08博士研究生考试+答案

科目代码：1001 科目名称：英语

(答案请写在答题纸上，写在试卷上无效）

Section I Use of English

Directions:

For each numbered blank in the following two passages, there are four choices marked [A],

[B], [C] and [D]. Choose the best one and mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (15 points)

Passage 1

“No man is an island,” wrote the poet John Donne several centuries ago. He was the fact that we are social animals in the company of others. Whether it in groups even if the group is as small as two or three people. Our need for human periods, mental breakdown is the usual result. Even the the treatment of prisoners of war, imprisonment for more than thirty days as a cruel form of torture. in an orderly way on the basis of shared expectations about one another‟s behavior. As a result of this interaction, members feel a common sense of “belonging.” They members from members and expect certain kinds of behavior from outsiders.

1. [A].odd

2. [A]. shaped

3. [A]. designed

4. [A]. reach

5. [A]. concerned

6. [A]. continuous

7. [A]. regulates

8. [A]. harsh

9. [A]. living

10. [A]. distinguish [B]. distinctive [B]. distinguished [B]. undertaked [B]. complete [B]. deprived [B]. noticeable [B]. prescribes [B]. severe [B]. interacting [B]. isolate [C]. explicit [C]. identified [C]. assigned [C]. pursue [C]. relieved [C]. dramatic [C]. rectifies [C]. solitary [C]. communicating [C]. separate [D]. obvious [D]. justified [D]. performed [D]. accomplish [D]. informed [D]. prolonged [D]. demonstrates [D]. remote [D]. putting [D]. Recognize

Passage 2

Few people would defend the Victorean attitude to children, but if you were a parent in those days, at least you knew where you stood: children were to be seen and not heard. Freud and company did away with all that and parents have been ever since. The child‟s ‟ happiness?

a hundred years ago hadn‟t even heard of. Certainly a child needs love, and a lot of it. ‟ confidence in their own authority. And it hasn‟about, mum and dad just don‟t know what to do any more. In the end, they do nothing at all. So, from early childhood, the kids are in charge and parents‟11. [A] relaxed [B] thrilled [C] bewildered

12. [A] so [B] but [C] and

13. [A] pleasantly [B] enthusiastically [C] cautiously

14. [A] problem [B] question [C] issue

15. [A] brochure [B] pamphlet [C] manual

16. [A] even [B] also [C] just

17. [A] physical [B] emotional [C] psychological

18. [A] experience [B] hazard [C] adventure

19. [A] strive [B] hesitate [C] anticipate

20. [A] what [B] it [C] which

21. [A] penalty [B] barbarity [C] scold

22. [A] establishing [B] enhancing [C] detaining

23. [A] With relation to [B] With regard to [C] In addition to

24. [A] demonstration [B] advice [C] criticism

25. [A] operated [B] intensified [C] regulated

26. [A] adults [B] teenagers [C] parents

27. [A] resistance [B] objection [C] hostility

28. [A] at first [B] in particular [C] after all

29. [A] devastates [B] spoils [C] manipulates

30. [A] refute [B] violate [C] abide

Section II Reading Comprehension

Directions:

Read the following six texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (45 points)

Text l

More than two million films lie in storerooms around the world, some of them so badly damaged that they can no longer be screened. If nothing is done, they could disappear for good, like half the films made in the US before 1950. But research promises an automated technique, to restore these old films to their former glory. [D] inspired [D] or [D] gaily [D] argument [D] publication [D] as [D] sensational [D] impact [D] oblige [D] this [D] permissiveness [D] undermining [D] In terms of [D] interpretation [D] compensated [D] veterans [D] rebellion [D] for instance [D] converts [D] obey

Films can be cleaned chemically or by using ultrasound. But this is time-consuming and expensive, and chemicals can also damage the original films. Another approach is to digitize the film and then clean up the digital version frame by frame—a terrible job. When Disney cleaned up Snow White for release on DVD, for instance, graphic artists worked in shifts on 40 computers day and night for 18 weeks.

“These computer-aided techniques remain very expensive,” says Samia Boukir, who started work on an automated system, “only an automated system can hope to salvage the archive of deteriorating films.”

Once a film has been scanned in, the first stage of the process is to find dust spots. They usually occur only on single frames, so the system looks for small spots that are visible on one frame and absent on its neighbors. The software repairs the image by sampling the unspoilt area of the image on the adjacent frames and replacing the dust spot with an average of the sampled picture element.

