议论文的框架

议论文的框架

(1) 不同观点列举型( 选择型 )

There is a widespread concern over the issue that __作文题目_____. But it is well known that the opinion concerning this hot topic varies from person to person.

A majority of people think that _ 观点一________. In their views there are 2 factors contributing to this attitude as follows: in the first place, ___原因一

_______.Furthermore, in the second place, ___原因二_____. So it goes without saying that ___观点一_____.

People, however, differ in their opinions on this matter. Some

people hold the idea that ___观点二_______. In their point of view, on the one hand， ___原因一_______. On the other hand, ____原因二_____. Therefore, there is no doubt that ___观点二______.

As far as I am concerned, I firmly support the view that __观点一或二______. It is not only because ________, but also because _________. The more _______, the more ________.

(2)利弊型的议论文

Nowadays, there is a widespread concern over (the issue that)___作文题目______. In fact, there are both advantages and disadvantages in __题目议题_____. Generally speaking, it is widely believed there are several positive aspects as follows. Firstly, ___优点一______. And secondly ___优点二_____.

Just As a popular saying goes, "every coin has two sides", __讨论议题______ is no exception, and in another word, it still has negative aspects. To begin with, ___缺点一______. In addition, ____缺点二______.

To sum up, we should try to bring the advantages of __讨论议题____ into full play, and reduce the disadvantages to the minimum at the same time. In that case, we will definitely make a better use of the ____讨论议题___.

( 3 ) 答题性议论文

Currently, there is a widespread concern over (the issue that)__作文题目

_______ .It is really an important concern to every one of us. As a result, we must spare no efforts to take some measures to solve this problem.

As we know that there are many steps which can be taken to undo this problem. First of all, __途径一______. In addition, another way contributing to success of the solving problem is ___途径二_____.

Above all, to solve the problem of ___作文题目______, we should find a number of various ways. But as far as I am concerned, I would prefer to solve the problem in this way, that is to say, ____方法_____.

( 4 ) 谚语警句性议论文

It is well know to us that the proverb: " ___谚语_______" has a profound significance and value not only in our job but also in our study. It means ____谚语的含义_______. The saying can be illustrated through a series of examples as follows. ( also theoretically )

A case in point is ___例子一______. Therefore, it is goes without saying that it is of great of importance to practice the proverb ____谚语_____.

With the rapid development of science and technology in China, an increasing number of people come to realize that it is also of practical use to stick to the saying: ____谚语_____. The more we are aware of the significance of this famous saying, the more benefits we will get in our daily study and job..

图表作文的框架

as is shown/indicated/illustrated by the figure/percentage in the

table(graph/picture/pie/chart), ___作文题目的议题_____ has been on rise/ decrease (goesup/increases/drops/decreases),significantly/dramatically/steadily

rising/decreasing from______ in _______ to ______ in _____. From the sharp/marked decline/ rise in the chart, it goes without saying that ________.

There are at least two good reasons accounting for ______. On the one hand, ________. On the other hand, _______ is due to the fact that ________. In addition, ________ is responsible for _______. Maybe there

are some other reasons to show ________. But it is generally believed that the above mentioned reasons are commonly convincing.

As far as I am concerned, I hold the point of view that _______. I am sure my opinion is both sound and well-grounded.

实用性写作(申请信 )

Your address

Month, Date, year

Receiver's address

Dear ...,

I am extremely pleased to hear from you./ to see your advertisement for the position in .... And I would like to write a letter to tell you that.../ I am confident that I am suitable for the kind of the job you are advertising.

.../ I feel I am competent to meet the requirements you have listed. On the one hand, .... On the other hand, .... I am enclosing my resume for your kind consideration and reference.

I shall be much obliged if you will offer me a precious opportunity to an interview. I will greatly appreciate a response from you at your earliest

convenience/ I am looking forward to your replies at your earliest convenience. Best regards for your health and success.

Sincerely yours,

X X X

一、议论性作文

开始段：总述。(两三句话)

Nowadays, there is a widespread concern over (the issue that)…

（目前，……引起了广泛的关注。）

There is no denying that… （不可否认，……）

It is universally acknowledged that … （……是大家所公认的。）

be closely related to（与……息息相关）

Pose a great threat to … （对...造成一大威胁）

It goes without saying that… （毫无疑问，……）

There are at least two good reasons accounting for …

（至少有两个原因能解释这个现象）

中间段(分两种情况)：

（1）解释产生这种现象的原因或意义，并做出一定分析。

There are at least two good reasons accounting for __. On the one hand, __. On the other hand, __ is due to the fact that __. In addition, __ is responsible for __.Maybe there are some other reasons to show __.But it is generally believed that the above mentioned reasons are commonly convincing.

