高一定语从句讲解
高一定语从句讲解:
一、定义
1.定语从句:定语从句在句中相当于一个名词,起定语作用,修饰名词、代词或主句。定语从句一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词之后。
2.先行词:被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词。
3.关系词:引导定语从句的词叫关系词。 关系词通常有下列三个作用:○1连接功能:引导一个定语从句;○2指代功能:代指先行词;○3语法功能:在定语从句中充当句子成分。关系词依其在定语从句中的功能,分为关系代词和关系副词。关系代词有that, which, who, whom, whose, as等;关系副词有when, where, why等。
二、限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句
1、限制性定语从句:从句与主句关系密切,去掉从句,主句意义不完整,甚至不合逻辑。
(去掉定语从句,意思就不完整)
2、非限制性定语从句:从句对先行词关系不密切,去掉定从句,意思仍然完整。形式上用逗号隔开,不能that用引导。
e.g. Tom’s father, (who引导非限制性定语从句,整个句子可分成两句来翻译)
关系代词which引导非限制性定语从句时,which可以指主句的全部内容,也可以是部分内容,从句只能位于先行词后。
Tom studies hard and is ready to help others, which is what his parents expect.
Any way, that evening, which I’ll tell you more about later, I ended up staying at Rachel’s place.
三、关系代词的用法
1. who在从句中作S或O,作O时可省略。
He has never been to the Great Wall is not a true man.
He laughs last laughs best.
The boy she loved died in the war.
2. whom在从句中作O,与who通用,可省略。当作介词O并将介词提前时,只能用whom, 且不能省略。
She brought with her three friends, none of I had ever met before.
He had a lot of friends, only a few of ____ invited to his wedding.
3. which在从句中作S或O,作O时可省略。当作介词O并将介词提前时, 不能省略。
A plane is a machine can fly.
The car my brother bought is beautiful.
This is the room Lu Xun used to live in.
This is the room in Lu Xun used to live.
4. that在从句中作S或O,作O时可以省略,但不能放在介词后面作介词O,
此时应用whom或which.
(1)指人
The old man I visited yesterday is my teacher.
(2)指物
The bag lies on the ground is hers.
5. whose是代词的所有格,可指人也可指物, 在从句中作定语,但有时只能用of which或of whom。
I saw a woman bag was stolen.
She lives in a room, the windows face south.
whose引导的定语从句
▲ 先行词在从句中作定语, 先行词既可指人也可指物
▲ whose后肯定有它所修饰的名词.
I visited the scientist ____________ name is known all over the world .
A. whose B. that C. its D. whom
四、修饰物体时关系代词that和 which的区分
(1) 只能使用that的情况:
1 当先行词即有人又有物时; ○
2 当先行词被the very, the right, the next, the only;形容词最高级、序数词所○
修饰;先行词为数词时;
3 当先行词是everything, nothing, anything, all, each, few, little, much, none, ○
the one等不定代词时;
4 当先行词被all, any, every, each, some, no, one of 等不定代词修饰时; ○
5 当先行词在主句中作表语,或关系代词在从句中作表语时; ○
6 当主句是who或which开头的疑问句时。 ○
(2) 只能使用which的情况。
1非限制性定语从句中。Mary has a book, is very precious. ○
2在介词之后。This is a house in lives an old man. ○
8. 修饰人时关系代词that 和who, whom的区分。
1.先行词是one, ones, anyone, those时,宜用who; ○
One has nothing to fear for oneself dares to say truth.
Anyone breaks the law should be punished.
2在There be开头的句字中,宜用 who; ○
are against him.
3先行词指人,且关系代词前有介词时,只用whom; ○
She is the girl with I went there.
比较She is the girl whom / who/ that I met at the party.
介词+which来代替:
e.g. I will never forget the day when/ on which I went to university.
2. He still remember the morning. / The earthquake happened on that morning.
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当先行词是表示地点的名词,用where,在定语从句中充当地点状语,这时一般可以用介词+which来代替:
e.g. 3. This is the house. / He used to live in the house.
This is the house where/ in which he used to live.