Detecting scratches is more complicated because they may run over several frames and can be confused with vertical lines that are part of the film. But a telltale pattern often gives them away: scratches are normally caused by the mechanical parts of a projector rubbing on the film, so they tend to repeat at regular intervals.

The system looks for a periodic pattern of this type from frame to frame, predicting when it should occur in the subsequent frames. Having identified the scratch and its duration, the software then repairs the damage by taking picture element from undamaged frames before and after the scratch. This smoothing effect avoids any sharp edges in the restored image.

Once restored, the digitized films can be viewed by future generations without risking more damage to the original by running it through a projector. “Film has a hundred-year history, but the knowledge of how to store it properly is only 15 years old,” says Godfrey Pye of Sunset Digital, a Hollywood-based company.

31. From the second paragraph we learn that

[A] there have been many methods to clean up the films.

[B] Disney repaired the damage of Snow White for profit.

[C] chemical cleaning and the use of ultrasound have the same effect.

[D] cleaning digitalized film is considered feasible in film restoration.

32. What is Samia Boukir‟s attitude towards automated restoration of the film?

[A] neutral.

[B] negative.

[C] positive.

[D] indifferent.

33. What is the characteristic of the distribution of dust spots on the films?

[A] The spots are in the unspoilt area of the image.

[B] The spots are on the average sampled picture element.

[C] The spots cannot appear on two adjacent frames at the same time.

[D] The spots are on the frame that is visile.

34. The following statements is the reasons why scratches are hard to be detected

[A] The scratches appear at order intervals.

[B] It is easy to distinguish vertical lines and scratches.

[C] The scratches can extend to several frames.

[D] The shape of scratches is different from some parts of the film.

35. By saying that “without risking more damage to the original by running it through a

projector”, (L. 1, Para. 8) the author means that

[A] later use may not cause new damage to the films after restoration.

[B] there is no environmental risk in repairing the original films.

[C] the restored films have perfect visual effect.

[D] the projector has the function of protecting the restored films.

Text 2

At first, the new business plan seemed counterintuitive—if not a quick route to bankruptcy. Koreans who ordered products from LG Home Shopping, a television shopping channel hawking everything from jewelry to cookware, could return them no questions asked and get a refund even before the items were collected from their home. All deliveries were free. And the new plan was launched in the depths of the Asian financial crisis in 1998.

Little wonder that everyone including his staff thought LG Home Shopping Chief Executive Choi Yung Jae has a screw looses. Even as Choi offered one of the best bargains in Korea, he refused to sacrifice quality. One day, he appeared at a Seoul warehouse for a spot inspection—and canceled orders from nearly 70% of LG‟s suppliers. “Customer trust will make or break our business,” he declared. Not long after, Choi set up a fax line in his office to handle customer complaints directly. Complaints poured in. “But then,” says LG manager Shin Hyung Bum, “six months later he started getting complimentary faxes.” Executives are confident that sales will jump another 50% next year.

Choi is still getting them. In 1998, LG Home Shopping earned its first profit as sales tripled to $169 million. The channel, which airs around the clock and prices items up to one-third cheaper than department stores, has thrived ever since. Despite the global slowdown, the company predicts sales of $ 779 million this year, up 68% from 2000.

LG takes advantage of Korean demographics. Knowing that most middle-class women are homemakers, it has focused its marketing on females in their 30s and 40s. And delivery costs are minimal because nearly half of Korea‟s 14.3 million families reside in apartment blocks. The operation is also resolutely up-market, in contrast to similar U.S. channels. Because most cable-TV subscribers in Korea are well-to-do, LG sells no item for less than $ 23, which it figures is the minimum it can charge and still make a 4% margin after covering delivery. On average, LG shoppers spend $110 per order, triple what U.S. TV shoppers spend.

Rivals acknowledge Choi‟s contribution to electronic shopping, which has accounted for 3% of Korea‟s $90 billion retail market. “The whole industry is indebted to Choi‟s pioneering campaign,” says Samsung Vice-President Suh Kang Ho, who heads the chaebol‟s Internet Shopping division. “The big question is if LG can keep its growth in the face of tougher competition.”

36. Which of the following best defines the word “counterintuitive” (L. 1, Para. 1)?

[A] sensible.

