第十二章 动词的语态
第十二章 动词的语态
[章节概说]
1.语态概述
2.被动语态的时态
3.含情态动词的被动语态
4.被动语态的用法
5.主动语态变被动语态
6.主动语态变被动语态的注意点
7.不能变为被动语态的结构
8.主动形式表示被动意义
[考纲提要]
对于被动语态,考查的内容主要体现在被动语态的各种时态、人称和数的变化上。
第一节 语态概述
1)语态的含义
谓语动词的语态是动词的一种形式,用来说明主语和谓语动作之间之间的关系。英语根据其谓语动词与主语的关系分为两种语态:主动语态和被动语态。当句子的主语是谓语动作的执行者时,主、谓之间的关系称为主动语态;当句子的主语是谓语动作的承受者时,主、谓之间的关系称为被动语态。
We speak English. 我们讲英语。(主动语态)
English is spoken in many countries all over the world. 世界许多国家都讲英语。(被动语态)
2)被动语态的构成
①被动语态一般由“be +过去分词”构成。
English now is also spoken as a foreign or second language in South Asia. 如今英语在南亚也被当作外语或第二语言来使用。(P10,人教版1)
This centre was set up in 1996 and is stocked with modern technical equipment and computers for environmental research. 这个中心是在1996年建立的,配有用于环境研究的先进设备及计算机。(P35,牛津版5)
In addition, many sea creatures are being wiped out by fishing boats. 此外,大量的海洋生物正被捕捞船赶尽杀绝。(P22,牛津版5)
②被动语态一般由“be +过去分词”构成,但也可以用“get +过去分词”构成被动语态。这种结构多用在口语中,主要用来强调动作。用这个结构时,其后的动作执行者(即by 短语)一般不表示出来。
After working for several years, Mr Li got promoted at last. 李先生干了好几年后,终于得到提升。
They got delayed because of the holiday traffic. 由于节日交通阻塞,他们被耽误了。
于及物动词,也可构成被动语态。
He was looked down upon because of his selfishness. 他因自私而受人冷落。
When you become ill, medical fees are paid for by the government. 当你病了,医疗费由政府支付。(P9,外研版2)
第二节 被动语态的时态
被动语态的句子有时态的变化,这个变化反映在be 动词上。
1.一般现在时
一般现在时的被动结构为“am/is/are+过去分词”。
As an economist, I’m seen as being against the environment. 作为一名经济学家,我常常被人视为是反对环保的。(P23,牛津版5)
Auckland is called “the city of sails” because it has more boats than anywhere else in the world. 奥克兰被称为“帆之城”,因为它世界上其它地方的船多。(P14,北师大版2)
PSAs are meant to teach us and help us lead better lives. 公益广告旨在教导大众,为改进人们的生活提供帮助。(P3,牛津版4)
2.一般过去时
一般过去时的被动结构为“was/were+过去分词”。
It was designed for the palace of Frederick I. 它是为腓特烈一世的宫殿而设计的。(P1,人教版2)
Eight years later, the coffin was found by fishermen in the sea near his home on Prince Edward Island in the east of Canada. 八年之后,棺材在加拿大的东部在爱德华王子岛上,离他家不远的海洋中被渔民发现了。(P23,外研版3)
He was honoured in 1983 with a knighthood from the Queen of England in recognition of his efforts and achievements. 作为对他努力和成就的认可,1983年他被英国女王授予爵士头衔。(P35,牛津版11)
3.一般将来时
1)一般将来时的被动结构为“will/shall be+过去分词”。
However, you will not normally be offered wine at a “coffee ” party. 但在“咖啡”派对上,通常不会给你提供葡萄酒。(P18,北师大版1)
I never was more sure of anything in my life—that boy will be hanged. 这辈子我还没有对什么事这么肯定过―这个孩子一定会被绞死。(P31,外研版7)
All cars will be powered by electricity, solar energy or wind, and it will be possible to change the colour of cars as the flick of a switch. 所有的汽车都将采用电能、太阳能或风能,只要轻轻一拨开关,汽车就会改变颜色。(P2,外研版4)
2)一般将来时的被动结构也可用“be going to be+过去分词”或“be to be+过去分词”,如: The closing ceremony is going to be held on March 25. 闭幕式将于3月25日举行。 The problem is going to be discussed at the meeting. 这个问题将在会上讨论。
The project is to be completed in October. 这项工程将在十月份完工。
This new film is to be shown on TV next week. 这部新片下周将在电视上放映。
4.现在进行时
现在进行时的被动结构为“am/is/are being+过去分词”。
