献中常遇到的词，直译为临床结果，可能包含临床症状、

检查、转归等内容。

● psychometry 心理测试

● 除了biomarker ，生物标记的另一说法

„„may be useful biological indices to monitor AD.

● Table 1 describes these terms and provides an acronym for each. （给每个term 用

词首字母设置简称）

● Used in this context（从这个意义上来讲）, the term mild cognitive impairment

implies that the different classification systems may be uniform and comparable.

● Behavioural results revealed impaired recognition and a lower false recognition

rate for semantically related distracters (lures) （干扰词，可能是指词语辨认中的新词）in aMCI, which suggest impaired semantic processing at encoding. 这句话意思是aMCI 新词辨认成绩差反映语义加工的编码过程受损，出自An fMRI study of verbal episodic memory encoding in amnestic mild cognitive

impairment. Cortex 44 (2008) 869-880. Thomas M, Sukhwinder S, Tim Stevens, Lean Lee, Marc Seal, Rodney W.H. and Zuzana Walke

● String of digits 一串数字

● 表示符合某疾病的诊断：

These people do not meet the clinical criteria for any neurodegenerative disease。 使用某某诊断标准 when the AAMI criterion is employed

我的句库（sentence pattern/expression）

● 表示刺激与大脑反应之间的关系

Imaging psychophysics allows one to correlate brain changes with sensory

stimulation parameters.

● 因此，理想的MCI 分类系统是„„能够区分认知下降是年老造成的还是神

经退变造成的

An ideal system of classifying mild cognitive impairment must therefore

（therefore 不一定在句首，也可放在句中）be able to differentiate impairment associated with ageing and impairment associated with neurodegenerative

processes.

● 表示有争议

Controversy surrounds the function of the anterior cingulate cortex

● 表示激活的比较：

1. A direct statistical comparison between simple WM and increased WM load

in MCI in the same regions showed a significant difference (significantly

more deactivation from simple WM to increased WM load).

2. Deactivation during face encoding as compared to fixation occurred in

controls in orbital gyrus, gyrus rectus, medial frontal gyrus, anterior cingulate cortex, posterior cingulated cortex, and in the precuneus.

● 说明、解释激活现象：

In the increased WM load condition, controls showed a positive temporal

derivative in the anterior cingulate and medial and middle frontal gyrus, meaning that the signal first showed an increase there, and then quickly reversed sign to deactivation.

● 表示不同的组反应不同

In that early phase the BOLD response behaved differently in patients.

● 早期诊断/AD风险预测的意义

Identifying older people at high risk for AD is important for both the patient and their carers as it may allow therapeutic intervention in the very earliest stages of the disease, which in turn may delay or even prevent the onset of the disease process. In the worst case it allows for the planning of patient care.

● 提出问题（需要更加精确的诊断标准）

Based on this analysis of the literature, optimal criteria for the accurate

identification of mild cognitive impairments are proposed.

● 表示两次呈现刺激相同用“match ”（匹配）

Participants judged whether the color and location of the probe matched that of

one of the items in the memory sample display.

● 表示实验2的延时与实验1不同，其他条件（用aspect 表示）一样。

The delay length in experiment 2 was 6000 ms. All other aspects of the

behavioral task were identical to experiment 1.

aspect 还可以表示功能、作用

The limbic system appears to serve fundamental aspects of emotional processing and provide relevant and motivational information for phylogenetically more recent brain systems to regulate complex behaviors. 起到„„的基本作用 ● 表示“经过对干扰因素的校正”

In this study, the greater degree of depressive symptoms was associated with increased HFC strength in the positively correlated hippocampal network in the thalamus, frontal and posterior cingulate regions after adjusting for potential confounders.

图表说明（legend ）

● The grey horizontal bar represents the delay interval. The grey vertical bars indicate the three phases of the task (encoding, maintenance and retrieval).

灰色的横条表示延迟阶段。灰色竖条表示任务三阶段（编码、保持和提取） ● 一个激活范围大于另一个

The activated area in PPC in experiment 2 extended further medially and superiorly relative to experiment 1.

● 上方为（大脑）前部、读者左侧即（大脑）左侧

The images are oriented with the anterior at the top and the left side to the reader’s left

星号表示„„

The asterisks denote values that differ significantly from the global mean after correction for multiple comparisons.