[B] irrational.

[C] quick.

[D] feasible.

37. By saying that “”Choi Yung Jae has a screw looscs” (L. 2, Para.2), the author means that

[A] the staff in the company are afraid of Choi.

[B] there is something wrong with the facility of the company.

[C] Choi is mad to some extent

[D] Choi‟s bargains cannot be accepted by the staff.

[A] product quality is crucial to the success of the company.

[B] electronic shopping has a bright future.

[C] the American way of e-commerce has more disadvantages.

[D] the rival company has already acknowledged his contribution.

[A] the new electronic shopping plan starts in an unfavorable economic situation.

[B] the majority of the customers of LG‟s service are women and children.

[C] the American electronic shopping companies are the rivals of LG.

[D] the price of the same product sold by LG is higher than that of the American Company.

40. What is the attitude of Suh Kang Ho towards the future growth of LG?

[A] positive.

[B] negative.

[C] suspicious.

[D] indifferent.

Text3

Confessions by Islamic fundamentalists under the command of Bin Laden‟s deputy, have revealed bow—years before the September 11 attacks—the terrorists established sleeper cells across the western world and were planning complicated attacks.

In more than 10,000 pages of Egyptian state security documents, Britain is named as one of the key bases of Al-Zawahift‟s Islamic Jihad organization. Three leading member of its ruling council were based in London and it was also an important fundraising center, making money through fanning and even restoring houses in London.

Among the terrorist leader‟s agents living in America in the early 1990s were a communications specialist, a special forcer officer, two wealthy doctors and a chain of fundraisers. One operative with American citizenship, codenamed Adam, was planted in the United States in 1987 and then helped to co-ordinate communications, send false documentation and finance terrorists. Adam, the son of an Egypt Air pilot, was also instructed to get flight training. Another agent, a former Egyptian special forces officer, worked with the American army before providing personal security advice to Bin Laden in Sudan in 1992. Compiled by the Egyptian Defense Ministry, the documents provide the most authoritative account yet of the Islamic Jihad organization and of Al-Zawahiri, whom many suspect the inspiration behind the September 11 attacks. One of the most important hijackers, Mohammed

Atta, was an Egyptian from Cairo. He, too, is suspected of being a member of Al-Zawahiri organization.

The documents reveal how Islamic Jihad, now considered part of Bin Laden‟s Al-Qaeda network, was being funded in Egypt from Bin Laden‟s personal fortune from the early 1990s.

A base in Santa Clara, California, was used from 1990 to coordinate communications with terrorists‟ Cells around the world, including Bin Laden‟s Sudanese base. Other operatives were based in New York. American army manuals and topographical maps were translated into Arabic for terrorist training. Sources of funds of the terrorist network included the sugar trade and sheep rearing m Albania as well as the renovation of old houses in London.

Hani Al-Sibai, a third alleged member of the shura at that time, lives with his wife and five children in Hammersmith, west London. Sources say he has split with Al-Zawahiri, at least since 1999. Al-Sibai, a lawyer, denies any link with Islamic Jihad. He said he had known Al-Zawahiri in the past but was himself a “quiet man” who had never committed a crime. [A] Laden‟s deputy established sleeping places in Europe.

[B] terrorists set up footholds as well as arranged attacks.

[C] September 11 attacks was originated and planned.

[D] Laden strengthened his power in western world.

[A] the fund for terrorist organization was raised through donation and investment.

[B] terrorists in America are more horrible than those in Britain.

[C] one major task for terrorist organizations in west is to raise money.

[D] the leaders of the terrorist organizations must be very rich.

[A] western countries are suitable for the development of terrorist organization.

[B] there is a connection among the terrorists bases around the world.

[C] Laden‟s deputy is in charge of the training of the new terrorists.

[D] London is the center for world-wide terrorist bases.

44. According to Egyptian Defense Ministry, who is the suspect of September 11 attacks?

[A] Jihad organization.

[B] Bin Laden.

[C] Adam.

[D] Al- Zawahiri.

45. By saying that he himself is a “quiet man”[A] he is not good at giving a speech in the public.

[B] his character is on the contrary of Al-Zawahiri‟s.

[C] he did not take any illegal actions in the past

[D] he split with Al-Zawahiri since 1999.

