[机械制造专业英语]教案

Unit 1 Engineering Drawing

一、New Words:

Coordinate system :The basic of all input AutoCAD is the Cartesian coordinate system, and the various method of input(absolute or relative) rely on this system.

Coordinate value ： 坐标值

Cartesian coordinate axes ：笛卡尔坐标轴

Perpendicularly ：垂直地

Projection ：投影

Orthographic projection：正投影

1.1 coordinate system

CAD = computer-aided design

Fixed: firmly in position ; stationary

Locate: vt. To determine the position of

Positive and negative :

Illustrate : to explain

Drafting : n. 制图

1.2 Types of Views

Auxiliary: 辅助视图

Detail: n. 详图；局部

Derived :取得；由来

Scaling :enlarge scale

Clarification :to make clear

Planar: tow-D drawing

Cross-section: 横截面

Datum plane: 基准面

Fig. 1-3:

Brush with spring：F 带弹簧的电刷

Handle:手柄

Needle bearing：滚针轴承

Retaining ring：挡圈

Chuck spacer: 夹头衬片

Key:销

Symmetrical ：对称的

Configuration:：结构

1.3 Multiview drawing ’s idea to other

Home work:

Page 9:

Exercise:

1. fill the blanks with a proper word according to the text.

二、Technical Reading

The following diagram shows what happens in a displacer type Stirling engine during one working cycle.

A . The power piston is in its lowest and the displacer in its highest position.

All the working gas is in the cold space.

B . The displacer is still in its highest position. But the power piston has gone

up and compressed the gas in the cold space.

C . The power piston is now in its upper position and the displacer has pushed

the gas through the cooler, the regenerator, and the heating pipes into the hot space.

D . The hot gas is being expanded, and hest energy is being transformed into

mechanical energy as the displacer and the power piston are pushed down into their lowest positions. The piston will stay there while the displacer rises and pushes the gas through the heating pipes, regenerator and cooler into the cold space__and we are back where we started.

Words:

Diagram ： 图表

Position ：位置

Stirling: 斯特林（音译）

Displacer: 置换器

Piston: 活塞

Regenerator:蓄热器

Cooler ：冷却器

Expand ：膨胀

As ：随之

hest energy：热能

mechanical energy：机械能

译文：

置换器型斯特林发动机工作循环如下所示：

A ． 置换器在最高位，动力活塞在最低位。所有的工作气体在冷空间；

B ． 置换器不动，动力活塞上升并挤压冷空间的气体；

C ． 动力活塞到达最高位，置换器下移，推动气体经过冷却器、蓄热器、和加热管进入热空间；

D ． 热气膨胀，热能转变成机械能，随之动力活塞和置换器到达最低位。 动力活塞不动，置换器上升推动气体经过加热管、蓄热器和冷却器进入冷空间——回到起点。

三、Grammar

概 论

（一）什么是翻译？

机械工程英语翻译的困难主要存在于正确理解原文的含义和用确切的汉语文句准确表达原文的含义两个方面。译者除必须是有较好的英语基础，较高的汉语修养，较为丰富的机械工程专业知识外，还必须懂得翻译的理论技巧和方法。

本课将介绍翻译机械工程英语著作的基本理论知识，技巧和方法，帮助同学们提高翻译水平和质量。

（二）英汉两种语言的对比。

1、一般特点（翻译的习惯，语序，省略）

（1）When a=0,Eq(14-1) shows that the pressure is Zero.

由式14-1可知，a=0时压力为零。（用when that 连接子句）

Eq —eq=equatier 方程式、等式

（2）It frequently happens, in the case of plane stress, that the two principal stresses ơ1 and ơ2 have the same sign.