Some of them are being removed and some are being put into museums. 它们中有些正在被搬迁,有些正在被被放进博物馆。(P53,外研版3)
The paintings that David donated to the school are being displayed in the assembly hall. 戴维捐赠给本校的油画作品正在学校会堂展览。(P9,牛津版1)
Rainforests are being cut and burned at such a speed that they will disappear from the earth in the near future. 雨林正在以那么快的速度被砍伐和烧掉,在不久的将来它们将会从地球上消失。
5.过去进行时
过去进行时的被动结构为“was/were being+过去分词”。
By 2004,digital TV signals were being received by 55 per cent of households in Britain. 到2004年,英国有55%的家庭能接收到数字电视信号。(P2牛津版7)
He realized that he was being made fun of. 他意识到有人在取笑他。
The goods were just being unloaded when we arrived at the airport. 当我们到达时,正在卸货。
6.现在完成时
现在完成时的被动结构为“have/has been+过去分词”。
So even the olive wreath has been replaced. 就连橄榄枝花环也被取代了。(P10,人教版2) You may think that English dictionaries have been used for many, many centuries. 你也许会认为英语词典已经使用了好多个世纪。(P51,人教版1)
I hope all of our viewers have been inspired by Sang Lan! 我希望我们所有的观众都从桑兰的事迹中得到了鼓舞。(P19,牛津版6)
7.过去完成时
过去完成时的被动结构为“had been+过去分词”。
In the same way, until late 1996, all mobile phone companies claimed that the safety of their product had been proved. 同样,所有是手机公司直到1996年底都还宣称,他们的产品证实是安全的。(P15,牛津版7)
She told me that she had been dismissed by her boss. 她告诉我,她已被老板解雇了。
The new suspension bridge had been designed by the end of last month. 新的悬挂桥到上月底已经设计好了。
8.过去将来时
1)过去将来时的被动结构为“would/should be+过去分词”。
I thought thousands of people would be helped. 我认为将有数千人得到帮助。
He told me that he would be asked to attend the opening ceremony. 他告诉我说他将被邀请参加开幕式。
2)过去将来时的被动结构也可用“be going to be+过去分词”或“be to be+过去分词”。 They were going to be sent to the army when they finished the training. 他们结束训练时将被派往部队。
He said that the factory was to be built next month. 他说这座工厂下个月建成。
9.将来完成时
将来完成时的被动结构为“will/shall have been+过去分词”。
The work will have been finished by the time I come back. 到我回来时此工作将已完成。
How many expressways will have been completed by the end of next year? 到明年年底将建成多少条高速公路?
Before you return the new lab will have been finished. 你回来前新的实验室将会完工。
10.过去将来完成时
过去将来完成时的被动结构为“would/should have been+过去分词”。
It was reported that this building would have been completed by the end of this month. 据报道,这栋楼将在这个月未以前将已竣工。
He said that Book One would have been finished by the end of this term. 他说到本学期末以前第一册书将已学完。
The day was drawing near when the dam would have been completed. 大坝完工的日子不远了。
第三节 含情态动词的被动语态
含情态动词的被动语态说明某个被动性动作所反映出的感情和态度,其结构为“情态动词+be +过去分词”。
Of course, body languages can be misread, but many gestures and actions are universal. 当然,身姿语可能被误解,但是许多手势和动作是通用的。(P30,人教版4)
However, your chances of being attacked by a shark can be reduced if you follow the advice below. 但是,如果你谨遵以下建议,遭遇鲨鱼攻击是机会就会大大减少。(P18,牛津版3)
Next, it must be practiced by men in at least and 75 countries on at least four countries and practiced by women in at least 40 countries and on three continents.