先行词是表示原因的名词,即reason,用why,在定语从句中充当原因状语,这时一般可以用for +which来代替:
e.g. 4. I don’t know the reason. / He did it for this reason.
I don’t know the reason why/ for which he did it.
六、“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句
关系代词在从句中作介词宾语时,介词常可以提前,但介词提前时,关系代词只能用
The man to whom you talk just now is a famous runner.
3. He is a library assistant. I borrowed some books from him.
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4. It is a famous school. He graduated from it 3 years ago.
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介词的确定应依据定语从句中短语的习惯性搭配,
Who is the girl with whom you just shook hands?(shake hands with…是习惯性搭配)
介词常受先行词的制约(即介词和先行词的搭配),
He built a telescope through which he could study the skies.(through which 即
through the telescope)
有一些动词短语中的介词是固定搭配,不可以拆开, (look after take care of look for)
e.g. 5. He is the student. / The teachers are looking for him.
He is the student who the teachers are looking for.
6. The number of the children is 30. / She takes care of the children.
The number of the children who she takes care of is 30.
练习:
一、根据句子意思, 填入介词加关系代词
1. The person _____ I spoke just now is the manager that I told you about.
2. Her bag, ____ she put all her books, has not been found.
3. He has written a book, the name _____ I have completely forgotten.
4. The story, ________ the film is based , is a true one.
5. I will never forget the day _______________ we first met.
6. The reason ______________ I came here is to get your help.
7. His father died in the year ____________ he was born.
8. He is unlikely to find the place ______________ he lived forty years ago.
9. Do you remember the day ______________ you joined our club?
二、单项填空
1. Do you know the reason_____________ Tom didn’t come yesterday?
A. which B. why C. who D. that
2. After living in Paris for fifty years he returned to the small town ______ he grew up as a child.
A. which B. where C. that D. when
3. Is this the reason__________ she gave for not finishing her homework yesterday?
A. why B. for which C. that D. to which
4. After the war, a new school was put up ______ there had once been a theatre.
A. that B. which C. when D. where
5. Do you know the reason ______ she got so angry yesterday?
A. why B. that C. which D. whom
6. Do you believe the reason ______ he gave for his being late?
A. why B. for which C. which D. it
7. He has got himself into a dangerous situation ______ he is likely to lose control over the plane. A. where B. which C. while D. when
8. I don’t like the way _____ you speak to her.
A. which B. / C. of which D. by which
9. The old man told us _____ the days ______ he was poor were gone.
A. that, when B. what, when C. when, that D. something, that
10. I shall never forget the day ____ Shenzhou V was launched, ____ has a great effect on my life.
A. when; which B. that; which C. which; that D. when; that
11. I walked in the garden, ___Tom and Jim were tying a big string onto one of the trees.
A. which B. when C. where D .that
12. Let's put off the picnic until next week, ______ the weather may be better.
A. as B. then C. if D. when
13. We are living in an age many things are done on computer.
A. which B. that C. whose D. when
14. Winter is the time of year _____ the days are short and nights are long.
A. that B. which C. when D. whose
15. Is there anyone in your class _____ family is in the city?
A. which B. whose C. what D. who
16. Can you suggest a time ______ we can meet?
A. which B. when C. where D. how
17. These days _____ we spent together cannot be easily forgotten.
A. that B. when C. on which D. at which
18. Nearly all the food ______ comes from animals and plants.
A. that eat B. is eaten C. we eat D. that eats
19. This is _____ I can do for you right now.
A. which B. that C. what D. as
20. I can still remember the sitting-room ___my mother and I used to sit in the evening.
A. what B. which C. that D. where
21.The letter is from my sister, ______is working in Beijing.
A. which B. that C. whom D. who
22.In our factory there are 2,000 workers, two thirds of ____are women.
A. them B. which C. whom D. who
23.You're the only person ______I've ever met ______could do it.
A. who;/ B./; whom C. whom;/ D./; who
24.I lost a book, ______I can't remember now.
A. whose title B. its title C. the title of it D. the title of that