河南省投资担保行业发展中存在的问题.风险与对策

为了缓解中小企业融资难和规范民间借贷市场，2009―2010年河南省批准设立了一大批投资担保公司，使得投资担保公司的数量呈爆发式增长，达到1 600余家，位居全国前列

[1]。较低的门槛和数量的激增，使得投资担保市场出现了法人治理结构不健全、缺乏具有经营和风控能力的专业人才、各种规章制度不健全、超额担保等一系列问题，急需规范和纠正。

一、河南省投资担保行业发展x中存在的问题

1.公司组织架构不合理。从河南省投资担保行业目前的组织架构来看，主要存在以下问题：一是缺少项目评审委员会；二是没有内部审计部门；三是副总经理或关键部门副经理空缺。这些问题致使公司纵向的权利与义务关系不合理，横向协调和制衡机制不完善，部门之间权责不清、管理混乱。

2.公司管理制度不健全。调查发现，不少公司在担保业务管理制度、代偿制度、财务管理制度、风险控制管理办法等方面存在不同程度的缺失。有些公司的制度生搬硬套，与公司发展的具体情况不相适应；有的制度不够完善，有待补充；有的制度条款简单，有待细化；有的条款不够明确，不便于执行；还有些制度在实际工作中根本没有得到贯彻落实。

3.公司财务管理不够规范。投资担保公司的业务涉及的资金量大，从项目调查、筛选、确定到保后监管整个过程的风险控制都与财务管理息息相关。调查发现，为数不少的担保公司财务部的上级直接是总经理，缺少主管财务的副总经理，难以形成有效的权责层次；财务经理的职权过度，岗位职责与其他职能部门严重交叉，造成公司管理混乱。还有些公司账目混乱，财务账单填制不规范，账单保管不善。这些现象对公司长期的可持续发展埋藏了隐患。

4.公司风险控制有待加强。河南省投资担保公司在风险控制环节主要存在如下问题：一是风险控制部形同虚设，人员少，专业素质不高，专业能力不强，甚至对担保行业不够了解；二是在开展担保业务时，对担保申请人的尽职调查不到位；三是担保项目审批程序不规范；四是对被担保人的监控不力；五是风险控制制度不完善，风险控制工作不专业，担保业务流程不规范；六是财务管理在风险控制环节仅仅是摸索工作，缺少理论和制度支持。

5.公司项目管理有待规范。在项目管理方面，首先是项目调查不够深入，项目考察结果没有形成书面的项目调查报告，仅以口头形式向总经理和董事长汇报；其次是没有正式的项目评审委员会，项目评审没有严格的评审流程和书面材料，多是开会讨论，最终是否向借款人提供担保仅有董事长或总经理等个别人决定。

6.公司内部审计欠缺。调查发现，大部分担保公司内部审计工作岗位缺失，尚未开展内部审计工作，凭证、报表的审核仅由财务经理负责；而财务经理往往负责的事项较多，复核工作做得又不够仔细，所以内部审计几乎是一片空白。

二、风险分析

1.组织架构不合理，影响公司健康可持续发展。适宜、高效的组织架构能够最大限度地释放企业的能量，使组织更好地发挥协同效应。组织架构设计不科学、不合理，就难以实现公司的发展目标。内部机构设置不科学，权责分配不合理，会导致机构重叠、职能交叉或缺

失、推诿扯皮，运行效率低下。公司的重大业务经营简单地由董事长或者总经理等少数人拍板决定，难免会出现人情担保、关系担保等违规操作；总经理等上层管理着忙于具体事务，分散了其对企业宏观战略的管理和部署。

2.管理制度不健全，影响公司规范稳健发展。管理制度是公司股东、经营者为确保公司稳健发展、顺利达到预期经营目标所必须采取的管理手段。因此，各方面的管理制度不仅要有，还要与公司发展背景、发展目标和管理机制相适应。公司管理不能依靠少数人的行为或意志，应当遵循制度建设的原则，通过管理制度规范每个部门和每个员工的行为。以财务管理制度为例，有了完善的财务管理制度，每个财务人员就能根据自己的岗位职责对号入座，积极主动地投入工作；没有适宜的财务管理制度，财务人员每天都需要等待上级的安排和指示去工作，不仅浪费时间，还影响员工主动性和创造性的发挥。

3.财务管理不规范，无法为企业管理提供决策支持。财务管理混乱，缺乏财务预算、财务分析和财务预警，就不能发挥财务管理的职能，更不能从财务专业的角度为企业管理者的决策提供有价值的数据和理论支持。《中华人民共和国会计法》第37条明确规定，会计机构内部应当建立稽核制度。出纳人员不得兼任稽核、会计档案保管和收入、支出、费用、债权债务账目的登记工作[2]。而河南省不少投资担保公司将财务档案管理交予出纳负责，这样就可能发生同一名员工在履行多项职责时发生舞弊或者错误。不相容职责分离一方面可以降低公司内部的舞弊风险，另一方面有助于发现非故意造成的人为错误，明确有效的岗位分工是会计信息质量真实、完整、准确的有力保证。