平面应力的两个主压力ơ1和ơ2的符号往往相同。（用介词in, of和连词and 连接词（组），用that 引主语从句）

2、词汇现象。Phrase

英汉两种语言在词的意义搭配和词序等词汇现象上也存在着差别。

（1）词的意义

①英语词汇和汉语词汇在词义的对应有三种不同的情况。

First, 英汉词义对等：

如：gear teeth 齿轮轮齿

stress- strain diagram 压力—应变图

bolted connection 螺栓联接

maximum bending moment 最大弯矩

②second 英汉词义部分对应，即两者在词义所概括的范围上不同，如 gear 既可专指“齿轮”，又可泛指任何类型的“传动装置”。而 pinion 则专指“小齿轮”。

③在不同场合下，同一汉语采用不同英语词汇。

“特性”一词举例。

(1) In fact, many motors do have a nearly constant torque-speed characteristic during starting.

Characteristic: 特性，特征

Behavior : 机器的运转状态，性能

Constant : 固定的，不变的，常量。

事实上，许多电动机在启动时的扭矩—转运特性几乎不变。

（2）Tolerances cover dimensional variation and sunface-roughness range and also the variation in mechanical properties resulting from heat treatment and other processing operations.

公差这个概念包括尺寸偏差范围和表面粗糙度范围，也包括由热处理和其它处理操作所引起的机械特性的变化。

(3) These cams perform such important function in many cases that the behavior of the entire machine is dependent upon the design of the cam motion.

这些凸轮起着相当重要的作用，在许多情况下，整台机器的特性都取决于凸轮运动的设计。

④The thind

一个英语词所表达的意义与几个具有不同的词义的汉语词分别对应： Shaft 轴、箭、长柄、树干；

Power 电源、功率、动力、乘方、国家；

Cutter 刀具、锐刀、刀盘、切断机；

Shaping 刨削、成形；

Joint 接头、轴节、联接；

⑤此外，英词还有些尚无确定的译法，主要指新词，如aerospace 一词。 Aerospace “航空宇宙”----“航空公司”----“宇宙空间”------“航天” Hydraulic motor ： “液压电机”-----“液压马达”

（2） 词的搭配

由于思维方式和语言形成过程的不同，英汉在同一搭配上存在着较大的差别，这种差别主要表现在a. 和 n / v和n 的搭配上

如 build 原义“建造” “建设” “构造” “造型”

而当build 与不同的n. 搭配时，应有不同的译法。

Build a house 盖房 Build a car 制造汽车

Build a ship 造船 Build a railway 修筑铁路

Build a bridge 架桥 Build a dam 筑坝

Build a fire 生火

Heavy 沉重的 ，重型的 ，重的，大量的。

Heavy load 重载 heavy storm 大风暴

Heavy machine 重型机械 heavy crops 丰收

Heavy current 强电流 heavy task 繁重的任务

Heavy wire 粗浅 heavy traffic 拥挤的交通

Heavy fire 强烈的炮火

Unit 2 Mechanical Components

一、New words :

2.1 Shafts

solid shaft: 实心轴

flexible shaft: 柔性轴

cylindrical:圆柱形的

bar:棒

deliver:传递

arrangement:安装、装配

radii ： pl . radius 半径

plain transmission:普通的传送装置

stepped shaft:阶梯轴

machine tool spindle:机床主轴

crankshaft:机轴

circlips:开口簧环

woodruff key：半圆键

2.2 shaft accessories

square ：正方形

sunken:下陷的

rectangular:矩形的

ratio:比例

2.3 Clutches

coaxial: 同轴的

positive drive:强制传动

2.4 Screws

fastener: 紧固件

cap screw:有头螺钉

2.5 Springs

load-sensitive:负载敏感（元件）

Home work:

Page 22:

Exercise:

1. fill the blanks with a proper word according to the text.

二、Technical Reading

FUTURE WATCH

IN THE 1930s, the famous cartoon detective Dick Tracy used his then-fantastic ＂wrist whatchamacallit＂ to make telephone calls. Now European electronics giants Philips and British Telecom are developing wrist devices Dick Tracy would envy : They would combine such features as video phone, TV and radio reception, clock, electronic notebook, and a personal computer with wireless access to the internet’s World Wide Web.

