代替主句的现在分词短语
代替主句的现在分词短语
下面 A 和 B 中的现在分词结构主要用于书面英语。
A 如主语同时做出两个动作时， 通常其中的一个动作可以由现在分词来表示， 这时分词
既可
以放在动词不定式之前，也可以放在之后：He rode away．He whistled as he went．
他骑马走了。他一边走一边吹着口哨。相当于：He rode away whistling．
他吹着口哨骑马走了。
He holds the rope with one hand and stretches out the other to the boy in the water．相
当于：Holding the rope with one hand，he stretches…
他一只手拉着绳子，把另一只手伸给水中的男孩。
B 如主语所做的一个动作紧接着所做的另一个动作，第一个动作常常用现在分词来表示，
而且分词必须放在前面： He opened the drawer and took out a revolver． 相当于： Opening
the drawer he took out a revolver．
他打开抽屉，拿出了一把左轮手枪。
She raised the trapdoor and pointed to a flight of steps． 相当于： Raising the trapdoor she
pointed to a flight of steps．
她把翻板活门拉开，指着一段台阶。
We take off our shoes and creep cautiously along the passage．相当于：Taking off our
shoes we creep cautiously along the passage．
我们脱了鞋，小心地、偷偷地沿着走廊走过去．
这里好像用现在分词的完成式更合乎逻辑， 如 Having opened， Having raised， Having taken
off 等。 但除了使用现在分词的一般式可能使意思含混不清的时候以外， 不必要使用完成
式。
举一个必须使用分词完成式的例子：Eating his dinner he rushed out of the house 会给人这
样一种印象，好像他手里还拿着菜盘子就走出了房子。因此，这里最好用 Having eaten
His dinner…形式。
C 第二个动作构成第一个动作的一部分时或第二个动作是第一个动作的结果时，可以用现
在分词表示第二个动作：She went out，slamming the door．
269
她出去后，砰地关上门。
He fired，wounding one of the bandits．
他开了枪，打伤了其中一个匪徒。
I fell，striking my head against the door and cutting it．
我摔了个跟头，头撞在了门上，划了个口子。（这个句子中有三个动作，后面的两个动作是
用分词来表示的。）
这样使用的现在分词的主语并不一定要同前面的动词的主语相同。它可以有自己的主语：
The plane crashed，its bombs exploding at it hit the ground．
飞机坠毁了，它携带的炸弹在它触地的同时爆炸了。
277 代替从句的现在分词短语
这种结构主要用于书面英语。
现在分词可代替 as/since/because+ 主语+ 动词，即分词可
帮助解释其后面所发生的动作：Knowing that he wouldn’t be able to buy food
on his
journey he took large supplies with him．相当于：As he know…
他知道路上买不到食物，就带了很多食物。
Fearing that the police would recognize him he never went out in day-light．相当于：As
he feared…
因为害怕警察认出他来，他从不白天出门。
注意：当 being 位于句首时，通常意为 as he is 或 as he was（由于他是……） ：
Being a student he was naturally interested in museums． 相当于： Because/As he was a
student…
他作为一个学生，自然对博物馆感兴趣。
这里 being a student 的意思并不是 while he was a student（在他学生时代）。
这样使用的分词的主语并不一定要与跟在后面的动词的主语相同。它可以带有自己的主语：
The day being fine，we decided to go swimming．
天气好，我们决定去游泳。
在这种情况下分词必须跟在作其主语的名词/代词之后。 Be-ing fine the day， we decided…
是错误的。但是 Being athletic，Tom found the climb quiteeasy（作为运动员，汤姆觉得
这次爬山比较容易）是正确的，因为汤姆同时是 found 和后面跟着的 climb 的主语。
同一个句子中可以连着用两个或两个以上的现在分词：Realizing that he hadn’t enough
money and not wanting to borrow fromhis father，he decided to pawn his watch．
知道自己钱不够，又不想从父亲那里借钱，他决定把手表当掉。
Not knowing the language and having no friends in the town，he found it hard to get a
piece of work．
既不懂当地语言，在此城又没有朋友，他发现自己很难找到一份工作。
278 分词的完成式（主动语态）
A 形式
having+ 过去分词：having done ?having seen
B 用法
分词的完成式可代替现在分词，如第 276 节 B 中所举的例子所示（即同一个主语的一个
动
270
作紧接着另一个动作） ：Tying one end of the rope to his bed，he threw the other end out
of thewindow．相当于：Having tied one end of the rope to his bed，he threw the other
end out ofthe window．
他把绳子的一头系在床上，另一头扔出窗外。
分词的完成式强调第一个动作在第二个动作开始前就已经完成， 但除非使用现在分词的一
般
式可能使意思混淆不清外， 一般不必要使用这种结构。 下面是造成混淆的一个例子：
Read-ing
the instructions，he snatched up the fire extinguisher。这句话给人的印象好像是两个动