其次,必须有至少4大洲75个国家爱的男子从事这项活动,还必须有至少3大洲40个国家的女子也从事这项活动。(P38)
Equal pay for equal work should be introduced. 应当实行同工同酬。
This problem ought to have been taken into consideration. 这个问题本来应该考虑么。
第四节 被动语态的用法
英语中,大多数情况下我们用主动语态,因为比较简练、有力。但被动语态也有其特殊的用途,它也是表达思想、描述事物的需要。在英语中,被动语态用于下列场合:
1.不知道或者没有必要说明谁是动作的执行者时,这时都不用由by 引起的短语。
The countries are independent and are governed in different ways. 各国都是独立的,治理的方法也不同。(P9,外研版3)
At first the steam engine was used in mines, but it was soon used in factories and on the railways. 蒸汽机起初用于矿山,但很快就被用于工厂和在铁路。(P49,外研版3)
The church hasn’t been finished yet! 教堂迄今还未完工!(P2,外研版3)
After earthquake, almost every building in the city has been destroyed. 地震发生后后,城市几乎所有建筑物都被毁掉了。
2.突出或强调动作的承受者,这时可用by 引导出动作的执行者。
His father died when he was young, and he was brought up by his mother. 他的父亲在他很小时就去世了,他是由他母亲抚养长大的。(P43,外研版3)
As Polly observed the passengers on the train, she sensed that she was being watched by a tall man in a dark coat. 正当波莉打量地铁里的乘客时,她感觉到有个穿黑色外套的男人在注视她。(P3,牛津版3)
By the time it ended, more than 700 people had been killed and 2,700 had been injured. 到龙卷风停止时,已有700多人遇难,2,700多人受伤。(P23,外研版3)
The Three Gorges Dam, which is the biggest construction project in China since the building of the Great Wall and the Grand Canal, has been built to control flooding and provide hydro-electric power for the central region of China. 三峡大坝是中国自建造长城和大运河以来最大的建设工程,修造它是为了控制洪水以及为中国中部地区提供水力发电。(P53,外研版3)
Buildings such as the Parthenon on the Acropolis Hill were built during this period. 诸如雅典卫城山上的巴特农神庙就是在这个期间修建的。(P2,外研版3)
3.出于礼貌,表示委婉,避免提及动作执行者。
You are requested to review these drawings and specifications, and send your confirmation within a week. 请贵方认真审阅这些图纸和说明,并于一周内予以确认。
Everybody is expected to obey the following rules consciously. 希望大家自觉遵守以下规定。 The control room may not be entered without permission. 非经许可,勿入控制室。
It is generally considered not advisable to smoke in public places. 一般认为在公共场合吸烟是不妥当的。
4.出于修辞原因或是为了更好地安排句子。
One of the Barcelona’s most famous landmarks is the Church of the Sagrada Familia, which was designed by an architect called Antonio Gaudi. 巴塞罗那最著名的地标是圣家大教堂,它是建筑大师安东尼奥·高迪设计的。(P2,外研版3)
I went to the party and was asked by my foreign friends to do some Chinese cooking for them. 我去参加了那个聚会,几位朋友们还请我为他们烧了几样中国菜。
Andy Lau appeared on the stage and was warmly applauded by the audience. 刘德华出现在舞台上,受到了观众的热烈鼓掌。
Yi Zhongtian, professor from Xiamen University, gave his series of lectures on “Romance of Three Kingdoms” in a CCTV programme and was well received. 易中天,厦门大学教授,在中央电视台的一个节目上作了“三国”的系列讲座,受到大家的热烈欢迎。
5.对事物作客观叙述说明。
The west-east gas pipeline project was kicked off on July 4, a big event in the nation's west development campaign. 西气东输工程7月4日全线开工,这是国家西部大开发战略的一件大事。