The basic technologies to make＂ wrist communicators＂ exist today, says Philips, though the Dutch company says it likely won’t create an operational model until at least the year 2003. The components, including batteries , must be miniaturized .While an early nonworking prototype demonstrates buttons for operation, Philips says that voice-recognition technology and an interactive screen might replace tough control. Philips also envisions the wireless connection to the World Wide Web for graphics and video images.

Researchers at BT (British Telecom) Laboratories in Martlesham Heath, England ,have taken their version of the idea a step further. The lab has been displaying a working prototype in Britain to potential equipment manufactures. The somewhat bulky communications console includes cellular telephone , video phone ,fax, computer, clock, and batteries, and encircles most of a person s forearm.

Words ：

Cartoon ：卡通

Whatchamacallit = what do you call it 某它，叫不出名子的东西

Detective ： 侦探

Fantastic ： 奇异的

British Telecom：英国电信公司

Combine ：组合

Feature ：特性

Access to： 进网

World Wide Web：全球信息网

Minaturize ： 微型化

Dutch ：荷兰

Prototype ：原型机

Laboratory ：实验室

Graphic ： 扫描

Bulky ： 容量

Cellular ： 蜂窝状

Fax ：传真

Encircle ：缠绕

译文：

在本世紀30年代，著名的卡通人物侦探迪克. 雷西用来打电话的是他当时带的一块非常奇异的叫不出名字的手表。如今，欧洲电子业巨头菲利普先生和英國電信公司正在研製連迪克. 特雷西也会嫉妒的手表：他们将把可视电话、电视、收音机、时钟、电子记事簿以及能与全球互联网络的个人电脑组合在一起。

菲利普公司称，制造腕式通信器的基本技术如今已具备，但这家荷兰公司表示他们说不定得到2003年才能制造出可操作的样机，其包括电池在内的零部件必须微型化，虽然早一代非实用原型机是用按钮操作来演示的，但菲利普公司认为声音识别技术和可互视的屏幕有可能 取代触摸控制。该公司还设想在扫描与可视图象方面同全球互联网络 。

设在英格兰马特利香西思的英国通信公司的实验室的研究人员，已把这设想先行了一步，该实验室已向英国未来的设备制造商展示了一个可工作样机，这个容量颇大的通信控制器包括了蜂窝电话、可视电话、传真、电脑、时钟和电池等，戴时满绕使用者的大部分前臂。

三、Grammar

（3）词序

词语的各个成分在句中的位置叫“词序”。

1）共同点：就自然词序而言，主语、表语、宾语。

许多英语可直译成汉语 如：

（1）The rim must have sufficient rigidity.

轮缘必须有足够的刚度。 （主）

（2）The tension rod shown in Fig .2-12 is typical .

图2-12 所示的拉杆是典型的。 （表）

（3）These two constants represent fundamental properties of material.

这两个常数表示材料的基本性能。（宾）

2）不同点：在定语和状语的词序上差别很大。

在英语句子中，若定语是一个单词，则置前。若是一个短语，则置后。 在汉语中，定语一律置前。

地点和时间状语正好相反。

汉语：由大—小，年月日（汉） 02.3.1.中国. 上海.

英语：由小—大，10/3/05（英）ShangHai of China.

年--用基数词，日--用序数词

1999/7/23 July 23,1999

读：July(the) twenty-third, nineteen ninety-nine.

1905—nineteen hundred and five

1800—eighteen hundred

2005—twenty hundred and five

Unit 3 Control Devices and PLC

一、New words

3.1 Types of Control Devices

pneumatic control:气动控制

programmable logic control(PLC):可编程逻辑控制

governor:调速器

cost effectively:有效的，经济的

Automated machine：自动机床

Be subject to:易于……

It uses compressed air, valves, and switches to construct simple control logic.