作同时发生的。因此在这里用分词的完成式比较合适：Having read the instructions，he
snatched up the fire extinguisher．
看完了说明书之后，他迅速拿起了灭火器。
如果两个动作之间有一段间隔，则必须用分词的完成式：Having failed twice，he didn’t
want to try again．
已经失败了两次，他不想再试了。
如第一个动作持续一段时间时， 也必须用分词的完成式： Having been his own boss for such
a long time，he found it hard to accept orders from another．
自己当老板已经这么久了，他觉得难以听从别人的差遣。
279 过去分词（被动语态）及分词的完成式（被动语态）
A 形式
规则动词的过去分词由不定式加 ed 或 d 构成：worked ?loved
不规则动词的过去分词参见第 39 节。
B 用法
1 用做形容词：stolen money 偷来的钱
a written report 一份书面报告
fallen trees 倒了的树木
broken glass 碎玻璃
tired drivers 筋疲力尽的司机
blocked roads 堵塞了的马路
2 用来构成完成时态、不定式的完成式、分词的完成式以及被动语态：he has seen
to have loved
it was broken
3 正如现在分词可以用来代替主语+ 主动态动词结构一样，过去分词可以代替主语+ 被动
态动词结构：She enters．She is accompanied by her mother．相当于：She enters，
accompanied by her mother．
她由母亲陪着走了进来。
He was aroused by the crash and leapt to his feet． 相当于： Aroused by the crash， he leapt
to his feet．
他被撞击声惊醒，一跃而起。
The bridge had been weakened by successive storms and was no longersafe．相当于：
Weakened by successive storms，the bridge was no longer safe．
Having been weakened…
这座桥遭到接二连三的暴风雨的破坏，已经不安全了。（请看下面）
As he was convinced that they were trying to poison him， he refused toeat anything． 相
271
当于：Convinced that they were trying to poison him，he refused to eat any-thing．
因确信他们正企图毒死他，他拒绝进食。
C 当有必要强调分词表示的动作发生在其后一个动词表示的动作之前时，应当用分词的被
动完成式（having been+ 过去分词） ：Having been warned about the bandits，he left his
valuables at home．
听到关于强盗出没的警告，他把贵重物品都留在家里了。
Having been bitten twice，the postman refused to deliver our letters unlesswe chained
our dog up．
邮递员被狗咬了两次之后要我们把狗拴起来，不然就不给我们送信了。
280 误连分词
通常认为分词是说明它前面的名词或代词：Tom，horrified at what he had done，could at
first say nothing．
汤姆被自己所做的事吓坏了，一开始都说不出话来了。
Romeo，believing that Juliet was dead，decided to kill himself．
罗密欧相信朱丽叶已死，就决定自杀。
A man carrying a large parcel got out of the bus．
一个拿着一大包东西的男人下了公共汽车。
但要注意分词也可被主要动词把它跟所说明的名词或代词隔开：Jones and Smith came in，
followed by their wives．
琼斯和史密斯进来了，他们的妻子跟在后边。
She rushed past the policeman，hoping he wouldn’t ask what she had in her suitcase．
她赶紧从警察身边走过去，希望他不会问起手提箱里有什么。
如果在分词前面没有名词或代词，则认为分词是说明后面主要动词的主语的：Stunned by
the blow，Peter fell heavily．
彼得被这一击打昏了，重重地倒了下去。（彼得被击晕了。）
Believing that he is alone，the villain expresses his thoughts aloud．
那恶棍相信他身边没别人了，出声说出了自己的想法。
如果不遵守上述法则，就会造成混乱。 Waiting for a bus a brick fell on my head 的意思似
乎是说砖头在等候公共汽车， 那岂非笑话。 分词与名词或代词被这样错误地连接时就叫做
误
连分词。上述句子应改写成：As I was waiting for a bus a brick fell on my head．
在我等公共汽车时一块砖头落到了我的头上。
下面再举几个误连分词的例子： （误）When using this machine it must be remembered…
（正）When using this machine you must remember…
使用这台机器时（你）必须记住……
（误）Believing that I was the only person who knew about this beach，the
sight of
someone else on it annoyed me very much．
（正）As I believed I was the only person/Believing that I was the only per-son on the
beach，I was annoyed by the sight of someone else．
因我自以为是唯一一个在这海滩上的人，看到有别人在这里时所以心里很不高兴。
Clauses with past participles are possible (mostly in a formal style) after协
when, while, once and until.
