中考英语词汇重点
中考英语词汇重点、难点、考点精讲
重点、难点、考点
一、重点是:
(1)常见的构词法
1)合成词:合成词是由两个或两个以上的词构成一个新的词。如:blackboard(黑板),newspaper(报纸),afternoon(下午) ,pencil-box(铅笔盒)。
2)派生词:派生词是由词根加派生词缀构成的词,词根是派生词的基础,同一词根加不同的派生词缀可以表示不同的意义,还可以表示不同的词的词性。
动词变名词:+后缀er drive(驾驶)——driver(驾驶员)
teach(教)——teacher(教师)
read(阅读)——reader(读者)
+后缀or invent(发明)——inventor(发明家)
visit(访问)——visitor(访问者)
+后缀tion invent(发明)——invention(发明)
operate(手术)——operation(手术)
名词变形容词:+后缀y wind(风)——windy(刮风的)
sun(太阳)——sunny(晴朗的)
+后缀ful help(帮助)——helpful(有帮助的)
care(小心)——careful(小心的)
+后缀ly friend(朋友)——friendly(友好的)
形容词变名词:+后缀ness good(好的)——goodness(善良,美德)
kind(和善的)——kindness(和善)
形容词变副词:+后缀ly bad(坏的)——badly(糟糕地)
quick(快的)——quickly(迅速地)
改变词义:+前缀un happy(高兴的)——unhappy(不高兴的)
usual(平常的)——unusual(不平常的)
3)转化词:转化词是指由一种词类转用作另一种词类的词。例如:
hand(n .)手, hand(v .)传递, dry(adj .)干燥的, dry(v .) 烘干
[说明]初中总复习中,词汇的复习十分重要。掌握单词和词组的用法是学好语言的前提之一。没有一定的词汇量,不掌握词语的基本用法,就失去了英语知识复习的基础,也就更谈不上灵活运用和综合分析能力了。
(2)词形变化
英语词汇的词形变化除了前面讲的词根+派生词缀构成的派生词的变化外,还存在有一些单词词尾的屈折变化,它们是:
1)表示名词复数的词形变化。例如:
hand—hands(手) picture—pictures(图片)
knife—knives(小刀) city—cities(城市)
2)表示形容词、副词的比较级和最高级的词形变化。例如:
cheap—cheaper—cheapest(便宜的)
late—later—latest(迟来的,迟来地)
early—earlier—earliest(早的、早地)
3)表示动词一般现在时第三人称单数的词形变化。例如:
clean—cleans(打扫) catch—catches(按住) carry—carries(携带)
4)表示动词过去时和-ed分词的词形变化。例如:
catch—catched(捉住) carry—carried(搬运)
close—closea(关闭) stop—stopped(阻止)
5)表示动词-ing分词的词形变化。例如:
walk—walking(走) make—making(做) sit—sitting(坐)
二、难点是:如何运用词或词组。
三、考点是:(1)单词拼写。(2)词形变化。(3)对词语的理解运用和相似词语的辨析。有关词汇的考题在中考中有10分左右。
【经典范例引路】
例1按要求写出下列单词的适当形式。
1 .well(最高级)_______________ 2.begin(现在分词)____________
3 .busy(反义词)_______________ 4.he(反身代词)_______________
(2001年甘肃省中考题)
简析:此题是对词形变化和单词的正确拼写的考查。要正确解答,应熟练掌握规律性的变化形式,并牢固记忆一些特殊的词形变化。第1小题是考查副词的最高级。形容词和副词的比较级和最高级的构成分为规则变化和不规则变化。well的最高级属于不规则变化,为best。第2小题是考查现在分词的构成。现在分词的构成为:(1)直接在动词原形后加-ing。(2)以不发音的e结尾的动词,先去e ,再加-ing。(3)以重读闭音节结尾且末尾只有一个辅音字母,先双写这一辅音字母,再加-ing。此题符合第三条。故答案为beginning。第3小题是考查词义及单词拼写。busy意为“繁忙的,忙的”它的反义词应为“空闲的,闲的”free。故答案为free。第4小题是考查人称代词对应的反身代词。答案为himself。
例2选择与句中划线部分意思相同或相近的词或短语。
( )1 .mary called him three times yesterday , but nobody answered .
a .visited b .gave a message to c .told d .phoned
( )2 .jim comes to visit us sometimes . that is always the happiest time for the whole family .
a .on time b .all the time c .at times d .many times
( )3 .jimmy tried hard , and in the end he did it well .
a .at first b .at the beginning c .at the end d .at last
( )4 .—oh , sorry . john . i forgot to post your letter .