利用压缩空气、阀和开关构成简单的控制逻辑。

Build:造

Relays, timers, counter :继电器、定时器、计数器

Moving:移动的

Versatile:通用的；多功能的

Strategy:策略

Computation:计算量 n

Interface:联系装置；接口

Internally:内部的

Voltage:电压；伏特数 volts:伏特

milliamper=milliampere：毫安（培）

Filter out：滤除

Custom-built ：定做的

3.2 Relay device components

panel:控制板

circuit:电路

styles:款式

category:种类

pole: 极；杆；极点；电极

proximity ：接近，邻近

level switches：电位开关

thumbwheel switches：拨轮开关 thumb wheel switch: 拇指旋转开关

slide switches：挡位开关

Home work:

Page 32:

Exercises:

1. Answer the following questions briefly.

(1) ~ (4)

2. Translate the following sentences into Chines.

(1) ~ (3)

二、Technical Reading

THE NEW FORD CAR

FORD’S LATEST concept car gives shape to the ideas being explored by the New Generation Vehicle Program-the effort by a U.S. consortium to develop the so-called “ super car”. The goal is to create an 80-mpg, full-size affordable family sedan and make it available in the coming decade.

The car is called Synergy 2010. It’s aluminum body saves some 400 pounds over a comparable-size steel body, bringing curb weight down to about 2,200 pounds. The car’s low profile and aerodynamic “fences” (vertical fenders) reflect the need to cut drag to about one-third that of today’s sedans.

Power comes from a direct-injection diesel turbo alternator, which uses a flywheel to store energy for acceleration. Electric current produced by the system powers a separate electric motor in each wheel hub, while regenerative braking recharges the flywheel during

Deceleration. The flywheel-based hybrid drive concept has been under investigation for decades, even at Ford, but problems remain with building a production flywheel system. Likewise the wheel-in-hub motors, which are easy to package but present safety problems in the event of a single-motor failure.

The design comes with a layered glass roof. To avoid turning the car into a hot-house, solar-powered cooling fans pull in cooler outside air and exhaust interior air. Another unusual feature is a turn-over steering column that converts to right-hand drive without modification. Many interior controls respond to a new voice-activation system that operates without initial “training”. The development of a prototype that’s ready for the road is still several years away, Ford says.

New words:

Latest ：最新的 shape ：体现

the event of：万一 come up with ：提出

Consortium ：联营企业 Affordable ： 负担得起的

Sedan 轿车 mpg = miles per gallon

Synergy ：协和 comparable-size ： 类似大小的

curb ：控制；约束 profile ：外观；外形

aerodynamic ： 气动的 fender ：护板

drag ： 阻力 direct-injection ：直接喷射的

diesel ：柴油引擎 turbo alternator： 气轮交流发电机 regenerative braking ：恢复式刹车

recharge ： 再充电 hybrid ：复合式

exhaust ：排出 turn-over ：翻转式 steering column ：操纵杆 voice-activation ：：话音激活 respond to 对….. 有反应 flywheel-based ：以飞轮为基础的 away ：尚由……. 时间

译文：

福特汽车公司最新设计的汽车，给“新一代汽车研究计划”正在探索的各种设想赋予了具体的形象。该计划是一家美国联营企业为研制所谓“超级轿车”而制定的，其目标在于创制一种每加仑油可行驶80英里、大小可供家庭使用的轿车，拟在未来10年里投入使用。

这种汽车名叫协和2010。其铝制车身较类似的钢制车身重量减轻了400磅左右，从而使控制重量减至大约2200磅。这种车较低的外形和气动“栅栏” （纵向防护装置）可将阻力减少到现有轿车的大约1/3。

动力来自一台直接喷射柴油涡轮交流发电机，它用飞轮来储备供加速用的能量。用这个系统所产生的电流带动每个轮毂上分别安装的电力发动机，在减速时恢复式刹车给飞轮再次充电。甚至在福特公司，这种以飞轮为基础的复合式驱动思想也已经研究了几十年，但是建造一个生产飞轮的系统仍然存在着问题。而且，轮毂内的发动机易于组装，但万一单个发动机发生鼓掌就会出现安全问题。