Text4

Sometime around 621 BC, a legislator named Draco appeared on the Athenian scene and

made the laws that substituted public justice for personal revenge. His laws were so severe that the legislator has been immortalized by the word “draconian”. These laws held for only a quarter of a century until Solon, who came to be called the founder of Athenian democracy, abolished the death penalty for everything but murder. Solon also carried out constitutional reforms that set up free election and brought all classes, except slaves, into the process of government. And so democracy began.

A hundred years later democracy and everything else Greece had built up were threatened by Persia. The first of Persia‟s expeditions took place in 490 BC when its army arrived at Marathon, near Athens. This was the event where a Greek soldier ran the 27 miles back to Athens, managed to cry out, “We have won”, then collapsed and died.

In their second expedition the Persians were matched by the genius of Themistocles, an Athenian leader who made his people nervous by going out and building a huge fleet rather than an army. However, he turned out to be right. The Persians were blasted off the sea at the battle of Salamis, off the coast near Athens.

Athens, now a naval power, was headed for its golden age. Its ruler at this time, around the middle of the fifth century BC, was Pericles, the most dazzling speaker. He practiced democracy at home. One of his not-so-smart decisions was to restrict Athenian citizenship to people whose mother and father were both Athenians.

It was Pericles who built the Parthenon. This was quite a time for Athens. While Pericles was building his Parthenon, Aeschylus, Sophocles and Euripides were writing their plays and Socrates and Plato were teaching.

Athens was then involved in the Peloponnesian War with Sparta and 27 years of fighting led to Athens‟ defeat in 404 BC. But victorious Sparta‟s influence lasted only 30 years after, it was then ruled by Macedonia, a kingdom in the north of Greece.

Philip of Macedon‟s ambition was to unify all of Greece, restore Greek culture to Macedon, and eliminate Persia as a lingering threat. Next in line in the throne was his first wife‟s son, Alexander the Greats, who had studied under Aristotle. Alexander‟s death marked the end of the great classical period of Greece, in literature, philosophy and art.

46. Which of the following best defines the word “draconian” (L. 3, Para. 1)?

[A] democratic.

[B] revenge.

[C] harsh.

[D] dramatic.

47. Which of die following statements is true according to the text?

[A] Unlike Draco, Solon first established death penalty for the crime of murder.

[B] Athens marched to its golden age after Persia‟s first expedition.

[C] Pericles is famous for his ability of writing plays and teaching.

[D] people misunderstood Themistocles when he built navy.

[A] Macedonia is the name of a man who controlled Athens after war.

[B] Peloponnesian War is the transitional point for Athens from prosperity to decline.

[C] Greece was split under the rule of Macedonia.

[D] Alexander gave Aristotle Athens citizenship because Aristotle was his teacher.

[A] carried out constitutional reforms.

[B] excelled at giving speech.

[C] implemented strict laws.

[D] valued democracy. [A] The History of Athens.

[B] The War that Splits Athens.

[C] The unification of Greek.

[D] Alexander, the Great Ruler of Athens.

Text 5

Many of us are fearful of making changes in our work lives—fear is a natural human condition. We feel less threatened when we stick with the familiar. As long as we are receiving a paycheck, we tolerate the dissatisfaction. Better to just play it safe.

But the safety net we preserve requires a big trade-off. It often denies us the opportunity to experience work that makes us happy, that is consistent with our desires while still meeting our monetary needs. Yet many of us strap ourselves into jobs in which the only reward is money. We breed cynicism when we treat our work as nothing more than a financial equation, a necessity we tolerate in order to acquire funds to live, with the hope of somehow achieving success and happiness along the way. That‟s really most of us want to be happy. We spend 80,000 hours of our lives at work. Yet, we view happiness as something to be achieved “outside” of work. We hire ourselves out on Monday through Friday and “live” for the weekends.

Most of us didn‟t choose our careers to fulfill a purpose or mission. On the contrary, we just looked for “a good job with a good company,” reflecting such criteria as pay, title and security. We reasoned that if we could “get a foot in the door” and work hard, our careers would grow over time, actually, that our careers and work lives would just happen “by accident.” Because of this, many of us have careers today that are just “accidents waiting to happen.” Everyday business decisions, a reorganization plan, an acquisition by another comply, a relocation out of the country of the company, can throw our work lives into danger. But despite this uncertainty, some of us still cling to our jobs, dissatisfying as they may be. Can‟t take that risk!