—that’s all right . i’ll post it myself.
a .never think about it b .it doesn’t matter
c .don’t be sorry d .i don’t care
( )5 .—hello !may i speak to the headmaster ?
—hold on , please .
a .speak louder b .wait a moment
c .call again d .speak out
(2001年河北省中考题)
简析:选出能替换划线部分的选项,这是一种常见题型。做此类题时应注意以下几点:(1)弄懂句意,特别是划线部分意思,以及各选项的意思。(2)能替换划线部分的选项与划线部分意思要相同。(3)选项与划线部分在句法功能上保持一致。第1小题划线部分called后接him(sb),首先要知道它在句中的意思,为“给……打电话”。a选项意为“访问”,b选项意为“给……捎口信”,c选项意为“告诉”,只有选项d .phoned意人“给……打电话”,与划线部分意思相同。且phoned与called的句法功能也相同。故答案为d。第2小题划线部分sometimes意为“有时,某时”。a选项意为“准时,按时”,b选项意为“一直总是”,c选项意为“有时,
某时”,d选项意为“许多次”。故答案为c。第3小题划线部分in the end意为“最后,终于”。a选项意为“起初,开始”,b选项意为“在开始时”,c选项意为“在末尾”,d选项为“最后,终于”。故答案为d。第4小题划线部分that’s all right在此处意为“不要紧,没关系”,用来回答别人道歉的用语。a、b、c、d四个选项中只有it doesn’t matter与that’s all right意义相同。故答案为b。第5小题划线部分hold on在此处意为“等一会儿”,是打电话时的交际用语。只有wait a moment与hold on 意义相同,故答案为b。
例3 单项选择。
( )1 .students are usually interested in sports . some like running ;some like swimming ;_______like ball games . (2001年上海市中考题)
a .the others b .others c .the other d .other
( )2 .—can you speak chinese ,peter ? (2001年北京市海淀区中考题)
—yes , but only_______ .
a .little b .few c .a little d .a few
( )3 .don’t worry ,i’ll take good care polly .(2001年天津市中考题)
a .for b .of c. with d .to
简析:此题是考查词语意义和用法上的区别,以及词语的固定搭配。在做此类题时,我们应注意:(1)先读懂题意,找出考查点。(2)观察分析空格与它的前后部分的联系及空格在句中的句法功能。(3)根据题意及分析结果,对比所有选项,选择最恰当的选项。(4)对于难度较大、很难直接从正面找到答案,就可采用排除法——根据题意和所学知识排除错误答案。剩下的便是正确答案。第1小题是考查
the others ,others ,the other ,other这四者在意义和用法上的区别:the others特指某一范围内的“其余的人(物)”而others泛指“其余的人(物)”它常和some对比使用,即“some . . .others . . .”,the other特指“(两个中的)另一个”,other泛指“另一个”。故答案为b。第2小题是考查little ,few ,a little ,a few的用法:某一语言不可数,因此b、d两选项不成立。而little是表示否定意义,a little表示肯定意义。根据题干的意思应为肯定,故答案为c。第3小题是考查take care of这一固定词组。故答案为b。
【综合能力训练】
ⅰ .从下列a、b、c、d四个选项中找出恰当的字母或字母组合使单词完整正确。
( )1 .q ter a .ar b .or c .wor d .uar
( )2 .know ge a .led b .lid c .lad d .le
( )3 .sat day a .er b .ir c .ur d .or
( )4 .po ble a .si b .ssi c .se d .sse
( )5 .lang ge a .wi b .wa c .ue d .ua
( )6 .gr nd a .ou b .au c .oa d .ua
( )7 .d ghter a .on b .au c .or d .ua
( )8 .b t ful a .u ;e b .eu ;i c .eau ;e d .eau ;i
( )9 .p c a .e ;cher b .i ;ture c .i ;cher d .e ;ture
( )10 .d ction ry a .e ;e b .i ;e c .e ;a d .i ;a
ⅱ .下列每组单词中,有一个单词有拼写错误,请指出。
( )1 .a .caught b .braught c .taught d .bought
( )2 .a .has b .having c .had d .haved
( )3 .a .reech b .sweater c .street d .teacher
( )4 .a .japanese b .machine c .polece d .writer
( )5 .a .care b .wear c .their d .pare
( )6 .a .afraid b .radio c .almist d .canadian
( )7 .a .foreign b .friend c .quietly d .piece
( )8 .a .ladder b .bottler c .danger d .farther
( )9 .a .dirty b .piano c .wenesday d .twelfth
( )10 .a .suddenly b .subject c .sunshine d .student