这种设想提出一种分层的玻璃顶棚，为了避免把汽车变成一间温室，太阳能风扇吸入车外的清凉空气，排出车内的空气。另一个与众不同的特点是一个翻转式的操纵杆，无须改动即可转为右座驾驶。车内许多控制装置由一种新型的话音激活系统控制，无须初步训练即可操作。福特公司说，研制这种可供上路的样车还需几年时间。

三、Grammar

机械工程英语的特点

1．陈述句型多

句子的谓语动词多数采用一般现在时态

1）The maximum stresses occur at the inner surface 最大应力发生在内表面

2）The same equation and assumptions hold for simple compression.

该假定和方程也同样适用于简单压缩的情况

3）The total mass of the beam is pl, where p is the mass per unit length.

梁的全部质量是pl, 其中p 是单位长度的質量。

2．被动语态多

1) This problem can also be solved using the vector method. 这个问题也可利用矢量法求解

2) Here a tension load F is applied through pins at the ends of the bar.

此时，拉伸载荷F 是通过杆件两端的销子施加的

3. 省略表达多

1) use of the equation τ=f/a for a body, say a bolt ,in shear assumes a uniform stress distribution too.

公式τ=f/a 应用于承受剪切应力的物体（如螺栓）时，同样假定应力是均布的

τ=f/a读：τ equal to F divided A

2) In the above equation positive stresses indicate tension and negative stresses compression

上述各个公式中，正应力表示拉应力，负应力表示压应力

省略了 indicate 和状语 in the above equation

4. 复杂长句多

Unit 4 NC and CNC

一、 New words:

4.1 The history of NC and CNC development

NC = Numerical control数字控制

CNC = Computer Numerical control计算机数字控制

Execute ：执行

Automatically ：自动的

In sequence：按顺序

As specified:指定的

Contain: 包含

Propose:提出 propose to 向„„求婚

Michigan:密西根州

Recommend:提出；推荐

Thru-axis curve:过轴曲线 thru = through 美式口语

Award ：授予；给予

Contract ：契约；合同

Speed up:加速

Production:产量，生产，产品，生产量

Commission:委托

Massachusetts institute of technology (M.I.T.)麻省理工学院 Massachusetts ：美国马萨诸塞州

Implementation:实施

Perforate:打孔

Mature:成熟的

Powerful:强大的

Microprocessors 微处理机

Supervision:管理；监督

Punch:达孔

Execution:执行

4.2 The application of NC/CNC

Introduction ： 引进

Punches: pl.冲压机；冲床

Electrical discharge machine = EDM:电火花加工机床

discharge ；放电

Flame cutter:火焰切割机床；线切割机床

Grinder:磨床

inspection :检验

turret:转动架

accept:接受

magazine::期刊；盒；仓库

swiveled; 转动

changer:转换器

OD = outside diameter; outside dimension

Tailstock:尾座

Interchange:互换

Traveling column:可动柱

Pallet ：托板

Index table:索引表

Home work:

Page 44:

Exercises:

1. Fill in the blank according to the text.

(1) ~ (3)

2. Answer the following questions briefly.

(1) ~ (2)

3. Say whether the following statements are true (T) or false (F) according to the

text.

(1)~ (3)

4.Translate the following sentences into Chines.

(1) ~ (2)

5.Translate the following phrases into English.

(1) ~ (6)

二、 Technical Reading

Machines That Mimic Man

Man has always used augmenters to increase the powers which nature endowed him. A simple stick, made into a lever to extend his reach and enable him to move heavy objects, may have been his first machine. Slingshots helped him kill food animals that were at greater distances. The wheel eased his movement and his burdens over the ground. But those were simple augmenters for simple tasks. Man has made his world much more complex. With the rapid development of s cience and technology, man’s augmenters have become much more sophisticated. They are designed not only to do the work of man, but also to do it in much the same way a man would.