It was reported that the scientists were searching for new ways to solve this problem. 据报道,科学家们正在寻求新的方法来解决这个难题。
6.在有些英语句子中,没有直接的主动结构,习惯上总是用被动结构。
He was born in a poor family in 1889. 1889年他出生在一个贫困的家庭。(P18,人教版4) Yetis are said to be heavily built and hairy. 据说,野人体格粗壮、多毛。(P18,牛津版2) Barcelona is the second largest city of Spain and is situated on the northeast coast, about five hundred kilometres east of the Spanish capital, Madrid. 巴塞罗那是西班牙第二大城市,坐落在东北海岸,距西班牙首都马德里东约五百公里。(P2,外研版3)
Afterwards, I went out to the playground. I was determined to be cheerful, but Hannah sensed something was wrong. 后来,我去了操场。我决心要让自己开心一点,但汉娜还是感觉到哪儿有些不对劲。(P2,牛津版5)
The English language is made up of the rules and vocabulary each group of people brought to Britain with them. 英语是由进入不列颠的各组人群所说语言的规则和词汇构成的。(P22,牛津版3)
第五节 主动语态变被动语态
1.主动语态变被动语态的基本方法
1)把主动语态的宾语变为被动语态的主语。
2)把谓语变成被动结构,即为“be +过去分词”,并根据被动语态句子里的主语的人称和数以及原来主动语态句子中动词的时态来决定be 的形式。
3)把主动语态中的主语放在介词by 之后作宾语,将主格改为宾格。有时by 可以省略。
例如:
China will spend more than $1.2 billion to rebuild wrecked homes in areas hit by the snowstorms.中国将花费超过12亿美元的资金重建被暴风雪毁坏的房屋和农田。
→More than $1.2 billion will be spent to rebuild wrecked homes in areas hit by the snowstorms in China. 中国将花费超过12亿美元的资金重建被暴风雪毁坏的房屋和农田。
People both at home and abroad have donated a lot of money and things to the earthquake disaster area in Sichuan. 国内外许多人向四川地震受灾地区捐献了钱物。
→A lot of money and things have been donated to the earthquake disaster area in Sichuan. 许多钱物已经捐献到了四川地震受灾地区。
I expect you to do what I wish. 我希望你按照我的愿望去做。
→You are expected to do what I wish. 希望你按照我的愿望去做。
2.主动语态变被动语态的例释
可以将主动语态改成被动语态的句型常为SVO 、SVOO 和SVOC 。
1)SVO (主语+谓语+宾语)
①因只有一个宾语,变为被动语态时,按基本方法,将宾语变为主语,谓语改成“be +过去分词”,再确定be 的形式。
He broke his leg in the match. 他在比赛中断了腿。
→His leg was broken in the match. 他的腿在比赛中断了。
He is repairing the bike. 他在修自行车。
→The bike is being repaired. 自行车正在被修理。
②如果宾语是that 从句,变为被动结构时可以用it 做被动句的形式主语。
We know that a force has direction as well as magnitude. 我们知道,力不仅有大小,而且有方向。
→It is known that a force has direction as well as magnitude. 大家知道力不仅有大小,而且有方向。
People say that Frenchmen are among the most romantic people in the world. 人们说法国人是世界上最浪漫的民族之一。
→It is said that Frenchmen are among the most romantic people in the world. 据说法国人是世界上最浪漫的民族之一。
这种结构很有用,可使语言得体、圆滑,不必说出动作的执行者,一些表示“据说”或“相信”的动词,如believe 、consider 、expect 、report 、say 、suppose 、think 、rumour 等都可以用于该结构。
It was believed that any village that did not give food would have bad luck. 大家相信不给食物的村庄会有厄运。(P45,北师大版1)
It was found that people who used mobile phones were two and a half times more likely to have a brain tumour on the side of the head where they held their phones than people who did not use them. 人们发现,使用手机的人头部接触话机一侧患脑瘤的可能性是不使用手机者的两倍半。(P14,牛津版7)