关于语态

医学论文常常采用第三人称的被动语态。这是因为医学研究着重于客观事物和过程的描述，使得整项活动更显出科学性。同时，被动语态的句子在结构上有较大的调节余地，有利于采用必要的修辞手段，扩大句子的信息量，从而突出重要的概念、问题、事实、结论等内容。请看下例：“采用Western blotting技术检测37例食管鳞状细胞癌组织、癌旁组织、区域淋巴结和相应正常食管组织中P73蛋白的表达，并探讨与食管临床病理特征的关系。”翻译：The expression of P73 protein was detected by Western blotting in 37 cases of esophageal tumor tissues', para-cancer tissues', regional lymphnodes and matched esophageal normal tissues' and their relation to clinical pathologic characteristics of esophageal cancer was explored. 分析：(P73蛋白的)“表达”和“关系”是两个中心词，只有使用被动语态，才能突出这两个词。“检测”和“探讨”都是科学研究的过程，使用被动语态就是强调其科学性。整个译句使用被动语态达到的效果是结构紧凑，上下联贯。

关于时态

时态时态是大多数作者遇到的一大难题，不知何时该用何种时态。有时全文从头到尾只用一种时态，或几种时态杂乱交错。医学论文摘要中所采用的时态主要是一般现在时和一般过去时，偶尔也会出现完成时。而它们的功能也很明确，即，一般现在时（偶尔有现在完成时）使用于摘要的目的与结论当中。对于摘要的目的，现在常常省略主语，只用不定式短语进行表达。如“to study; to evaluate; to understand”等；而一般过去时（偶尔有过去完成时）则常常用于摘要的方法和结果之中。请看下例：例1：“106例宫颈癌均行广泛性子宫切除和盆腔淋巴结清

除术，其中78例行术前放疗（体外加腔内放疗），16例采用腔内放疗加手术，12例术后放疗。”翻译：106 patients with cervical carcinoma were all treated by radical hysterectomy and pelvic lymphadenectomy'of whom 78 had preoperative radiotherapy'(external radiation and brachytherapy)'16 combination of brachytherapy and radical operation'12 adjuvant postoperative radiotherapy. 分析：上文是摘要“方法”中的一句。主句使用了过去时，从句则使用了过去完成时。之所以使用这两种时态，是因为在撰写此文时，研究工作已经结束，研究过程中所做的一切已成过去。读者阅过就一目了然。例2：“初步结果显示肝素酶基因表达可能为肺癌细胞获得转移活性的可靠标志之一，其检测可用于辅助判断肺癌患者预后。”翻译：The preliminary results suggest that the expression of heparanase gene may be one of the reliable markers for the metastatic activity gained by the lung cancer cells and can be used clinically in predicting the prognosis of patients.分析：这是摘要“结论”中的一句，是论文作者对研究工作进行的总结，并指出其对当前实际工作的指导意义，因此使用的是一般现在时。

1. EBD uptake assay showing apparent decrease of ………… but

absence of significant differences between the groups.

2. Exercise tolerance was not significantly different between scid/mdx

mice intra-muscularly treated with mdxMABs and untreated scid/mdx mice, while it was significantly higher (one-way ANOVA; *P

It is conceivable that engraftment efficiency may depend on

Collectively, our study suggests that the inhibition of MMP-9 is a promising approach to stimulate myofiber

regeneration and improving engraftment of muscle progenitor cells in dystrophic muscle

Our findings reveal simultaneous activation of both pathways with a significant improvement in Notch and canonical Wnt signaling in mdx;Mmp9+/2 compared to mdx;Mmp9+/+ mice which may be responsible for increased

proliferation and differentiation of satellite cells leading to improved muscle formation.

Several plausible mechanisms through which high homocysteine might also increase the risk of dementia have been postulated, e.g. the impact on cerebrovascular pathology, direct neurotoxic effects or the influence on amyloid-b peptide generation and tau hyperphosphorylation; but none of these has been proven unequivocally

Population-based longitudinal studies on the associations between homocysteine and dementia/Alzheimer’s disease, rate of cognitive decline, or structural brain changes have shown conflicting results

A few cross-sectional studies have reported associations between homocysteine and plasma amyloid-b levels, and between metabolites of the homocysteine cycle and CSF phospho-tau, but contradictory results also exist.

It is important to determine if homocysteine has any impact on the actual neuropathological findings because elevated homocysteine is a modifiable factor and thus a potential target for preventive interventions.

>85岁的老年人 in the oldest old