（2）描述不同人群的观点

It is well known that the opinion concerning this hot topic varies from person to person. A majority of people think that _ 观点一__. In their views there are two factors contributing to this attitude as follows: in the first place, ___原因一___.Furthermore, in the second place, ___原因二___. So it goes without saying that __观点一__.

People, however, differ in their opinions on this matter. Some people hold the idea that __观点二__. In their point of view, on the one hand， __原因一__. On the other hand, __原因二__. Therefore, there is no doubt that __观点二__.

结尾段：提出建议或总结观点或表明态度。（三四句话）

As far as I am concerned, I hold the point of view that __. Only by this way/doing so can we

二、漫画作文

开始段：介绍漫画。(两三句话)

From the picture we can see…/ As is shown/ indicated in the picture, 漫画内容. The picture does mirror a common social phenomenon and is really thought-provoking.

中间段：解释产生这种现象的原因或意义，并做出一定分析。

The purpose of this picture is to show us that…/The picture probably tells us that…

The implied meaning of the picture should be taken into account/consideration seriously.

（该段与议论性作文中间段第一种情况相同）There are at least two good reasons accounting for __. On the one hand, __. On the other hand, __ is due to the fact that __.In addition, __ is responsible for __.Maybe there are some other reasons to show __.But it is generally believed that the above mentioned reasons are commonly convincing.

结尾段：提出建议或总结观点或表明态度。（三四句话）

As far as I am concerned, I hold the point of view that __. Only by this way can we. / On no account can we __.

三、图表作文

开头段等同与漫画作文，也可借用议论性作文

(pie chart饼图 /bar chart柱形图)

中间段等同与议论性作文。第一种情况时候可借鉴漫画作文中给与的一些句子。 结尾段与前两者类似。

作文须知：

避免低级错误（动词的使用、30% of the students、there be结构句式） 有效连接（注意连接词的使用，例如：in addition, besides, furthermore,

moreover, in fact, after all, on the other hand, to be honest, in contrast, that is, that is to say, in other words,等等）

句式复杂（长短句搭配使用，尽量使用各类从句，强调句，倒装句虚拟语气等。

比如，文章结尾Only by this way can we要实现的目标.）

语言地道（切忌生硬的将中文翻译成英文，用英语思考）

卷面整洁

一些有用的连接词

（1）表选择关系或对等关系的连接词：either…or…，neither…nor, or, as well as…, and, both…and…。

（2）表因果关系或对等关系的连接词：therefore, so, as a result, as the result of …，because of, due to …,owing to, thanks to等。

（3）表时间顺序的连接词：the moment, as soon as, at first, then, later, meanwhile, at the beginning, in the end, before long, for the first（second…）time, the minute等。

（4）表转折关系的连接词：yet, and yet, but , while, on the contrary, on the other hand, however, at the same time（然而）等。

（5）表解释说明的连接词：that is, that is to say, in other words, such as, for instance, and so on, etc. and the like等。

（6）表递进关系的连接词：not only…but (also), what’s more, what's worse, besides, in addition, worse still, moreover, above all等。

（7）表示总结的连接词：in a word, on the whole, in short, briefly, in brief, to sum up, in all, to conclude, in conclusion,等。

（8）表示让步的连接词：though/although, in spite of, even if/ even though, no matter+疑问句,whatever/however/whoever

怎样写好英语图表分析作文

纵观近几年高考，英语书面表达大致分为材料作文、图表作文和开放作文。且材料作文逐渐被图表作文取代，图表分析作文就是将数据、图像所包含的信息，转化为表意的说明文字。图表分析作文通常比较复杂，学生不仅要弄清提示，还要看懂所给的图表和数据。由于这类试题提示内容少，信息点分散，审题时一定要领会作者的出题意图，弄清主题再动笔：1.单纯描述解释图表信息，按图表所示内容如实表达，不加评论。2.通过叙述图表(或图画)中的内容和数字变化来分析原因，发表议论。

(一) 柱状图(BAR CHART)

