翻译与文化
直译法 能够尽可能多的保留原语⽂化特征,开阔译语读者的⽂化视野,促进两种⽂化的交流。直译法适⽤于原语和译语存在对应词,且所在语境不会引起⽂化误解的情况
转换法 能够避免直译法引起的因⽂化差异⽽造成的理解偏差,最⼤限度保证译⽂正确传达原⽂的实际⽂化含义。转换法多⽤于习语、谚语、⽐喻性词语的翻译,即把原语中带有⽂化⾊彩的词语(物象)转换成译语中带有同等⽂化⾊彩的词语(物象)。
译注法 既能保留原⽂的⽂化⾊彩,也有利于读者对于原⽂的理解。译注法多⽤于属于特定⽂化的历史事件、⼈物、典故的翻译,即先直译,再⽤增词或加注的⽅法予以解释。
意译法 是指舍去原语的语⾔形式和字⾯含义,在译语中,⽤跨⽂化的对等词表达出原语的⽂化信息。意译法不可避免的会在⼀定程度上造成原语⽂化意象的缺损,仅仅适⽤于以下特殊情况:即原语中带有⽂化⾊彩的词语在译语中没有完全相对应的词语来表达,⽽且译注法
和转换法也不能传达其⽂化意义。
⾳译法 保留了原语⽂化的异国情调,使外来语可以被译语逐渐吸收,丰富译语⽂化。⾳译法多⽤于原语⽂化特有物象的翻译,这些物象在译语中多是空⽩,⽆法寻找对等词。⾳译法即采⽤保留相近发⾳的⽅法把原语特有物象移植到译语中。
⼒⼤如⽜ as strong as a horse 笑掉⼤⽛ laugh off one’s head
a Penelope's web像⼯作珀涅罗珀的织物似的永远做不完
a Catch-22 situations左右为难的尴尬局⾯ 一败涂地 bite the dust
睡梦之乡 land of Nod 港人治港 Hong Kong people administering Hong Kong 祖国统一 reunification of the motherland 破釜沉舟 win the boat
背石头上山carry coals to Newcastle 北屋a room with a southern exposure
西北偏北 northwest by north 东床快婿 an ideal son-in-law
东⼭再起stage a comeback 虎⽳ a lion’s mouth
拦路虎a lion in the way 无稽之谈 cock-and-bull story
律师界精英a legal eagle 胸有成⽵ have a well-thought-out plan
蕙质兰⼼ have a pure heart
他们不知道:苏联的规律和条例,包含这苏联内战和苏联红军的特殊性,如果我们一模一样的抄了来用,不允许任何变更,也同样是削足适履,要打败仗
They do not see that these laws and manuals embody the specific characteristics of the civil war and the Red Army in the Soviet Union, and that if we copy and apply them without allowing any change, we shall also be “cutting the feet to fit the shoes” and be defeated.
哭竹生笋本就可疑,怕我的精诚未必会这样感天动地,但是哭不出笋来,还不过抛脸而已,一到卧冰求鲤,可就有性命之忧了。
“Weeping to Make the Bamboo Put Out Shoots” presented more of a problem, for my sincerity might not move Heaven and Earth to such an extent. Still, even if my tears failed to produce bamboo shoots, it would mean no more than a loss of face, whereas “Lying on Ice to Find Carp” could really prove a matter of life and death .
She had repeatedly rung the police for trivial reasons and perhaps she had cried wolf too often.
她因为一些鸡毛蒜皮的事情给警察打了很多电话,可能他根本不知道什么是值得报警的事。
In many countries people are working simply to keep the wolf from the door, and owning a car or washing machine is just a dream
人们工作仅能维持生计,买车买洗衣机简直是白日梦。
周瑞家的听了,笑道:“阿弥陀佛!真巧死⼈了,等⼗年还未必碰的全呢!”
“Gracious Buddha!” Mrs. Chou chuckled.
我们的5000万就此放出 去做了他们的救苦救难的观世⾳菩萨
Savior
黛⽟⽅进⼊房时,只见两个⼈搀着⼀位鬓发如银的⽼母迎上来,黛⽟便知是她外祖母。
grandmother
当下贾母⼀⼀指与黛⽟:“这是你⼤舅母;这是你⼆舅母……”
elder uncle’s wife
黛⽟虽不识,也曾听见母亲说过,⼤舅贾赦之⼦贾琏,娶的就是⼆舅母王⽒之内侄⼥,⾃幼假充男⼉教养的,学名王熙凤。黛⽟忙陪笑见礼,以“嫂”呼之。
niece; cousin
”林冲⼤怒道:“量你是个落第腐儒,胸中又没⽂学,怎做得⼭寨之主!”
