英语写作:句子

句子

一、句子的基本常识

1． 英文的基本句型

1） 主+系+表：I am a university student./I feel proud of myself./The leaves turn green when spring comes.

2） 主+动+（状）：I study very hard./I have prepared for the TEM-4 for a long time.

3） 主+动+宾：I read English books./I’ve memorized all the words in the word list.

4） 主+动+宾+宾：Prof. Kang gave me a lot of assignments every day./I wrote my teacher a letter yesterday.

5） 主+动+宾+补：The little boy found the box empty./We’ll make our country greener and more beautiful.

2． 英文句子的特性

Unity; Coherence, Conciseness; Emphasis; Variety

二．作文中常见的有关句子方面的问题

1、句式的口语化

口语化的特点在句型上表现为简单句的比例远远超过复杂句和复合句。

A . 句型多样化

句型多样化指在语法正确、结构完整的前提下，根据句意使句式富有变化，生动活泼，重点突出，以增加文章的“闪光点”。写作时如果只用主语+谓语+宾语的简单形式，就会使文章因句式简单而显得平淡枯燥。例如：

Many people watch television. They spend so much time in front of it. They never really experience their own lives.

这几个句子读起来简单乏味，句子之间缺乏必要的联系，但如果适当地将各句连接起来，改为Many people spend so much time in front of television that they never really experienced their own lives.就会使之更生动一些。

句式变化并不意味着将简单句都变成复合句或并列复合句，而是要根据词句关系，运用一些写作技巧和相关词语使句式更灵活、活泼。例如，考生在写作时非常喜欢用We should …来表明一种态度或做法。如果一篇作文中几次出现这样的句型，就会使文章显得单

调、死板、句型单一。因此，写作时不妨多变换几种表达方式，如：

It will be wise for us to …

It is important for us to…

Only when we take measures now, can we…

下面是几种常见的变换句型的方式，供参考：

a. 运用从属连词(after, because, if, although, so that, etc.)

The thief disguised himself. No one would recognize him.

----The thief disguised himself, so that no one would recognize him.

b. 运用分词、不定式短语、介词短语和副词等，置于句首，使句型多样化

He saw an old woman get on the bus, he quickly stood up to offer her the seat.

-----Seeing an old woman get on the bus, he quickly stood up to offer her the seat.

c. 运用同位语形式

My desire to go abroad will soon become a reality. It has been a dream all of my life.

---- My desire to go abroad, a dream all of my life, will soon become a reality.

d. 使用强调句、倒装句等句型

It must be made use of properly, then it can produce good effects.

----Only when it is made use of properly, can it produce good effects.

English becomes more important. All of us know the fact. Our society is more open to the world. But it is difficult to learn. I have learned English for seven years. But I still can not command it well. Because English is different from Chinese. And we haven’t an environment.

整篇文章成了简单句的堆积。这种作文只能是中学生的英语水平，语法基本没问题，但句子支离破碎，语义缺少连贯，句型没有变化。请看修改后的文章。

It is well known that English has become increasingly important, especially to a society more open to the outside world. It is difficult, however, to have a better command of it ---- although I have learned English for 7 years---because of its complete difference from Chinese and of the lack of an English- speaking environment.

同样的意思，文章的质量就完全不一样：句型复杂有变化，语义连贯有层次。

B. 结构变化

一篇文章中要力求句子结构丰富多样。除了简单句，我们可用and, not only…but also等连接的复合句，用because, if, although, which等连接的复杂句，用分词短语，介词短语，不定式短语结构。那么除了这些在我们的作文中还可以看到的结构，还有一些较少在我们作文中看到的结构，更能使文章增光添彩。

a. 双重否定句

b. 比较级句

比较英汉句子，英语通过比较级来表达意思的句子远比汉语多得多。

c. 同位语

d. 平行排比句

e. 设问句

f. 后置修饰语

g. 插入语

h. 被动句

i. 名词化句子

Watching too much TV will affect your studies.