人们日常生活中事物的变化情况通常可以用宽度相等的柱状图形来表示，柱状图的高度差别用来说明事物的动态发展趋势，同时要注意图例说明和坐标刻度所提示的信息。

例：你们班会的讨论主题是“上大学是高中生唯一的出路吗？”请你根据下面图表及汉语提示，写一篇短文，并阐述你的个人观点。

提示：1.增长学识，提高素养，利于择业。

2.成功的路不只一条。

3.学费高，就业难。

要求：1.词数：100～120左右。

2.开头语已为你写好(不计入词数)。

3.参考词汇： tuition n.学费 qualities n.素养

【解题分析】

柱状图是高中英语课本中常见的图形，要求学生通过柱状图图中数据和提示内容写一短文，属于比较、对照类。也可根据提示写为议论文。通常我们采取三段式写法：

第一段：描述图表，得出结论。

第二段：紧扣主题，根据图表比较分析原因，论证结论。

第三段：发表议论，提出自己的看法。

【提炼要点】

分析柱状图数据信息。从图中可看出，黑色代表想上大学，占大多数，约60%；浅黑色代表无所谓，占约30%；白色代表不想上大学，占约10%。

One possible version

Is It The Only Way Out To Go To College？ The majority of us consider it very necessary to go to college.They think it can widen their knowledge and improve their qualities.Only in this way can they find better jobs after graduation.Very few students， that is about ten percent of the students， think it no use going university， because the tuition is too high for their family to afford.What's more， it's rather hard for college graduates to seek satisfactory jobs.Thirty percent of the students， however， believe “All roads lead to Rome.” Therefore it doesn't make any difference whether they go to college or not.

In my opinion， we can receive a better education at college so that we can serve our motherland.

【语言亮点】

①词汇。如：consider，widen，afford，seek，satisfactory。

②句式。如：形式宾语：The majority of us consider it very necessary to go to college. 倒装：Only in this way can they find better jobs after graduation.

主语从句：it's rather hard for college graduates to seek satisfactory jobs.

谚语：All roads lead to Rome.

③过渡词。如：that is about ten percent of the students，what's more， however， in my opinion。

【技巧点拨】

1.读懂柱状图坐标刻线及图例说明与文字，比较柱状高低和颜色表示内容及数据。

2.学会看趋势、找规律，从整体看图表有何发展变化，找出特点、规律。

3.引用图表包含信息，使你的文章“由图而发”，言之有据。

【常用句式】

1. As can be seen from the chart，... As is shown in the chart，...

2. The chart shows that about 60 percent of students want to go to college...

3. From the graph/data/results/information above， it can be seen/concluded/shown /estimated...

4.The graph shows the changes in the number of...over the period from...to...

5.Compared with...，the number of the students of...

实战演练

观察下列图表，请以“Changes in the Ownership of House”为主题，为校报写一篇短文。

注意：短文应包括以下内容：

1.根据图示描述该市住房产权的变化。

2.分析产生这些变化的原因。

3.说明这些变化对个人和社会产生的影响。

要求：1.首句已经为你写好。

2.词数100左右。

One possible version

Ownership of Houses in a Big City in China

， 75 percent of the houses were stateowned. Five years later， the rate of stateowned houses to private ones was 3 to 2. But from then on， the ownership of houses changed rapidly and so far 80 percent of houses have been private.

What caused the changes？ There might have been two main reasons. First， from 1995 up to now， the people's living standards have been improving. Most of them can afford to buy the houses. Second， most people do not save a lot of money in the bank for their children as their parents did in the past. They want to have their own home and enjoy life.

Such changes have had a great effect on the development of society. It does good to

both the citizens and the government.

真题体验

(2006湖北)受某英文报的委托，你最近对高中生的英语阅读兴趣做了一次调查。请根据以下信息，用英语为该报写一篇100词左右的短文。短文的标题及首句已为你写好。

调查内容：在新闻、故事、科普、学习方法四种英文文章中，学生最喜欢哪一种 调查范围：湖北省的10所中学

调查对象：高中生

调查人数：1,000

调查方式：访谈

调查结果：(见下图

)

One possible version

Reading Interests of Senior

Middle School Students

， one thousand senior middle school students from ten schools in Hubei Province were interviewed. They were asked which they liked reading most among the four categories of English articles， news， stories， popular science articles and articles about learning methods.

The survey shows that more than half of the students like to read news most. Twenty-six percent of the students say that English stories are their favorite. Only seven percent of the students are most interested in reading articles about learning methods. However， the number of students who enjoy reading popular science articles doubles that of those who prefer reading articles about learning methods.