However, it has been argued that as humans and mice are very differnet, the evidence from this experiment is not valid and does not prove anythinh. 不过也有人争辩说:人类和老鼠差异太大,因此该实验的证据无效,不能证明任何问题。(P14. 牛津版7)
It is generally accepted that the experiences of the child in his first years largely determine his character and later personality. 人们普遍认为,孩子们的早年经历在很大程度上决定了他们的性格及其未来的人品。
诸如此类的还有:
It is said that… 据说
It is often said that… 人们常说
It is rumored that… 据传闻
It will be said that… 有人会说
It was told that… 有人曾经说
It was thought that… 人们认为
It is generally considered that… 大家认为
It is supposed that… 据推测
It is suggested that… 据建议
It is asserted that… 有人主张
It has been decided that… 大家决定
It must be admitted that… 必须承认
It must be pointed out that… 必须指出
It must be remember that… 务必记住的是
It may be said without fear of exaggeration that… 可以毫不夸张地说
It could be argued that… 可能有人会指出
They haven’t answered when we shall have our final exams. 他们还未回复我们什么时候我们进行期末考试。
→It hasn’t been answered when we shall have our final exams. 还未回复我们什么时候进行期末考试。
We haven’t decided yet when and where we’re going to have the meeting. 我们还没有决定何时何地开会。
→It hasn’t been decided yet when and where we’re going to have the meeting. 何时何地开会还没有定下来。
2)SVOO (主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语)
在这个句型中,谓语动词跟有两个宾语。变成被动语态时,有以下己种情形值得注意: ①有些双宾动词,如award 、buy 、give 、leave 、lend 、offer 、pay 、show 、teach 、tell 等,在变为被动语态时,既可把间接宾语变为被动语态的主语,而把直接宾语保留下来,也可把直接宾语变为被动语态的主语,而把间接宾语放到介词to 或for 后,用to 还是for 与所搭配的动词有关。
They awarded him the Nobel Peace Prize. 他们授予他诺贝尔和平奖。
→He was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize. 他被授予诺贝尔和平奖。
或The Nobel Peace Prize was awarded to him. 诺贝尔和平奖被授予给了他。
His father bought him a computer last week. 上周他父亲给他买了一台电脑。
→He was bought a laptop computer last week. 上周给他买了一台手提电脑。
或A laptop computer was bought for him last week. 上周一台手提电脑买给了他。
②有些双宾动词,如bring 、do 、make 、pass 、sell 、send 、sing 、write 等,通常用直接宾语作被动语态的主语,而将间接宾语用作保留宾语,并视其前情况确定用介词to 或for 。 Mother made me a doll. 母亲给我做了个洋娃娃。
→A doll was made for me. 给我做了个洋娃娃。
He sent her an e-mail. 他给她发了封电子邮件。
→A letter was written to her. 电子邮件发给了她。
③有些双宾动词,如answer 、deny 、envy 、spare 等,通常用间接宾语作被动语态的主语,而将直接宾语用作保留宾语。
They denied the students a chance to speak. 他们拒绝给那位学生机会发言。
→The student was denied a chance to speak. 那位学生被拒绝给机会发言。
They envy you your good fortune. 他们羡慕你的好运气。
→You are envied your good fortune. 你的好运气让人羡慕。
3)SVOC (主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语)
在这个句型中,谓语动词后有一个宾语和一个宾语补足语,变成被动语态时,宾语转化成主语,宾语补足语也随之变为主语补足语。
He has painted all the walls white. 他把所有的墙漆成白色。
→All the walls have been painted white. 所有的墙都被漆成白色。
They kept us waiting for a long time. 他们让我们等了好久。
→We were kept waiting for a long time. 让我们等了好久。