ⅲ .根据所给英语释义写出单词(首字母已给出)。
1 .become a member of j
2 .have (clothes) on the body w
3 .almost not h
4 .not any ,no one n
5 .at last f
6 .the fourth day of a week w
7 .the opposite of cheap e
8 .father or mother p
9 .ice box f
10 .go in a car or on a horse or a bike r
ⅳ .根据句意和音标写单词。
1 .his sister is a [li :g] member.
2 .our teacher often [pleiz] games with us.
3 .bell [in′ventid] the telephone.
4 .do you [bi′li :v] what he said ?
5 .what’s the [′we
7 . [] like today ? 6 .they started climbing the [′mauntin]. u] he was ill ,he went to school.
8 .it took 300 workers a year to [bild] the railway bridge.
9 .by the end of last month the writer had [′ritn] 250 pages.
10 .i will go shopping if i have [′n
ⅴ .用括号中所给词的适当形式填空。
1 .“thank you ,”he said (polite).
2 .children must be stopped from (skate) on thin ice .
3 .she spends one hour (watch) tv every day .
4 .keep (quietly) !they are listening to the teacher .
5 .would you please say it again more (loud) ?
6 .keep on (work) hard ,or you’ll fall behind other students .
7 .i’ve been on the great wall (two) .
8 .thank you for (lend) me the story book .
9 .i often write “best (wish) for teachers’ day !”on the cards .
10 .meimei did (badly) than lucy in the high jump .
11 .after ten minutes’ rest ,they went on (walk) .
12 .i saw a wallet (lie) on the ground on my way home . θi] to do this sunday.
13 .there is a fire (burn) in the fireplace .
14 . (pick) apples is better than (have) classes .
15 .they went to the park instead of (stay) at home last saturday .
16 .“see you” is another way of (say) “goodbye” .
17 .they enjoy (take) a walk after supper .
18 .i don’t feel like (eat) anything now .
19 .the teachers are busy (get) ready for tomorrow’s work.
20 .don’t forget to take the (shop) list with you.
【创新备考训练】(选自2001年各地中考题)
ⅵ .根据句意,选择与句中划线部分意思相同或相近的解释。
1 .we are very glad to hear the good news .
a .sorry b .sad c .pleased
2 .i will go to see my grandma this evening .
a .visit b .move c .watch
3 .they have a lot of apples and bananas in the basket .
a .some b .many c .much
4 .alice will go shopping with her aunt tomorrow .
a .buy something b .borrow books c .wash clothes
5 .the little boy is good at drawing .
a .is poor at b .is slow at c .does well in
6 .what are the boys doing ?they are at work .
a .are workers b .work here c .are working
7 .we were busy last week ,so we had a little rest .
a .a small b .a short c .a few
8 .mrs green usually goes for a walk after supper .
a .has a walk b .walks around c .wants a walk
9 .jim arrived at the farm early.
a .got on b .got up c .got to
10 .my grandma bought a big birthday present for both of us.
a .both us b .we both c .us both
11 .—hello ,may i speak to mr. white ,please ?