(二) 曲线图(LINE GRAPH)

曲线图常用来表示事物的变化趋势。常分为带时间参照和不带时间参照两种。曲线图的特点是信息集中，一目了然。

例：下面的曲线图是我国2006年不同月份汽车事故分布示意图，请以“The number of car accidents in 2006”为题写一篇文章。要求：

1.描述不同月份汽车事故分布(distribution)及总趋势。

2.描述汽车事故的可能原因和对策。

3.参考词汇：peak 顶点，高峰。词数：100～120 。

【解题分析】

英语曲线图作文实际是一篇“解说词”，即通过曲线图提供的信息，分析图中数据，综合出文章的主题。可采取三段式写法：

第一段：用简短的几个句子简述图表。

第二段：根据图表分类，概括性地描述曲线内容。

第三段：对文章整体内容进行结论性总结。

【提炼要点】

分析曲线图数据信息。从图中可看出，曲线图的横轴代表2006年的不同的月份，纵轴代表交通事故的数量。从交通事故曲线图上可知，前八个月的交通事故的数量有升有降。曲线图在八月份升到了最高点(39)，此后一直呈下降的趋势，十二月份降到了最低点(16)。可见，2006年的交通事故的数量总体上呈下降的趋势。 One possible version

The Number of Car Accidents in 2006

From the graph， we can see that there were two peaks of accidents in 2006. One was in Feb with the number of 32.The other was in August with the number of 39， which was the highest point of the distribution line. From August， the number of car accident had been decreasing till it reached the lowest point of the year in December. Two peaks occurred in spring and summer， the two seasons which had most of the year's rain. Driving tends to be more dangerous in rainy days. Maybe the weather is the most important reason for car accidents. Be careful， when you drive a car in rainy days.

【语言亮点】

①词汇。如：peak， point， distribution， decrease， reach， occur， tend to。 ②句式。如：宾语从句：we can see that there were two peaks of accidents in 2006. 定语从句：which was the highest point of the distribution line.

状语从句：...till it reached the lowest point of the year in December.

...when you drive a car in rainy days.

【技巧点拨】

1.认真观察坐标系信息，抓住曲线图变化趋势，结合提供的时间和数据参照寻求切入点。

2.根据曲线图的变化过程，尽可能利用所给的文字信息进行分类，比较，总结。

3.写作过程中不必要将图中全部数据信息加以描述，只需将典型内容作以分析。

4.注意根据有无时间参照确定整篇文章时态。

【常用句式】

1.As can be seen from the graph， the line shows that...

2.According to the graph， we can see/conclude that...

3.This is a line graph which describes the trend of...

4.The number sharply went up to...

5.The percentage of...stayed the same between...

6.The figures reached the peaks/bottom...

实战演练

1.根据下面曲线图，以Car Explosion in China为题，描述我国近10年来私人拥有小汽车情况，说明人们生活的水平的变化和你的看法。短文开头已给出，不计入总词数 。词数：100左右。

One possible version

Car Explosion in China

nearly 7 times from more than 2 million in 1996 to over 14 million in 2006. What's the reason？

There are two main factors for these changes. To begin with， development in economy plays a vital role in these years. The higher incomes results in Chinese people's owning private cars. What's more， in modern society， time means money， many Chinese need a car to do business on time.

In my view， however， the car explosion will constantly increase year by year， a large number of social problems such as traffic jams， among other things， are turning up nearly every city in China.

2.自1970年至1990年，中国农民个人收入稳步增长，特别是改革开放政策大大促进了农村经济发展。请你根据下面图表及汉语提示，写一篇短文，描述其变化，并简述其原因。

提示：1. 根据图表，简析近20年农民平均个人收入情况。

2. 简析上述变化的原因。

3. 谈谈你的看法。

注意：1. 词数100左右。

2. 参考词汇： 图表 graph

改革开放

reform and opening up

One possible version

According to the figures given by the graph， the Chinese farmers' personal income rose steadily from 1970 to 1990. In the middle of 1970's their income was rather low. Their annual personal income was about 180 yuan. But in 1980 the average personal income increased to 270 yuan. As is shown by the graph， in 1985 their income doubled up to 540 yuan. After that their income are growing sharply. In a word， during the period of 20 years the farmers' income had gone up rapidly.

There were many reasons for it. Mainly the Chinese government had been carrying out a reform and opening policy， which resulted in the steady growth of farmers' income.

I believe that with a series of agricultural policies being carried out， there is no doubt that the farmers' living standard will be improved to the fullest.