有些使役动词和感官动词,如make 、see 、hear 、watch 、notice 等,在主动结构中跟不带to 的动词不定式作宾语补足语,在变为被动结构时,不定式应加上to 。
You made me laugh. 你逗得我开怀大笑。
→I was made to laugh. 我被逗得开怀大笑。
We heard him say good-bye to his friends. 我们听见他同朋友们说再见。
→He was heard to say good-bye to his friends. 听见他同朋友们说再见。
4)祈使句的被动语态
肯定的祈使句的被动语态结构是“Let +宾语+be +过去分词”;否定的祈使句的被动语态结构是“Don’t+let +宾语+be +过去分词”或“Let +宾语+not +be +过去分词”。 Move the cursor to the end of the text. 把光标移到文本的最后。
→Let the cursor be moved to the end of the text. 把光标移到文本的最后。
Don’t trust her. 不要相信她。
→Don’t let her be trusted. 不要相信她。
或Let her not be trusted. 不要相信她。
第六节 主动语态变被动语态的注意点
1.短语动词构成的被动语态
1)一般情况下,只有及物动词才能跟宾语,而不及物动词不能跟宾语,所以只有及物动词才有被动语态,不及物动词则没有被动语态。但有些不及物动词后面跟上介词或副词后,变成一个动词短语,相当于一个及物动词,因此就可以有被动语态。
We should look after the injured in the quakevery well.我们应当照料好地震中的伤者。 →The injured in the quake should be well looked after. 地震中的伤者应当被照料好。 We have put off the match because of the earthquake. 由于地震我们把比赛推迟了。 →The match has been put off because of the earthquake. 比赛由于地震被推迟了。
2)在使用被动语态时,千万不要遗漏句末的介词或副词。
During the day when they go to work, their son is taken care of by a mammy. 白天他们上班去了的时候,他们的儿子由一个保姆照看。
Such a bad habit should be got rid of. 这样的坏习惯应该改掉。
Here everybody consciously attends to things and everything is attended to . 这里,人人自觉管,事事有人管。
2.双重被动结构
有时可能用到双重被动结构,即句中谓语动词和其后的不定式均为被动结构,句子的主语既是谓语动词的承受者,同时又是不定式动作的承受者。
The medicine was asked to be delivered to Wenzhou at once. 药品要求立刻送往汶州。
A walkman was offered to be bought for me. 有人提出要买一个随身听给我。
3.被动语态中的介词
1)在我们常用介词by 来表示动作的执行者或施加者。
By whom is the novel Harry Potter written? 小说《哈利·波特》是谁写的?
The match was cut short by the rain. 比赛因雨中止。
但by 短语并不总是表示动作执行者。
A man is known by his talk. 听其言而知其人。(表示方式)
I was very flattered by your invitation to talk at the conference. 承蒙你邀我在会上讲话,深感荣幸。(表示原因)
A monitor has been installed by the gate in many schools. 许多学校在门口安装了监控器。(表示地点)
2)有时不用by ,而用其它介词:
①用with 。
Her heart was filled with compassion for the motherless children. 她对于没有母亲的孩子们充满了怜悯心。
The mountain was covered with snow all the year round. 这山上终年积雪。
②用from (表示源于某种物质,看不出原材料)或of (表示用某种材料制成,看得出原材料)。
Wine is made from the juice of freshly picked grapes. 葡萄酒由采摘的新鲜葡萄的汁水酿造而成。
This sidewalk is made of slabs of stone. 这一人行道是用石板铺成的。
③用其它介词。
You are wanted on the phone. 有电话找你。
It is known to all that a skill can only be acquired through hard work. 谁都明白,只有通过下苦功夫才能掌握一门技艺。
I was caught in a traffic jam. 我遇上了交通阻塞。
第七节 不能变为被动语态的结构
英语中有些结构是不能改成被动结构的。
1.受动词的限制
1)表示状态的及物动词,只能用于主动语态。
某些表示状态的及物动词,如have 、own 、cost 、lack 、want (缺乏)、become (适合)、fit 、resemble 、flee 、benefit 、hold 等作谓语时,不能变为被动结构。
She resembles her sister in appearance but not in character. 她和她姐姐外貌相似,但性格不同。 He lacks the bare necessaries of life, let alone luxuries. 他连日常必需晶都没有,更谈不上什么奢侈品。
Who owns the copyright on this song? 谁享有这首歌的版权?