—hold on for a moment ,please .
a .wait b .sit c .stop
12 .it’s really difficult to learn maths well .
a .wrong b .easy c .hard
13 .bob is very strong .he is able to carry the box.
a .must b .can c .need
14 .han meimei has a few american friends .
a .many b .some c .no
15 .we are happy to see you again .
a .worried b .sad c .pleased
ⅶ .根据句意及汉语提示,在下列各句空缺处写出各单词的正确形式。
1 .can you answer my (三) question in english ?
2 .mary did (差) in the exam than lucy .
3 .look !they are talking (高兴) in the room .
4 .i (驾驶) my car to beijing last summer .
5 .my house is not far from my (叔叔) .
6 .the sun is (照耀) brightly in the sky .
7 .they will bring some (土豆) for a picnic tomorrow .
8 .he gets on very well with his (父母) .
9 .i like (浅) colours ,for example ,white .
10 .mr wang (搬迁) here last week .he is a new comer .
11 .i usually go to work on (步行) .
12 .there are ten (班级) in our grade .
13 .lucy studies (努力地) than lily
14 .mr smith will give us a talk at the (会议) .
15 .—excuse me ,may i (借) your eraser ?
—certainly .here you are .
16 .it is an (容易的) question .i can answer it .
17 .he won’t do it .i won’t do it , (也) .
18 .is there a (书桌) in your room ?
19 .your hands are so (脏的) again .go and wash them .
20 .they have planted more than two (千) young trees this spring .
ⅷ .根据句子的意思和首字母提示,用适当的词填空,使句子的意思连贯与正确。
1 .whose is this t-shirt ?it isn’t m .it’s hers .
2 .this bag is big .please give me a s one .
3 .my father works in a hospital .he is a d .
4 .april is the f month of the year .
5 .when the lights are g ,the traffic can go .
6 .fifteen minutes is a q .
7 .september 10th is t day .
8 .c is spoken by the largest number of people in the world .
9 .when s comes ,everything begins to grow .it’s my favourite season of the year .
10 .—pardon ,doctor ?
—i said ,“take the m three times a day ,and you’ll be well soon .”
11 .mr turner liked visiting some places of great interest ,but he didn’t want to s too much money . 12 .—have you watched the seven o’clock cctv news report ?
—yes .there is a lot of i news in it .
13 .you look w .what’s wrong with you ?
14 .—do you mind cleaning your room ?it’s very d .
—certainly not .i’ll do it as soon as possible .
[参考答案]
综合能力训练
ⅰ .1—5 dacbd 6—10 abdbd ⅱ .1—5 bdacd 6—10 cabcc ⅲ .1 .join 2 .wear 3 .hardly 4 .none 5 .finally 6 .wednesday 7 .expensive 8 .parent 9 .fridge 10 .ride ⅳ . 1 .league 2 .plays 3 .invented 4 .believe 5 .weather 6 .mountain 7 .though 8 .build 9 .written 10 .nothing ⅴ .1 .politely 2 .skating 3 .watching 4 .quiet 5 .loudly 6 .working 7 .twice 8 .lending 9 .wishes 10 .worse 11 .walking 12 .lying 13 .burning 14 .picking ;having 15 .staying 16 .saying 17 .taking 18 .eating 19 .getting 20 .shopping
创新备考训练
ⅵ . 1 .c 2 .a 3 .b 4 .a 5 .c 6 .c 7 .b 8 .a 9 .c 10 .c 11 .a 12 .c 13 .b 14 .b 15 .c ⅶ . 1 .third 2 .worse 3 .happily 4 .drove 5 .uncle’s 6 .shining 7 .potatoes 8 .parents 9 .light 10 .moved 11 .foot 12 .classes 13 .harder 14 .meeting 15 .borrow 16 .easy 17 .either 18 .desk 19 .dirty 20 .thousand ⅷ .1 .mine 2 .small 3 .doctor 4 .fourth 5 .green 6 .quarter 7 .teacher’s 8 .chinese 9 .spring 10 .medicine 11 .spend 12 .important/interesting 13 .worried/weak 14 .dirty