奥巴马当选为美国第一位黑人总统英语精品复习必备学习

美式论文、报告写作技巧

编者按：美式教育的特点即是课程内容强调学生参与及创新运用，因此，报告便成了常见的考核学生学习成果的方式，比如实验报告、学期报告、专题报告、研究报告及论文（含毕业论文）等。研究生presentation 及 seminar 的机会更是占很大的比重，有些甚至占学期成绩很大比例。如何完成报告、论文同时得到良好的成绩，是本文提供给有志留学的有心人参考的目的。

美国大学生由於自小已养成自动寻找答案习惯，在启发式的教育环境下，写报告、论文对他们来说比较不陌生，虽然专业知识上美国学生不见得比外籍学生强，但是表达能力由於自小培养，加上英语能力的优势，常比外籍学生在报告、论文方面有较隹的利基。反之中国学生比较缺乏报告写作的训练，因此如果在留学过程中无法适应美式教育会比较辛苦，其实论文、报告的写作要领其实不难，只要把握技巧就可水到渠成。

通常论文由篇首(Preliminaries)，本文(Texts)以及参考资料(References)三部分构成；而这三大部分各自内容如下：

(一) 篇首：

封面(Title)

序言(Preface)

谢词(Acknowledge)

提要(Summary)

目录(Tables and Appendixes)

(二) 本文：

引言(Introduction)

主体，含篇(Part)、章(Chapter)、节(Section) 、以及注释 (Footnotes)

(三) 参考资料：

参考书目(References or Bibliography)

附录资料(Appendix)。

进行论文或报告写作之前，先要确定想要表达的主题，主题确定后，将其具体表达，即为题目。题目可以提供研究者：

一. 研究的方向

二. 研究的范围

三. 资料搜集的范围

四. 预期研究成果

通常在确定题目之後就开始找资料从事研究，建议在找资料之前最好去问教授有哪些参考资

料来源可供参考引用。构思为确定写作大纲或 Proposal 的先前步骤， 大纲是论文、报告的骨干， Proposal 是研究的架构、流程及范围的说明书。如何构思大纲或Proposal 为论文、报告写作前的必要准备工作。好的论文或研究报告，要基于在完整、详实的资料上，而参考资料除了和教授商借之外，最主要的来源就是图书馆了，一般参考资料来源可分成教科书或手册、政府机构的报告、科技或商业方面的杂志，及会议性质的资料。此外现代的电脑资料库也可帮助收集资料，在国外可利用学校的电脑连线资料库寻找自己需要的资料。当一切准备就绪，即可开始着手写报告，一般报告还分大报告如期末、专题等报告，及小报告如 Seminar 式的报告。

就算是小报告，也至少应含

(一)TITLE PAGES ：包含主题名称、作者、日期

(二)Summary ： 即主要的结论

(三)Introduction ：包括理论背景及内容

(四)Technical Sections：是论文的主体，为最重要的部份应再细分为 几个片断。

(五)Conclusions ：即扼要的结论

(六)Appendixes ：复杂公式的导引及叁考资料和电脑程式的报表可附加在 此项

美式报告的撰写通常要打字，两行式，行间若有未拼完的字要以音节来连接。写报告通常需要用到电脑，如有计算数字统计图表的需求，也常会用到程式软体如PASCAL 、LOTUS ，统计分析软体如SAS ，也是不可或缺的，电脑绘图在今日已成为工商界及学术界的重要工具，文书处理更是最基本的要求，因此Word for Window、Powerpoint 、Excel 便成了颇受欢迎的工具。此外在英文语法、文法上的润饰与修改，如能请老美帮忙会比较好。

论文、报告完成后有时会需要做解说(Presentation)，用英文来讲演对中国人来说算是一大挑战，通常课堂讲演时间为十五分钟到三十分钟，若是论文囗试则至少一小时。投影机及麦克风的使用对讲演的效果有很大帮助，正式讲演前多预习几次，时间宜控制适中，上台时忌讳低头拿着报告照念，需留意听众的反应，切中主题，避免太多数字的导引。

奥巴马当选为美国第一位黑人总统英语精品复习(2009-04-13 08:37:35)

标签：高考 教育 分类：高考总复习 更多精彩资源, 请点击英语教师网

2009年高考热点： 奥巴马当选总统英语精品复习

一、书面表达

姓名

出生时间 巴拉克·奥巴马 （ Barack Obama ） 1961年8 月4 日

出生地点

家庭

小时梦想

教育

职业 夏威夷檀香山(Honolulu, Hawaii) 父亲是肯尼亚黑人，母亲是美国白人 当总统 1988考入哈佛法学院(Harvard Law School),1991年获博士学位 毕业后当律师、大学讲师，后来一直从政。2008年11用

4日，在大选（ the general election ）中击败麦凯恩

（John McCain ），成为首位黑人总统。

（自拟） 意义

One possible version:

Barack Obama, the son of a black father from Kenya and a white American mother, was born in Honolulu, Hawaii on August 4th, 1961. When he was only a small boy, he dreamt of becoming the President of the United States. In 1988, he was admitted into Harvard Law School ,where he gained his doctor ’s degree in 1991. After graduation, he worked as a lawyer, lecturer and then took up politics. On November 4, 2008, Barack Obama defeated John McCain in the general election and became the first African American to be elected President of the United States

二、阅读题举例

Why History Can't Wait（《为什么历史不能等待》）

You probably sat in a fancier conference room the last time you refinanced(筹资) or heard a pitch about life insurance. There's a table, some off-brand mesh office chairs, a bookcase that looks as if it had been put together with an Allen wrench and instructions in Swedish.