2)当have 表示“吃饭;患病;明白;知道”等意思时,也没有被动语态结构。
It is a treat to have a drink after the fatigues of the day. 干了一天的累活后喝杯酒其乐无穷。 She had a stroke and was unable to walk for the rest of her life. 她突然中风,此后的岁月中再也无法行走了。
3)当动词get 、take 表示“懂得;知道”,owe 表示“欠”,cost 表示“使失去(生命、健康等)”的意思时,动词也没有相应的被动结构。
Do you get me? 明白吗?
Don ’t take me wrong. 不要误解了我的意思。
I still owe the landlord one hundred dollars. 我还欠房东一百元钱。
His careless driving cost his life. 他粗心的驾驶使他丧了命。
2.受宾语的限制
1)当宾语是相互代词、反身代词或具有类似关系时,动词不能用于被动语态结构。
Receiving the Admission Notice, I simply cannot contain myself for joy. 接到《入学通知书》,我简直无法抑制内心的喜悦。
The two of them suited each other perfectly. 俩人性格很投合。
2)当宾语前带有主语的形容词性物主代词时,谓语动词通常不能转换为被动结构。
We could not believe our eyes when we found him still alive buried under the ruins for nearly 179 hours. 发现他被埋在废墟中将近179小时还活着,我们简直不相信自己的眼睛。 He shook his head in refusal. 他摇头表示拒绝。
有时有例外。
Her eyes were fixed on the Mona Lisa. 她的两眼注视着《蒙娜丽莎》。
3)当宾语起状语作用,表示数量、重量、大小或程度时,不能用被动结构。
How much will it cost to decorate the room? 把这个房间装饰一下要花多少钱?
This diamond weighs 270 carats. 这钻石重270克拉。
4)当宾语是同源宾语时,通常不能转换成被动语态。
He lived a poor life in his childhood and developed interests in reading, calligraphy and seal cutting. 他幼年时生活清苦,酷爱读书,喜欢书法篆刻。
I can sleep a sweet sleep only on Sundays. 只有在星期天我才能美美地睡一觉。
5)如果宾语是动词不定式或动名词时,谓语动词一般不能变换成被动结构。
The company has decided to close down its three branches in Europe. 该公司已决定关闭它在欧洲的三个分公司。
I cannot avoid meeting him. 我无法避而不见他。
6)如果enter 、leave 、reach 的宾语是地点等时,不能改为被动结构。
Most students work hard in their study from the first day they enter a high school, especially those who have entered a key school. 大多数学生从进入中学的第一天起在学习方面就特别努力,尤其那些进了重点中学的学生更是如此。
When did the Olympic Flame reach the top of the world, Mt. Qomolangma? 奥林匹克圣火是什么时候登上世界顶峰,珠穆朗玛峰的?
7)不可拆开的短语动词也不能改为被动结构。
They neither turn arrogant in victory nor lose heart in defeat. 他们胜不骄,败不馁。 Does this behaviour make sense? 这种行为有没有道理呢?
第八节 主动形式表示被动意义
在英语中,我们使用被动语态表示被动意义。但在实际使用中,我们还可以用主动形式表示变动意义。这种表达法主要有以下几种情况:
1.某些感官动词加形容词可以表示被动意义。
The story sounded exotic, something from another world and age. 这个故事听起来像是天方夜谭,似乎发生在另一个世界,另一个时代。
Every famous Chinese dish tastes delicious. 中国名菜,道道口味鲜美。
He who feels contented is rich. 知足者富。
2.某些不及物动词(有些可加副词)可以表示被动意义。这类动词有:wash (洗)、wear (穿)、write (写)、sell (出售)、read (读)、open (开)、cut (切)、lock (锁)、last (持续)、peel (削皮)、shut (关)、record (录音)、act (上演)、clean (干净)、drive (驾驶)、dry (干燥)、eat (吃)、burn (燃烧)、heat (加热)、catch (钩住)、photograph (拍照)等。 The story reads well (badly). 这篇小说读起来不错。
The library opens from 8 a.m. to 5 p.m. 图书馆从上午八点开放到下午五点。
We do not think this phenomenon will last long. 我们认为这种现象不会持续很久。
A solid fuel, like coal or wood, can only burn at the surface, where it comes into contact with the air. 固体燃料,如煤和木材,只能在表面燃烧,因为表面接触空气。
3在动词want (需要)、need (需要)、require (需要)、deserve (值得)、stand (经受)、take (花费)、won ’t bear(经不起)、be worth(值得)等后可用动名词的主动形式表示被动意义。 Don’t rush me; this needs thinking about. 别催我,这事得考虑考虑。
The point deserves mentioning. 这一点值得一提。
Such rude words won’t bear repeating. 如此粗野的话不堪重述。
This report about the effect of modernization on human nature is well worth reading. 这份关于现代化对于人性影响的报告很值得一读。
4.某些不及物动词或短语动词的主动形式含有被动的意义。
I never dreamt that such a thing could happen! 我从未想到会发生这种事!
