直接引语与间接引语之间的"变"与"不变"
使用引号,直接引用他人的话,在语法上叫直接引语;去掉引号,转述他人的话,叫间接引语。由于间接引语是用引述人的语言把被引述的原话转述出来,所以在转述时有的内容要进行适当的变化,而有时却不需要变化。现对这两种情况归纳如下: 一、“变”的情况 1.人称的变化 (1)直接引语是第一人称,在间接引语中转变为第三人称。如: He said, “I like reading.” 他说:“我喜欢看书。” He said he liked reading. 他说他喜欢看书。 (2)直接引语是第二人称,如果原话是针对转述人说的,转换为第一人称;若是针对第三人称说的,转换为第三人称。如: “You should listen carefully,” the teacher said to me. 老师对我说:“你应该仔细听讲。” The teacher said to me that I should listen carefully. 老师对我说我应该仔细听讲。 “You mustn’t play football in the street,” the policeman said to the boys. 警察对孩子们说:“不准在大街上踢球。” The policeman said to the boys they mustn’t play football in the street. 警察对孩子们说不准他们在大街上踢球。 (3)人称的转换还包括形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词的相应变化。如: He said, “I have lost my backpack.” 他说:“我把双肩背包弄丢了。” He said that he had lost his backpack. 他说他把双肩背包弄丢了。 She said, “The book on the desk is mine.” 她说:“桌子上的书是我的。” She said that the book on the desk was hers. 她说桌子上的书是她的。 2.句子结构的变化 (1)直接引语如果是陈述句,变为间接引语时,用连词that引导,在口语中that常被省略。如: She says, “I will leave a message on the desk.” 她说:“我将在桌子上留下便条。” She says (that) she will leave a message on the desk. 她说她将在桌子上留下便条。 (2)直接引语如果是一般疑问句、选择疑问句或反意疑问句,变为间接引语时,常用连词if或whether引导,语序要用陈述语序。如: He said, “Has she come?” 他说:“她已经来了吗?” He asked if she had come. 他问她是否已经来了。 Her brother said, “Does she know it or not?” 她弟弟说:“她知道了吗?” Her brother asked whether she knew it or not. 她弟弟问她是否知道。 (3)直接引语如果是特殊疑问句,变为间接引语时,仍用原来的疑问词引导,语序要用陈述语序。如: He asked, “When will we arrive?” 他说:“我们将什么时候到达?” He asked when they would arrive. 他问他们将什么时候到达。 He said, “What class are you in?” 他说:“你在哪班?” He asked what class I was in. 他问我在哪班。 (4)直接引语如果是祈使句,变为间接引语时,一般用带to的不定式做宾语补足语,谓语动词常用ask, tell, order, advise, request等。如: He says, “Close the door.” 他说:“关门。” He asked you to close the door. 他让你关门。 “Don’t go out,” she says to me. 她说:“别出去。” She told me not to go out. 她告诉我不要出去。 3.时态的变化 (1)一般现在时变为一般过去时。如: He said, “This book is yours.” 他说:“这本书是你的。” He said that book was mine. 他说那本书是我的。 (2)现在进行时变为过去进行时。如: She said, “The children are reading a text.” 她说:“孩子们正在读课文。” She said the children were reading a text. 她说孩子们正在读课文。 (3)现在完成时变为过去完成时。如: He said, “I have finished my homework.” 他说:“我已经做完作业了。” He said he had finished his homework. 他说他已经做完作业了。 (4)一般将来时变为过去将来时。如: He said, “I’ll wait for you outside the school gate.” 他说:“我将在校门外等你。” He said he would wait for me outside the school gate. 他说他将在校门外等我。
(5)一般过去时变为过去完成时。如: She said, “I returned the book to the library.” 她说:“我把书还给图书馆了。” She said she had returned the book to the library. 她说她把书还给图书馆了。 4.时间、地点状语及某些对比性的指示代词和动词等的变化,如:yesterday变为the day before;here 变为there;come变为go;this变为that;these变为those等。如: He said, “I will stay here.” 他说:“我将待在这儿。” He said that he would stay there. 他说他将待在那儿。 “I bought these flowers for you,” she said. 她说:“这些花我是为你买的。” She said she bought those flowers for me. 她说那些花她是为我买的。 二、“不变”的情况 1.当主句的谓语为一般现在时,间接引语的时态不变。如: He asks, “Where do you come from?” 他问:“你来自哪里?” He asks where I come from. 他问我来自哪里。 2.直接引语部分有具体的时间状语时,间接引语的时态不变。如: “It happened in 2000,” he said. 他说:“那件事发生在2000年。” He said it happened in 2000. 他说那件事发生在2000年。 3.直接引语是客观事实、自然现象、谚语、格言等,间接引语的时态不变。如: The boy asked, “Does water freeze at 0℃?” 男孩问:“水是否在0℃结冰?” The boy asked if water freezes at 0℃. 男孩问水是否在0℃结冰。 The teacher said, “The earth turns around the sun.” 老师说:“地球围绕太阳转。” The teacher said the earth turns around the sun. 老师说地球围绕太阳转。 4.如果是在当时、当地转述,时间、地点状语及某些对比性的指示代词和动词等也可不变。如: He said, “I came here three days ago.” 他说:“我是3天前来这儿的。” He said he came here three days ago. 他说他是3天前来这儿的。 5.如果是说话人自己引述自己的话,有关的人称代词不用变化。人称代词的转换规则不是固定的,只要符合逻辑就行。如: I said, “If you don’t keep quiet, I will get you out.” 我说:“如果你不保持安静,我将让你出去。” I said to him if he didn’t keep quiet, I would get him out. 我对他说如果他不保持安静,我将让他出去。