To reach this room, you pass through a cubicle farm lightly populated by quiet young people. Either they have just arrived or they are just leaving, because their desks are almost bare. The place has a familiar feel to it, this air of transient shabbiness and nondescriptitude. You can't quite put your finger on it ...

"It's like the set of The Office," someone offers.

Bingo.

It is here that we find Barack Obama one soul-freezingly cold December day, mentally unpacking a lot of problems — some old, some new, all ugly — that he is about to inherit as the 44th President of the United States. Most of his hours inside the presidential-transition office are spent in this room. You would think the

President-elect — a guy who draws 100,000 people to a speech in St. Louis, Mo., who raises three-quarters of a billion dollars, who is facing the toughest first year since Franklin Roosevelt's — might deserve a leather chair. Maybe a credenza?

A hutch?

But he doesn't seem to notice. Obama is cheerfully showing his visitors around, gripping the souvenir basketball he received from Hall of Famer Lenny Wilkens, explaining a snapshot taken the day he played pickup with the University of North Carolina hoops team. ("They are so big and so fast and so strong, you know.") Then, since those two items basically exhaust the room's décor,

"It is not clear that the economy's bottomed out," he begins, understatedly. "And so even if we take a whole host of the right steps in terms of the economy, two years from now it may not have fully recovered." That worries him. Also Afghanistan: "We're going to have to make a series of not just military but also diplomatic moves that fully enlist Pakistan as an ally in that region, that lessen tensions between India and Pakistan, and then get everybody focused on rooting out militancy in a terrain, a territory, that is very tough — and in an enormous country that is one of the poorest and least developed in the world. So that, I think, is going to be a very tough situation.

"And then the third thing that keeps me up at night is the issue of nuclear

proliferation," Obama continues, sailing on through the horribles. "And then the final thing, just to round out my Happy List, is climate change. All the indicators are that this is happening faster than even the most pessimistic scientists were anticipating a couple of years ago."

Score that as follows: one imploding(内爆的) economy, one deteriorating war in an impossible region and two versions of Armageddon — the bang of loose nukes and the whimper of environmental collapse. That's just for starters; we'll hear the unabridged version shortly.

But first, there is a bit of business to be dealt with, having to do with why you are reading this story in this magazine at this time of the year. It's unlikely that

you were surprised to see Obama's face on the cover. He has come to dominate the public sphere so completely that it beggars belief to recall that half the people in America had never heard of him two years ago — that even his campaign manager(竞选经理人), wasn't sure Obama had what it would take to win the election. He hit the American scene like a thunderclap, upended our politics, shattered decades of conventional wisdom and overcame centuries of the social pecking order.

Understandably, you may be thinking Obama is on the cover for these big and flashy reasons: for ushering the country across a momentous symbolic line, for infusing our democracy with a new intensity of participation, for showing the world and ourselves that our most cherished myth — the one about boundless opportunity — has plenty of juice left in it.

1 Why did the writer say “Either they have just arrived or they are just leaving” in the second paragraph?

A Because there is almost nothing on their desks.

B Because they will need a new office.

C Because they want to leave with Obama.

D Becuae the author is familiar with them.

2 Which of the following is equipped in Obama’s room as a decoration?

A a table, some off-brand mesh office chairs

B a bookcase

C a souvenir basketball and a picture of him playing basketball.

D nothing

3 What’s not the cruel situation Obama will face as a new president according to the passage?

A Economy is falling down.

B Losing control over the Nulear weapons.

C Climate is changing fast.

D Hist People including his campaign manager have no confidence in him. 4 Which of the following is wrong according to the passage ?

A No other President has experienced such a tough first year as Obama.

B Half of the population in America didn’t know Obama two years ago.

C Obama has tested and verifid the American dream.

D Obama is on the cover of the magazine.

答案与解析：

1 A 推理判断题。根据文章“Either they have just arrived or they are just leaving, because their desks are almost bare”，句中bare 意为光秃秃的，此处表示桌上什么也没有。故作者有这样的推断。

2 C 细节理解题。根据“gripping the souvenir basketball he received from Hall of Famer Lenny Wilkens, explaining a snapshot taken the day he played pickup with the University of North Carolina hoops team. ”及“since those two items basically exhaust the room's décor ”可知。

3 D 细节理解题。根据“one imploding(内爆的) economy, one deteriorating war in an impossible region and two versions of Armageddon — the bang of loose nukes and the whimper of environmental collapse. That's just for starters; we'll hear the unabridged version shortly.”可知。

4 A 细节理解题。根据“who is facing the toughest first year since Franklin

Roosevelt's ”可知A 项与原文不符。B 项源自“He has come to dominate the public sphere so completely that it beggars belief to recall that half the people in America had never heard of him two years ago ”；“”C 项源于文章最后一句“for showing the world and ourselves that our most cherished myth — the one about boundless opportunity — has plenty of juice left in it.” ：“为向世界和我们自己展示我们最珍惜的神话——无限可能美国梦——有着充分的活力”；D 项源自“It's unlikely that you were surprised to see Obama's face on the cover”。