You useless, broken-down scholar,” Lin Chong scolded.
保卫和平坊原名克林德碑,建于⼀九零⼀年。⼀九零零年六⽉间,我国义和团群众杀死了德国公使克林德。
The Peace-defending Archway, built in 1901, was originally called “Kolind Tablet” as a memorial of the Boxer Rebellion’s 1900 nationalist reaction against German envoy Kolind.
这⾥三千座奇峰拔地⽽起,形态各异,有的似鱼珠神鞭,⽴地顶天;有的像铜墙铁壁,巍然屹⽴;有的如晃板累卵,摇摇欲坠;有的若盆景古董,玲珑剔透……神奇⽽又真实,迷离⽽又实在,不是艺术胜似艺术创造,令⼈叹为观⽌。
3,000 crags rise in various shapes —pillars, columns, walls, shaky egg stacks and potted landscapes, conjuring up unforgettably fantastic images.
旅游宣传材料属于⼴告⽂体,其翻译的质量要看能不能达到推
⽣于西苑海淀的⾃然以⾛西⼭,燕京,清华,⽐较⽅便;同样,在安定门外的⾛清河,北苑;在永定门外的⾛南苑……这是跑长趟的,不愿拉零座;因为拉⼀趟便是⼀趟,不屑于三五个铜⼦的穷凑了。
可是他们还不如东交民巷的车夫的⽓⼉长,这些专拉洋买卖的讲究⼀⽓⼉由交民巷拉到⽟泉⼭,颐和园或西⼭。⽓长也还算⼩事,⼀般车夫万不能争这项⽣意的原因,⼤半还是因为这些吃洋饭的有点与众不同的知识,他们会说外国话。英国兵,法国兵,所说
的万寿⼭,雍和宫,“⼋⼤胡同”,他们都晓得。
参考译⽂⼀(施晓菁):
Those living in the western suburbs around Xiyuan and Haidian naturally prefer to take fares to the Western Hills or the universities of Yanjing and Qinghua; those from the northern suburbs outside Andingmen Gate ply the Qingho and Beiyuan route, while those in the south outside Yongdingmen Gate will go as far as Nanyuan. . . . These long-distance runners will only make trips which pay and scoff at the paltry three or five coppers which is all that one gets for short distances. But they still lose their wind sooner than the rickshawmen of Dongjiaominxiang, the“Legation Quarter”.These are real long-distance runners who cater solely for the foreign trade and pride themselves on being able to run non-stop from the diplomatic quarter all the way out to the Jade Fountain, the Summer Palace or the Western Hills. And, stamina apart, these men have a special skill which makes it impossible for rivals to snatch away their clientele: they all speak foreign languages. They can understand when English and French soldiers ask for the Summer Palace, the Yongho Lamasery or the“Eight Alleys” red-light district, and they will not teach their foreign lingoes to others.
参考译⽂⼆(Howard Goldblatt):
Those native to Xiyuan and Haidian naturally ply their trade in the Western Hills or around the universities at Yanjing and Tsinghua; those from Anding Gate stick to the Qinghe and Beiyuan districts; while those outside of Yongding Gate work in the area of Nanyuan. Interested only in long hauls, these men disdain the short, penny-ante
business. But even they are no match for their long-distance brethren in the Legacy Quarter , who take passengers from thediplomatic sector all the way to the Jade Fountain, the SummerPalace, and the Western Hills. Stamina is only one reason why most pullers will not compete for this business, for this group of men candeal with their foreign passengers in their own languages: when a British or French soldier says he wants to go to the Summer Palace or the Yonghe Monastery or the Eight Alleys red-light district, they understand.
地处江汉平原东部、长江中游的武汉市,是湖北省的省会,是中国中部的中⼼城市,⾃古以来就有“九省通衢”的美誉。武汉市内江河纵横、湖港交织,隔两江,⽴三镇,形成了独具风采的⾃然景观,⽽源远流长的楚⽂化、光辉灿烂的⾰命历史也赋予了这座城市浓郁的⼈⽂特⾊
Wuhan is the capital of Hubei province, China. Located in the eastern Jianghan Plain and at the intersection of the middle reaches of the Yangtze River and the Han River, this big city in Central China is often referred to as the "Chicago of China” for its
important role in domestic transportation ( … is known as "Jiusheng Tongqu” —the nine provinces' leading thoroughfare— for its position as a major transportation hub in Mainland China).With numerous lakes and rivers, Wuhan boasts a unique urban landscape, while the brilliant legacy of the ancient Chu Culture that can be dated back to the Spring and Autumn Period (771 to 476BC) also adds to its charm.