----Heavy exposure to TV will interfere with one’s studies.

j. 运用破折符号

就句子而言，能够运用复杂，且句式不同的句子结构来表达思想是一篇文章老练成熟的标志。

2、中式英语过于严重，用汉语思维，逐字翻译

许多学生的作文汉语味道十足、特别生硬。

大哥 big brother (elder brother), 家庭教师a family teacher (a tutor), 售货员a selling goods person (salesman), 抓住机会catch/grasp the opportunity (seize the opportunity),找借口 find an excuse (make an excuse), 一贫如洗 as poor as is washed (as poor as church mouse), 大雨big rain (heavy rain), 遵守时间obey the time (be punctual), 多如牛毛 as much as a cow’s hair (as plentiful as black berries)

再比如：

a. 我父亲很有意思。My father is a man of meaning.

b. 我作弊没有被发现，很幸运。 I was the luck of the exam.

以下是作文中常出现的汉化英语及其改进，

a. The artists’ work pushes our civilization to a higher level.

--- Artists’ work upgrades our civilization.

b. He will get a higher salary to improve his living level.

--- He will get a higher salary, thus improving his life.

c. They can’t analyze clearly what is right and what is wrong.

--- The can’t tell right from wrong.

d. In order to suit the needs of entering into work, students must grasp some technical skills. --- In order to meet the needs of entering into work, students must learn some practical skills. e. No one knows all the things.

---No one knows everything.

3、表达不清楚

1) 句子错误

a. 粘连句 (Fused sentence & Run-on sentence)

粘连句指一句话中包含两个或更多的意思，但是这些意思之间没有用恰当的标点等分割开来。比如：

I met an old man was standing by the street.

--- I met an old man who was standing by the street.

---I met an old man. He was standing by the street.

All the gifts we have ordered have arrived many of them are broken.

--- All the gifts we have ordered have arrived. Many of them are broken.

b. 逗号连接句 (Comma splice)

逗号连接句指用逗号连接两个分句。在汉语中，我们可以用逗号连接两句话，但是英语中的逗号只能表明语气上的短暂停顿，而不能表示两个分句之间的逻辑关系。

My car wouldn’t start this morning, the battery was dead.

--- My car wouldn’---My car wouldn’t start this morning; the battery was dead.

It is raining heavily outside, she is still tying to go to the theater. We are out of money, we decide not to eat out on the weekend. c. 不完整句 (Sentence fragment)

不完整句指那些看似一句话，但实际上只是一个句子的一部分的结构。如果我们不小心，就可能在作文中写出一些自以为是句子但实际上只是一个短语的东西来。比如： She went on with her work. Crying. After she tured the street corner, a huge building with people rushing in and out continuously.

---After she tured the street corner, a huge building with people rushing in and out continuously.

Many people don’t like living in big cities. Because the life is too busy there.

---Many people don’d. 修饰语位置错误 (Misplaced modifier)

Misplaced words ---adverbs

He nearly lost ten dollars last night. ( Did he have a narrow escape but lose nothing?)

Misplaced phrases Misplaced clauses e. 垂悬修饰语 (Dangling modifier)

垂悬修饰语是指和句子中的其它成分没有任何语法联系的一组词。

After finishing his speech, the audience was invited to ask questions.

--- After finishing his speech, he invited the audience to ask questions.

Reading, the doorbell rang. ( Was the doorbell reading?)

--- While reading, I heard the doorbell ring.

f. 并列结构错误 (Faulty parallelism)

并列结构错误就是排比或者并列结构，一般由and, as well as 或者not only…but also连接。英语习惯上在排比结构中使用相同的语法格式，如果前面用名词，那么后面的并列结构都使用名词，而如果前面用不定式，则后面也用不定式。如果违反这一规定，写出来的句子就含有并列结构错误，即“有问题的排比结构”。例如： g. 累赘 (Redundancy)

His coat was black in color.

---His coat was black.

In my opinion, I think your plan is feasible.