“Hanging on” involves risk too. For when we sacrifice pleasure for pay, our work lacks dignity, uses our energy and, ultimately, breaks our spirit. An unhappy, unfulfilled work life contributes to an unhappy, unfulfilled personal life. Happiness in work, as happiness in love, demands a measure of risk.

Author Marsha Simetar suggests that if you “do what you love, the money will follow.” Certainly this may seem a bit risky, perhaps idealistic, but it is undoubtedly true that people who love what they do find ways to make the most money.

[A] fear is one of the fundamental defects in human character.

[B] people tend to keep stable work to avoid the fear of changes.

[C] the paycheck makes people feel safe about their work.

[D] people feel less fearful under a natural human condition.

52. By saying that “the safety net we preserve requires a big trade-off” (paragraph 2, line 1) the

[A] people need to do business when managing work and life.

[B] men can feel safe when receiving money, the major reward of job.

[C] safety means sacrificing the balance between monetary needs and happiness of work.

[D] safety can be achieved by meeting both our desire and monetary needs.

[A] people struggle between the ideal of work and monetary needs.

[B] people do not have a sense of mission nowadays but fancy about money.

[C] happiness and money can be both achieved during work in most cases.

[D] the development of our career is doomed to happen.

54. According to the text, when the changes throw our work lives into danger, we will usually

[A] express great dissatisfaction at the job.

[B] take another work opportunity.

[C] feel uncertain about the risk.

[D] remain at the previous work position. [A] persuade people to choose careers to fulfill a purpose.

[B] criticize the phenomenon of working for money.

[C] elaborate people‟s attitudes towards work.

[D] illustrate how to achieve safety of work life.

Text6

There‟s a great story about an old Finnish woman who, without quite realizing it, was using her cell-phone to access the Internet and track her city‟s public transit system. When asked why she used the wireless Internet so frequently, she replied, “What are you talking about? I don‟t know anything about this wireless Internet stuff, I just know the bus is here.”

Regardless of whether you want to admit it, a lot of us are like that old Finnish woman. When it comes to new mobile applications, many of us do not realize the capability and power that we hold, literally, in our hands.

What we‟re looking at today is the mobile Internet in its infancy. Now that using the Internet from home or work has saturated much of society, the next logical step is to be able to use the Net when you‟re away from your desktop or laptop. Speech recognition is one way to do this, and there are a number of services, collectively called the „voice Web‟, that will make this possible. All you do is use a phone or wireless device to call a phone number, and speak commands to an intuitive system. It will then give you the information you‟re seeking, using either a synthesized voice or an audio file.

In the United States and Europe, the hot technology for wireless devices is called WAP (Wireless Application Protocol), which is being considered as the world standard. WAP is supported by major phone companies including Nokia, Motorola and Ericsson, and is simply a

means of transmitting information, much like HTML is a means of communicating on the Internet.

Currently, wireless Internet connections may give you news, sports scores, stock quotes, and the weather if you‟re lucky. But if you‟ve ever used this technology, you know it‟s slow, costly and doesn‟t seem worth the time and effort, if it works at all. “The mobile Internet was never designed to take over surfing the Web from a computer,” explains Cherie Gary, spokes-woman at Nokia.

All of this technology points to easier living. Perhaps you‟11 need to find a restaurant for an occasional business meeting. You‟ll press a button on your mobile phone, and access the Internet to pull up a list of great restaurants in your immediate area. You‟ll hit another button, say a few words into the handset and you‟ve got a reservation for four. [A] she is ignorant of some common knowledge.

[B] public transit system contains the accessory to Internet.

[C] many people are unaware of the function of new appliance.

[D] Internet is experiencing rapid growth.

57. The word “saturate” (L.2, Para. 3) most probably means[A] stale.

[B] utilize.

[C] despise.

[D] fill.

[A] technology standard set by major phone companies.

[B] substitution of HTML which can be applied on Internet.

[C] means of exchanging information on the Internet.

[D] wireless application protocol signed in USA and Europe.

59. We can infer from the text that mobile Internet is different from the previous Internet in that

[A] can be accessed by desktop.

[B] has no need of wire appliance.

[C] can be used to book the table for the user.

[D] has Speech recognition system.

60. What is the attitude of the author towards the future of mobile Internet?

[A] indifferent.