Some simply amplify the muscular power of their human operators. The “walking truck” being constructed, for example, is a large device that might better be called a walking horse. A man sits inside, moving his arms and legs to make the “horse” move its own four legs and carry far greater loads than the operator could. Another man, wearing a movable mechanical and electrical framework, lifts 1,500 pounds six feet in six seconds.

Other machines link a man to a computer and the computer to a work device. Thanks to the computer, the man does not need to guide the device through each ste p. The computer ’remembers’ how to direct the arms of the machine by itself through many work steps.

Still other mimicking machines go where man cannot-into the ocean depths and into nuclear reactors where radiation would cause a human operator to become sick or to die.

Augmenters that extend man’s mental and physical skills over long distances-but still require man’s remote control - are called “tele-operators”. Someday doctors may use such systems to operate on patients thousands of miles away.

With machines and robots becoming more and more sophisticated, will they someday take over the world from man? Most scientists don’t think so. Instead, they say, robots will take over more of man’s heavy work, giving man more time for creative work.

New words:

Augmentor （作人类替身从事危险工作的）替身机器人或机械手：辅助器械 Endow 赋予 Stick 棍子

Lever 杠杆 Reach 可即之范围 Task 工作 Mimic 模拟

Sophisticate 复杂的 Amplify 扩大

Slingshot 弹弓 Remote 远程的

Take over 接管 Construct 制造；建造；构成 Framework 机构；构造 Mile 英里

Tele- 远距离 Tele-operator 远程操作

译文：

模拟人的机器

人类一直利用辅助器械来增强大自然所赋予的力量，用一根普通的棍子来扩大手臂可及之范围，或者移动重物，这可能是最早的机器了。弹弓可以帮助人们猎食远处的动物。轮子使人便于在地上行走并减轻负担。但这些都是用于做简单工作的简易装置。人们让世界变得越来越复杂了。随着科技的迅猛发展，人类的辅助器械也越来越复杂，设计这些装置不仅是为了让他们做人的工作，而且要让他们和人一样的工作。

有些器械只是加强操作者肌肉的力量。例如：正在建造的“步行车”就是一个大型的装置，更恰当些说可称之为“步行马”，人坐其中，运动它的臂和腿，使“马”移动它的四条腿，搬运的载荷远远超过人力所及。再有，一个人穿上一种可动的机电装置，在6秒钟内可将1500磅的重物提高6英尺。

还有一种机器可将人、计算机和工作设备联系起来。幸亏有了计算机，人类不必亲临指导设备做每一个步骤，计算机“记得”如何指挥机械手做很多工作。

还有一些模拟机可以到达人所不能到的地方，深入深海、进入放射线强度可使人患病甚至致死的核反应堆。

被称为“远程操作”的装置可增强人的智能和体能，仍需要人远程控制。有朝一日，医生可以利用这种系统为数千里外的病人作手术。

随着机器和机器人变的越来越复杂化，他们是否有一天会取代人类来掌管这个世界？大部分科学家认为不会。相反的，他们认为，机器人会接管更多的繁重任务，给人类更多的时间进行创造性工作。

三、 Grammar

翻译的标准和过程

1．准确

科技用语必须符合我国科技界的习惯、规范和约定。译文叙述的内容要准确、明白、无歧义。

1）On the other hand , a material which obeys Hooke’s Law is elastic.

反之，凡是符合胡克定律的材料就是弹性材料。（增词译法）

注释：

不定冠词a 在举例中含有“任何一种”的意义，因此，在译句中增译“凡是”一词。

增译“材料”是为了符合汉语的习惯

增译“就”是为了加强肯定语气

2）The portion of the tooth between the clearance circle and the dedendum circle is the fillet.