--- In my opinion, your plan is feasible.

--- I think your plan is feasible.

2) 语法错误

a ．词性误用(Misuse of Parts of Speech)

“词性误用”常表现为：介词当动词用；形容词当副词用；名词当动词用等．

例１． None can negative the importance of money.

剖析：negative 为形容词，误作动词。

改为：None can deny the importance of money.

b ． 指代不清(Ambiguous Reference of Pronouns)

指代不清主要讲的是代词与被指代的人或物关系不清，或者先后所用的代词不一致。试看下面这一句：

Mary was friendly to my sister because she wanted her to be her bridesmaid.

(玛丽和我姐姐很要好，因为她要她做她的伴娘。)

读完上面这一句话，读者无法明确地判断两位姑娘中谁将结婚，谁将当伴娘。如果我们把易于引起误解的代词的所指对象加以明确，意思就一目了然了。这个句子可改为： Mary was friendly to my sister because she wanted my sister to be her bridesmaid. 例1. And we can also know the society by serving it yourself.

剖析：句中人称代词we 和反身代词yourself 指代不一致。改为：

We can also know society by serving it ourselves.

c. 不一致（Disagreements ）

所谓不一致不光指主谓不一致，它还包括了数的不一致 时态不一致及代词不一致等。 例１． When one have money, he can do what he want to .

(人一旦有了钱，他就能想干什么就干什么．)

剖析：one 是单数第三人称，因而本句的have 应改为has ;同理，want 应改为wants. 本句是典型的主谓不一致．

改为： Once one has money, he can do what he wants (to do)

d ． 措词毛病(Troubles in Diction)

Diction 是指在特定的句子中如何适当地选用词语的问题，囿于教学时间紧迫，教师平时在这方面花的时间往往极其有限，影响了学生在写作中没有养成良好的推敲，斟酌的习惯。他们往往随心所欲，拿来就用。所以作文中用词不当的错误比比皆是。

例１． The increasing use of chemical obstacles in agriculture also makes pollution. (农业方面化学物质使用的不断增加也造成了污染。)

剖析：显然，考生把obstacles“障碍”，“障碍物”误作substance“物质”了。另外“the increasing use (不断增加的使用)” 应改为“abusive use (滥用)”。

改为：The abusive use of chemical substances in agriculture also causes/leads to pollution.

4、不会运用关联词转承上下句和段落

申小龙认为英语句子是一种空间结构，即英语句子以动词为核心，运用各种连接词组成关系结构板快，前呼后拥，递相叠加。汉语是时间型结构，即汉语句子是按句读逻辑事理铺排。

关联词的使用可使上下句和段落合理衔接，承上启下，使表达合乎逻辑，同时使文章结

构严谨、紧凑。如：

People learn English to use it. Some learn it to study or work abroad. Others learn it to read books and magazines in English or have something to do with English speaking foreigners.

由于两个句子没有使用关联词，便显得不够紧凑。如果适当关联词，这两句可改进为： People learn English for practical purpose. Some learn it to study or work abroad. While others learn it to read or communicate in English.

常用连接词

总结关系过渡词语

in general, to some extent, in my view, as for me, as far as I am concerned, obviously, in brief, on the whole

比较对比关系过渡词语

similarly, on the contrary, on the one hand, on the other hand, otherwise, in sharp contrast, but, however, yet, nevertheless

列举关系过渡词语

as a case in point, such as, first of all, to begin with, furthermore, besides, in addition, for one thing, for another

因果关系过渡词语

because (of), since, for, owing to, thanks to, as a result of, consequently, for the reason that, therefore, hence

让步关系过渡词语

although, even though, in spite of, despite

强调关系过渡词语

surely, obviously, particularly, in deed, needless to say, most important of all

递进关系

in addition, also, moreover, besides，what's more

时间顺序

immediately, meanwhile, presently, shortly, since, soon, temporarily, while

方式手段

as, as if, the way，by 目的关系

so that, lest，in order that