英语动词不定式的完成式用法小结
英语动词不定式完成式在使用语境中的学习与考查
江苏省沛县湖西中学 鹿俊先 221611
综观近年的英语高考试题,我们可以看到题目的设置往往强调语言知识在特定语境中的使用,把语言知识放在了语用层面上,即考察实际应用知识的能力。
英语动词不定式的完成式,即(to) have +动词的过去分词形式,是中学英语学习中的重点及难点知识之一,也是高考试题中频繁出现的形式。对于这一形式考查的题目设置通常围绕三类语境,即陈述已经发生过了的事实,推测可能已经发生过了的事实,表达与过去实际情况相反的事实。下面分别加以叙述,以便从语用角度掌握这一语言知识。
1. 陈述已经发生过了的事实。
1.1. 置于表示情感反应的动词、形容词、分词之后,作为引起该反应的刺激,表示情感反应之前完成的动作。例如: you so much trouble.)
It is good work for the day. (=I am pleased because I have finished.) his life to his country. (=…he was happy that he 1.2. 置于be said, be considered, be believed, seem, appear, happen, turn out,等之后表示这些动作之前完成的动作。例如: U.S.A. this September.
abroad, but….) small mistake.) 1.3. 置于should 之后,表达说话人对已发生了的事实的情感的反应,如惊奇、遗憾、喜悦、不安、失望,等,should 相当于汉语中的“竟然”,“居然”。例如: They were surprised (that) a child out the problem while they themselves couldn't. 2. 推测可能已经发生过了的事实。
2.1. 置于must, will, would, can't, couldn't 之后,表示很有把握的推论。例如: --I met her soon after the war.
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--There were already five people in the car but they managed to take me as well. ; otherwise, he wouldn’t be enjoying himself by the seaside.
2.2. 置于should, shouldn't, ought to, oughtn't to之后,表示较有把握的推测。通常意义为:正常情况/如无意外应该或不该已经……。例如: any problems, I think.
2.3. 置于could, may, might之后,表示不太有把握的猜测。例如:
--Polly’s very late.
--What do you think that noise was? 2.4. 与can, could结合用于疑问句,询问是否有可能发生了某事。例如:
I can’t find John in the school. 3. 表达与过去实际情况相反的事实。
3.1. 置于should, ought to, shouldn't, oughtn't to, could, might, needn't之后,表示应该做的事未做,不该做的事做了;可以做的事未做,不必做的事做了。使用于指责、抱怨等场合,可分别译为“本应该……”, “本不该……”,“本可以……”,“本不必……”等。例如: --I stayed at a hotel while in New York. There was a lot of fun at yesterday's party. You but why didn't you? 3.2. 置于表示希望、意图意义的动词或动词词组的过去式(如:hoped, planned, expected, intended, meant, would like, were / was to)之后,表达落空了的希望、未实现的意图。可分别译为“本希望……”、“本打算……”、“本想……”。例如: 3.3. 句子中含有假设条件从句或上下文暗示了假设条件时,置于would, 2
should, might, could, ought to 之后,表达与已发生的客观事实不一致的结果。不含情态意义时would 用于所有人称,should 仅用于第一人称。而would, should, might, could, ought to可以含有其本身的情态意义。例如: something she would regret later.
If Bob had started at nine o’clock, he in London by eleven o’clock.
3.4. 置于could, might 之后,表示虽然动作并未发生,但现在看来当时存在发生的可能。该句型可看作因不言而寓而无须明示假设条件从句的形式。例如:
You were crazy to ski down there -- you had not been lucky.) one).
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