[B] neutral.

[C] optimistic.

[D] pessimistic.

Section III translation

Directions:

Read the following two texts carefully and then translate the underlined segments into

Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET. (20 points) Text l

61) weaker sex —women play caretaker roles, such as wife and mother and homemaker. On the other hand, men are best suited to go out into the competitive world of work and politics, where serious responsibilities must be taken on. Men are to be the providers; women and children are “dependents.” It is thus appropriate for women, not men, to be employed as nurses, social workers, elementary school teachers, household helpers, and clerks and secretaries. These positions are simply an extension of women‟s domestic role. Informal distinctions between “women‟s work” and “men‟s work” in the labor force, according to the ideology, are simply a functional reflection of the basic differences between the sexes. women must, whether at home or in the labor force, make the most of their physical appearance.

So goes the ideology. It is, of course, not true that basic biological and psychological But to the degree people actually believe that biology is destiny and that nature intended for men and women to make different contributions to society, sex-defined roles will be seen as totally acceptable.

Text 2

A hundred years ago it was assumed and scientifically “proved” by economists that the laws of society made it necessary to have a vast army of poor and jobless people in order to that the poor owed their conditions to their ignorance, lack of responsibility, are outdated. In all Western industrialized countries, a system of insurance has been introduced which guarantees everyone a minimum of subsistence in case of unemployment, sickness and old age. I would go one step further and argue that, even if these conditions are not present, everyone has the right to receive the means to subsist, in other words, he can claim this subsistence minimum without having to have any “reason”. (67)

This may sound like a fantastic proposal, but so, I think our insurance system would have sounded to people a hundred years ago. The main objection to such a scheme would be that if each person were entitled to receive minimum support, people would not work. 68) in order not to starve, work would have to be sufficiently interesting and attractive to induce But such a system would not only be the beginning of real freedom of contract between employers and employees; its principal advantage would be the improvement of freedom in interpersonal relationships in every sphere of daily life.

Section V Writing

Directions: In this part, you are required to write a composition on the topic

Section I Use of English

Passage 1

1.B 2.A 3.D 4.C 5.B 6.D 7A 8.C 9.B 10.A

Passage 2

11.C 12.B 13.D 14.B 15.C 16.A 17.C 18.A 19.A 20.C

21.D 22.D 23.C 24.B 25.C 26.B 27.D 28.D 29.B 30.D

31.A 36.B 41.B 46.C 51.B 56.C 32.C 37.C 42.C 47,D 52.C 57.D Section II Reading Comprehension 33.C 34.C 35.A 38.A 39.A 40.C 43.B 44.D 45.C 48.C 49.D 50.A 53.A 54.D 55.C 58.C 59.B 60.C

Section III Translation

Text 1

61. 性别歧视是在生理由先天决定这一思想基础产生的,并被其合理化。根据这一思想，

生理和心理的基本差异存在于性别之中。

62. 这样，女人天生比男人更加适合履行家庭职责。在通常情况下，女人的位置处于在

家里这个被保护的环境中。

63. 这种思想还认为，想要走出家庭到外面工作的女人自然就应该在那些适合她们性别

的行业里的工作。

64. 最后，这种思想还认为，自然以另一种显著的方式行使了自己的意志。人类要长远

生存下来，它的成员必须有规律地繁衍。

65. 有充足的证据表明，性别角色在不同的社会里是不同的,而且这些确实存在的角色

差异大都是后天学来的。

Text 2

66. 而今天，几乎没有人再敢提出这条原则，现在人们一般认为，不能用自然法则或社

会法则把任何人排斥在国家财富之外。

67. 但我想建议，这种生活维持费必须限制在一定的限期内，譬如说2年，以避免鼓励

一种反常的态度，即不肯承担任何社会义务。

68. 这种假设是依据这样一种谬论：人的本性中具有内在惰性。而实际上，除了特别懒

惰的人以外，几乎没有人愿意只挣相当于最低生活费的钱，也没有人愿意无所事事。

69. 然而，有些人想利用资本所有权来迫使其他人接受提供的工作条件，从这些人的立

场看来，对最低生活保障制度持怀疑态度不是没有道理的。

70. 只有双方都能自由地接受和拒绝合同，才可能有立约自由：在目前的资本主义制度

下情况并非如此。

Section IV Writing (略)