4.风险控制环节薄弱，易让公司陷入经营困境。对投资担保公司来说，当担保对象没有能力履行还款义务时，担保公司就要代为履行。因此，控制代偿率对担保公司来说尤为关键。目前，河南省担保公司普遍缺乏专业的风险控制人才，风险控制环节非常薄弱。以某投资担保公司为例，公司风险控制部只有两名员工，其中一名还处于长期休假状态，另一名工作经验不足，专业素质不高。这种人员配置状况，一方面使得员工的担子很重，增加了人员在执业过程中的道德风险；另一方面削弱了公司的再学习能力和业务创新能力，使得业务开展效率不高，难以提升企业在行业的竞争力。

5.项目管理不规范，违规作业难以避免。公司项目管理不规范，就难以避免在作业过程中违规操作，出现人情担保或关系担保，最后导致公司蒙受损失。这种损失不仅会削弱公司的资金实力，进而影响履约能力，还会给担保公司的可持续经营带来极大的风险。 6.内部审计缺失，加大企业管理风险。内部审计缺失，就会使得企业无法及时了解经营中的高风险所在，无法辨别和评估重大风险，无法通过查错纠弊、揭露企业经营活动中的控制薄弱环节、揭示风险概率较大的关键控制点等活动，提出改进建议，达到企业的自我制约、自我改善、自我发展和自我积累。内部审计缺失，也就无法找出管理上的问题，无法与被审计对象共同分析错误和问题的实际及潜在影响，无法挖掘管理潜力，无法实现人力、物力和财力的最合理配置。

三、促进河南省投资担保行业可持续发展的对策与建议

1.完善公司组织架构。为完善公司治理结构、管理体制和运行机制，结合河南省投资担保公司组织架构的现状及存在的问题，根据国家有关法律法规的规定，明确各管理层职责权限、任职条件、议事规程，确保决策、执行和监督相互分离，形成制衡，建议做如下改进：

（1）设置主管财务部的副总经理。避免繁杂的财务信息过多地消耗总经理的精力，副总经理可以在职责权力范围内做出决策意见，并将过滤后的财务信息反馈给总经理，在提高管理效率的同时为总经理节约大量的时间和精力。（2）设置项目评审委员会。评审委员会由董事会、总经理、副总经理以及相关部门的负责人组成，对公司的重大项目进行集体评审，避免在担保过程中出现人情担保或关系担保等违规操作。（3）设置审计部。充分开展内部审计工作，监督公司各项业务和财务行为，揭示公司经营管理薄弱环节；监督受托经济责任的履行情况，维护公司的合法经济权益；监控公司财产安全，确保资产保值增值。

2.完善公司各项管理制度。公司的规范化管理水平直接体现在制度建设上。制度的编制、修订完善和执行三个环节的规范性和系统性是提高公司规范化管理水平的关键所在。因此，各家公司应在充分的市场调研的基础上，结合公司实际，制定出适合公司发展的各项管理制度。

3.规范财务管理行为。改变公司管理混乱、权责不清的现状，首先要求公司负责人改变用人习惯，用制度规范员工的行为；其次，组织财务部全体人员认真学习财务专业知识、职业道德和岗位职责，强化制度落地执行。财务经理应该站在财务管理者的高度，按照《财务经理岗位职责》重整工作思路，做好财务预算、分析和预警，为公司发展战略的制定提供理论支持和建设性意见，统筹安排资金管理和调配工作等。

4.建立有效的风险控制体系。担保公司需要具有更高的智慧和能力制定出独立于银行系统的、符合担保公司业务特质的风险控制标准和措施，并且熟练掌握风险控制实务操作技能，将风险控制意识贯穿于整个担保业务流程。（1）对担保对象进行尽职调查。充分了解企业的财务状况和非财务状况，弄清企业的贷款用途、担保额度、担保期限以及还款方式和还款来源，确定合适的反担保措施，重点考虑反担保物的变现能力和第三方担保人的综合实力。（2）项目评审。明确规定项目评审程序及议事规程，根据项目评审委员会对项目风险把握的程度，确定是否开展担保项目。（3）保后跟踪。制定并落实保后跟踪制度，跟踪企业贷款使用情况，贷款用途是否发生改变，贷款前后经营、财务、反担保情况是否发生变化，还款资金筹备情况，还款意愿情况等，每次检查后填写保后跟踪记录表，对发现的问题查清原因，提出整改意见。

5.完善内部审计。投资担保行业的风险管理涉及多个部门的沟通和协调，这就需要有一个超然、独立的组织机构予以保障。内部审计部门在企业中的超然地位以及独立评估和监督的特殊职能，正好满足了这一要求。建议河南省担保公司组建审计部，配备专业的内部审计人员，制定内部审计岗位职责，开展财务审计、内部控制审计、合同审计、离任审计、专项审计等工作，并直接对总经理负责。

6.重视员工继续教育，提高员工综合素质。金融和财会领域的知识日新月异，因此担保公司应重视员工继续教育。定期组织员工学习担保政策法规、担保会计实务、担保项目尽职调查方法、评审程序、保后跟踪、风险管理方法和风险控制措施等，努力提高员工的专业素质和业务技能。

In order to alleviate the financing difficulties of small and medium-sized enterprises and regulate private lending market, 2009 - 2010 in Henan Province approved the establishment of a large number of Investment Guarantee Corporation, making number of Investment Guarantee

Corporation was the explosive growth, reached more than 1 600, among the nation's [1]. Lower the threshold and the number of surge, making investment guarantee market a series of problems appeared corporate governance structure is not perfect, the lack of have the operation and risk control ability of professional personnel, all kinds of rules and regulations is not perfect, the excess guarantee, which need to be normalized and corrected.