Sorry, the number you’re calling does not exist. Please check it and dial later. 对不起,您拨打的号码是空号,请核对后再拨.
A riot broke out in Lhasa on March 14th, and took a heavy toll in innocent lives and property. 3月14日,拉萨发生暴乱,给无辜的生命和财产造成重大损失。
5.有些表示状态特征的连系动词,如look 、smell 、taste 、sound 、prove 、appear 、turn out 等是用主动形式表示被动意义。
I hope my explanation will prove more or less helpful. 希望我的说明或多或少有些帮助。
It’s unkind to laugh at a foreign student’s Chinese, even though it may sound amusing. 嘲笑一个外国学生的汉语是不应该的,就算他的汉语令人捧腹。
A rose by any other name would smell as sweet. 玫瑰即使用其他名字闻起来照样芬芳。
6.介词短语表示被动意义。
The proposals are still under examination. 提案仍在审查中。
Seriously damaged, the bridge is no longer in use. 因受到严重损坏,这座桥不再使用了。 Some models of hybrid vehicles are on show at Beijing Auto Show. 几款混合动力车在北京车展上展出。
7.动词不定式的主动形式表示被动意义
1)blame (责怪)和let (出租)等作表语的不定式时,常用主动表示被动意义。 It seemed that water was to blame. 看来水是罪魁祸首。(P2,人教版5)
The house is to let and inquire within. 此屋出租,详情请进内询问。
2)在句型“主语+be +形容词+(for sb.)+动词不定式”和“主语+谓语动词+宾语+形容词+动词不定式”句型中,动词不定式常用主动形式表示被动意义。
That is easy to do! 那是很容易做到的。(P58,牛津版1)
I find the standard hard to attain. 我发现那个标准很难达到。
3)在某些以there 等开头的结构中可用不定式的主动语态表示被动意义。
There is another issue to discuss before we finish our meeting. 在会议结束前,还有一个问题要讨论。。
There are a lot of references to choose in the bookstore. 书店有许多参考书选择。
4)不定式作定语,且不定式的逻辑主语与句子主语一致时,主动形式表示被动意义。 He has a large family to support. 他有一个大家庭要抚养。
Would you like something to drink? 你想喝点什么吗?
5)在“疑问代词+动词不定式”结构中,不定式的主动形式表示被动意义。
She ’ll tell you which to choose. 她会告诉你该选哪一个。
He hasn’t decided whom to invite. 他还没决定邀请谁。
6)在“with +宾语+动词不定式”结构中,不定式的主动形式表示被动意义。
With two exams to worry about, I have to work really hard this weekend. 由于有两场考试让我很担忧,这个周末我必须非常认真地学习。(2004年北京卷)
With no one to turn to in such a frightening situation, she felt very helpless. 在这无人可求的可怕情况下,她感到孤独无助。(2006年陕西卷)
[知识归纳]
近年来对被动语态的考查是高考的热点之一,考查不仅与动词各种时态相结合的题型为主,并且体现在一定的上下文语境当中。因此,要做好被动语态试题除了掌握被动语态的基本含义、基本构成之外,还要特别注意在语境中与时态的联系。