齿廓在间隙圆和齿根圆之间的那一部分是圆角

将tooth 译为 齿廓是符合技术概念—引申译法

2．通顺

指符合汉语的修辞规则和习惯

要注意的问题：

1） 译句中各个语法成分的排列顺序和相互关系要符合汉语的习惯

2） 句子之间要有呼应和关联

3） 恰当体现原句之时态，语态，情态，和语气

(1) The constants are found by solving these two equations simultaneously

将两个方程联合求解，则可求出上述两个常数

find—求出（引申译法）

constants —两个常数（增词译法）依据方程组求解知识，增译“则可”是为了前后呼应的需要，同时全句采用了“变序译法”

(2) The assumption of a uniform distribution of stress is frequently made in design 在设计中，常常采用应力均布的假定

(3)In a closed cylinder a longitudinal stress will exist because of the pressure upon the ends of the vessel.

由于压力作用于容器的两端，故在封闭圆筒上，将产生纵向应力。

3．简练

1）What a straight bar is subjected to a tensile load, the bar becomes longer.

直杆受拉，则伸长

翻译过程分为三个阶段 ： 理解—表达—校核。

Unit 5 Safety and Maintenance For CNC Machine

New words:

5.1 safety notes for CNC machine operations

concern:关注

metal-cutting:金属切削

automated:自动化的

consequently:因此；必然的

hazard:危险

locate:找出；探出

personnel:员工

prevent:预防

injury:伤害

damage:损害

clamping:夹具

carousel:旋转木马；转盘

conjunction: 连接

collision: 冲突；抵触；碰撞

hazardous: a, 有危险的，冒险的

unqualified ：不合格的，不满足要求的

proven ：被证明的

6.2 Daily maintenance

machine tool builder:机床厂

glove:手套

glove compartment:工具袋

syntax:句法

hook:爪子

insert:插入

6.3 Fault diagnosis and action

chip:铁屑

dull blade:钝的

movable table:活动工作台

block:滑块；程序段

clog:障碍

ambient:环境的；外界的

home work:

pages 65

exercise:

1、 Give short answers according to the text.

2、 Translate the following sentence from English into Chinese.

二、Technical Reading

WAYS TO WATCH YOUR REAR END

_______ A system has been

developed to help drivers see what is happening at the back of their vehicles.

Articulated truck drivers have long had problems with blind spots when driving their vehicles. These have gradually been overcome with the introduction of wide angle and roof mirrors which have made major contributions to the safe operation of these commercial vehicles.

Pedestrians or objects, which were previously hidden from view, can now be seen at a glance, allowing the driver to take timely action. Unfortunately, many pedestrians and cyclists are still involved in accidents by moving too close to commercial vehicles. Often this occurs when trucks negotiate narrow bends, turn right or left at crossing, and in particular when reversing.

In such situations the trailer when in an oblique position relative to the tractor obscures the field of vision provided by the rear view mirror. Especially on the co-driver ’s side the driver is unable to see the end of the trailer. The driver is therefore unaware if the trailer moves over the pavement, or if pedestrians, careless cyclists, or anything else is in the danger zone.

One solution could be the manual adjustment of the rear view mirror, but this is unrealistic due to the minimal time available. In order to overcome these safety concerns MEKRA Lang has developed self-adjusting mirrors, which adjust automatically and facilitate permanent eye contact to the end of the trailer. The advantages offered are that the field of vision is always directed towards the danger zone; and there is no distraction for the driver having to make mirror adjustments manually.

The system, which requires a 12 or 24V supply, is integrated in the mirror, and calculates the angle of the trailer by the movement of the vehicle. The required position of the mirror glass will be calculated and adjusted accordingly. The length of the trailer plays a secondary role, due to the fact that an average length is presupposed provided with a certain range of tolerance.

The adjustment of the mirror glass is carried out with variable speed, preventing the mirror from jumping. The self-adjustment is preprogrammed for forward movement but can also be set for reversing. During tight maneuvers it is imperative that the driver can see his trailer. In this situation, the system can be switched automatically to the wide-angle mirror. Control of the self-adjusting mirror is blocked when higher vehicle speeds are reached to prevent driver irritation.