First, the Henan Province Investment Guarantee Industry Development Problems in X

1 organizational structure is not reasonable. From the point of view of the current organizational structure of the investment & guaranty industry in Henan Province, mainly exist in the following problems: one is the lack of the project review committee; the second is without internal audit departments; the third is the vice manager, deputy general manager and key sectors of the vacancy. These problems cause the company's vertical rights and obligations are not reasonable, horizontal coordination and checks and balances mechanism is not perfect, the power and responsibility is not clear, management confusion.

2 company management system is not perfect. The survey found that many companies in the security business management system, compensation system, financial management system, risk control and other aspects of the management approach to varying degrees of lack. Some of the company's system of mechanically, that are not suitable for the specific situation and the development of the company; some system is not perfect, to be added; some system in terms of simple, needs to be refined; some terms are not clear enough, is easy to implement; also some system in the actual work had no implementation.

3 corporate financial management is not standardized. Investment Guarantee Corporation's business involves a large amount of money, from the project investigation, screening, to ensure that the risk control of the whole process of monitoring and control are closely related to financial management. Survey found that the number of guarantee company, financial department direct superior is the general manager, the lack of deputy general manager in charge of finance, it is difficult to form an effective hierarchy of authority; the authority of financial manager excessive,www.gpsdvd.cn www.road5.net job responsibilities and other functional departments of the serious cross, resulting in confusion in the management of the company. Also some confusion in the accounts, financial statements are not standardized in safekeeping, bill. These phenomena have hidden dangers for the long-term sustainable development of the company.

4 company risk control needs to be strengthened. Investment Guarantee Corporation of Henan Province in the risk control link mainly has the following problems: one is the risk control department useless, fewer personnel, professional quality is not high, professional ability is not strong, even to the security industry is not enough to understand; the second is in carrying out the guarantee business, due diligence to guarantee that the applicant is not in place; the third is the guarantee project examination and approval procedures are not standardized; the fourth is was secured to the monitoring ineffective; the fifth is to risk control system is not perfect, risk control is not professional, guarantee business processes are not standardized; six is financial management in the aspects of risk control is just exploration work, the lack of theory and system support.

5 company project management needs to be standardized. In project management, the first is the in-depth survey project, project inspection results did not form a written report of the project, only in the form of oral reports to the general manager and the chairman of the board of

directors; the second is no formal project review committee, project review is not strictly review flow process and written materials, are meeting to discuss, eventually to the borrower provides only guarantee the chairman or general manager of the decision.

6 lack of internal audit of the company. Survey found, most of the security company internal audit job loss has yet to carry out internal audit work, vouchers, statements of the audit only by financial manager is responsible for; and financial managers are responsible for many items, review of the work do and not careful enough, so the internal audit almost is a blank.

Two, risk analysis

1 organizational structure is not reasonable, the impact of the company's healthy and sustainable development. Appropriate and efficient organizational structure can maximize the release of enterprise www.fsjct.net www.sanheshun.net www.all-mec.com energy, so that the organization to better play a synergistic effect. Organizational structure design is not scientific, unreasonable, it is difficult to achieve the company's development goals. Internal organization establishment is scientific, unreasonable allocation of responsibilities, lead to organizational overlapping, overlapping functions or deletion, buck passing, inefficient operation. Company's major business simply by the chairman of the board of directors or the general manager and a few other people clappers decision, there will inevitably be human security, guarantees and other illegal operations, general manager of the upper manages busy specific affairs, scattered its macro - to - business strategy management and deployment.

2 management system is not perfect, the impact of the steady development of the company's norms. Management system is the management means to ensure the steady development of the company and the company to achieve the desired objectives. Therefore, all aspects of the management system should not only have, but also with the company's development background, development goals and management mechanisms to adapt. Company management can not rely on a small number of people's behavior or will, it should follow the principle of system construction, through the management system to regulate the behavior of each department and each employee. To financial management system as an example, a perfect financial management system, each financial officers will be able to pigeon holing their responsibilities, and actively take the initiative to put to work; without appropriate financial management system, financial personnel every day need wait for superior schedule and instructions to work, not only a waste of time, but also affect the employees to take the initiative and creativity of the play.

3 financial management is not standardized, unable to provide decision-making support for enterprise management. Financial management confusion, lack of financial budget, financial analysis and financial early warning, you can not play the financial management of the job.