If asked to look after luggage户;someone else, inform police at once.
When opened; keep in refrigerator.
Once deprived of oxygen, the brain dies.
Leave in oven until cooked to a light brown colour.
After talking to you I always feel better.
After having annoyed everybody he went )tome.
Depress clutch before changing gear.
She's been quite difj}erent since coming back加m America.
W}ten telephoning加m abroad, dial 1865, not OI865.
On being introduced, British people可yen shake hands.
They left urithout saying goodbye.
She struck me as being a very nervy kind of person.
t…so }naz m compie}ery rumea our noiiaay· }
Note that -ing clauses can be made with verbs like be, have, wish and know,
which are not normally used in progressive tenses (see 47i). In these cases, the
participle clause usually expresses reason or cause.
Being unable to help in any other way, I gave her some money.
Not wishing to continue my studies, I decided to become a dress designer.
Knowing her pre仰well, 1 realised something was wrong.
，.。„:.，杏，.一:，一}..}.,刁二，„;，;…，
Participle clauses are often very like relative clauses (see 494.5), except that
they have participles instead of complete verbs.
Who's the girl dancing with your brother?(=，.. the girl who is dancing.，.)
Anyone touching that wire will get a shock(=Anyone who touches…)
Half of the people invited to the party didn't turn up.(=…who were
invited…)
Perfect participles are not often used in this way.
Do you know anybody who's lost a cat? (NOT
勿汁食栩哟
Why are all those cars stopped at the crossroads?
Some more past participles can be used with active meanings, but only with
adverbs. Examples:
a well-read person ($uT NOT a--i时例黝阶 )
a much-travelled man recentty-arrived immigrants
The train just arrived at platform six is the delayed 13.1 S ,from Hereford.
Some active past participles can be used after be. Examples;
She is retired now. Those curtains are bad妙faded.
My family are all grown up now This class is the most advanced.
Recovered, camped, stopped,户nished (see 205) and gone (see 229) are used in
this way after be, but not usually before nouns.
Why are all those cars stopped at the crossroads? (BUT NOT. . .令孩举脚份份 )
I hope you're fully recovered from your operation.
We're camped in the加Id~the stream.
I'll be fcnished in a few minutes. Those days are gone
1 We sometimes
Instead of:
We can say:
2 We sometimes
Instead of:
We can say:
use being in place of is, are, was or were, though this is often formal:
I was lost, so I had to ask someone the way.
Being lost, I had to ask someone the way.
use having been in place of have been or had been (also formal):
I've been abroad, so I missed the elections.
Having been abroa以I missed the elections.
Rewrite these sentences using being or having been.
2
I am out of work, so I spend a lot of my time at homen r n二_.____，_
…刀卿珍.入„石.鱿.州盯界J.共..夕户夕，界.经..“按..袱刀尾梦..怜娜岭.瀚演较侧坡……
John is a scientist, so he hasn't read a lot of novels.
3 He has been promised a reward, so he hopes he'll get one.
4 I was near a newsagent's, so!went in and got a paper.
5
They had.been.up all.night,.so they were.in,no.mbod.for.jokes...‟ .”‟„‟之 "'..`...
1 We sometimes use it being in place of it is or it was (formal):
Instead of: It was Sunday, so it was hard to find a garage open.
We can say: It being Sunday, it was hard to find a garage open.
2 We sometimes use there being in place of there is or there was (formal):
Instead of: There was so much noise, I couldn't hear what was going on.
We can say: There being so much noise, I couldn't hear what was going on.
3 We can use it being and there being after without (formal
They often dig up the roads without it being necessary.
She suddenly began shouting without there being any
): 1 There were no questions
so the meet
nded
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...7跳嘿.热n}. }a..},:}},.
qu州Y;_J
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2 He kept helping himself to money and it wasn't noticed. (without it…
3 He kept asking awkward questions and there was no reason for it. (without
there…)
4 It was a holiday, so there were thousands of cars on the roads.
5 There was no one in, so I left a message.