New words:

Pedestrian:行人

Cyclist:骑自行车的人

Take action:采取行动

Timely:及时地

Negotiate:通过

Concern:厉害关系

Supply:电源；供电；供给

Ways to:~的方法

Rear end:后部

Vehicle:机动车

Articulated truck:铰接式卡车

wide angle and roof mirrors:广角镜

at a glance:一瞥

particular:特别的

reversing:换向；倒车

trailer:拖车；挂车

oblique:倾斜的

tractor:牵引车

obscure:遮掩；模糊的

facilitate:便利的

distraction:分心

presupposed provided:预先假定的

tolerance:公差；允许差

maneuver:调动

irritation:刺激；刺激物

译文：

三、Grammar

翻译的基本方法

（一）词的选择

同一个单词会有不同的译法，根据所用场合选择适当的词意，有时不仅是译成同性词。

1、根据词类判断词义

（1）Referring to the stress element in Fig. 2-3, a face is defined as positive if an outer normal to that face points in the same direction as one of the coordinate axes.

如图2－3所示，若应力单元体上某个面的外法线与某一坐标轴的指向相同，则规定该面为正面。

注释：在本例中，英语原句中的point 是动词，词义是“指向”，译时为汉语名词。 Face ：主语---“面”

Normal 名词，为状语从句的主语，词义：法线

（2）This is point b in Fig. 11-10.

此即为图11－10中的b 点。

Point ：(名词) 点

2、根据学科，专业判断词义

如power 的译法.

Power brake 自动制动器 power feed 自动进给

Power lathe 普通车床 power operation 机械操作

Power stroke 工作行程 power tool 电动工具

Power shaft 传动轴 power machine 动力机械

rated power 额定工率 power source 电源

power fuel 发动机燃料

power unit 动力头 电源设备 执行结构 功率单位

又如washer 洗衣机 垫圈

3、根据搭配判断词义

关于“开”的英译

to open the bottle 开瓶子

to drive a car 开车

to turn on the light 开灯

to fire a gun 开炮

to have a meeting 开会

（二）词义的引伸

当英语句子中的某个词按词典的释义直接译出不能符合汉语的修辞习惯或语言规范时，则可以在不脱离该英语词本义的前提下灵活选择适当的汉语译出，这种翻译处理方法叫做引伸译法，可分三种类型：

1、 技术性引伸

其目的主要是使文中所涉及科学技术概念的词语的译名符合我国科学界和机械 界的语言规范和习惯。

（1）The face-to-face mounting, called DF, will take heave radial loads and thrust loads from either direction.

面对面安装方法称为DF 安装法，这种安装法可以承受较大的径向载荷和任何方向的轴向推力载荷。

Take 原义接受；获得，在此引伸译为“承受”

2、 修辞性引伸

目的完全是为了使译句的语言比较流畅，文句比较通顺

（1）Three different shear stressed exist, the largest of these is τ.

存在着三个大小不同的剪应力，其中最大的一个是τ。

（2）This machine is simple is design, yet it is efficient in operation.

这台机器的结构简单，但工作效率很高。

3、 具体化引伸

当在英语句子中采用含义比较笼统，抽象的词，而生硬译出会造成概念不清，或用词不符合汉语的习惯时，译文中可以选用比较具体的词译出。

如：Some new cars are fuel-efficient models.

某些新型汽车是省油汽车。

fuel-efficient models：原意为“燃料有效模型”

（三）增词

增词的目的在于更完善，清楚地表达英语句子所阐述的内容。

1. 补译原文省略词语

Cost may or not be the primary factor in system design.

在系统设计中，成本可能是主要因素，也可能不是主要因素。

In any case check up this data of the experiment as you did your own.

你无论如何要核对一下他的实验数据，就像你核对自己的数据那样。

（主句省略了主语you, 从句以did 代替主句出现的动词check ，own 之后省略data of the experiment ）

2. 补充动作意义的词语

补充含有动作意义的汉语名词如“现象”，“作用”，“过程”，“效应”，“方法”，“工艺”等。