初中英语语法要点
语法要点 2) (一)名词、主谓一致 1 3) (二)冠词 3 4) .
(三)代词 3 但有不少常用不可数名词是例外的,这些词有:
(四)数词 5 advice, control, conduct, danger, furniture, fun,
(五)形容词与副词 6 health, material information, luck, music, news,
(六)连词与从句 8 progress, trouble, weather, work, etc.
(七)介词 13 1) (八)动词 15 不少不可数名词做的have宾语或There be的主
(九)非谓语动词 19 语时,及动作名词做make或take的宾语时,该
一. 不定式 19 名词前面有不定冠词a。(也有例外)have a walk,
二. 分词 20 have a cold, take a seat, make a decision, etc.
三. 动名词 21 1) There is a rain / snow / fog yesterday.
(十)倒装语序 23 三.可数名词
(十一)反意疑问句 23 1.集体名词:
(一)名词、主谓一致 如果说话者把它当作一个整体来看,谓语动词要
一.名词形式 用单数形式;如果把它看为一个个体的人或物,
1. 形单意复:people, public, police, cattle, folk 谓语动词要用复数形式。常用的集体名词有:
2. 形复意单, politics , physics, thanks, savings, army, cattle, class, committee, company, crowd, news, brains(头脑,智力), maths, etc. enemy, gang, family, gang government, group,
3. 单复同形:Chinese, Japanese, Swiss, deer, fish, majority, party, population, public, team, etc. sheep, bison, grouse, swine, means, works, data, 1)
crossroads, horsepower, series, species, head(头数) 2) 二.不可数名词(物质、抽象、专有名词) 四.其他要点说明:
1.物质名词:一般情况下是不可数的,出现 1.名词做定语有三种情况: students. 复数有下列两种情况: 钢材)( (1) 大多数用单数形式:
(1) 表示类别:teas(各种茶叶),steels(各种 (2) 有些用复数形式:(2) 表示不同意义:wood→woods森林;sand shop, a →sands沙滩;air→airs架子;paper→papers department, bank, ( 还有affairs, pains, 文件;iron→irons手铐;time→times时代;green details, honors, communications 等)
→greens蔬菜 (3) 个别随被修饰名词变化而变化:a woman
2.专有名词:一般没有复数形式,但下列情况 doctor, two women doctors
可有复数形式: 2. 名词与名词所有格做定语的区别:
(1) 表示某性一家或两夫妇 the Einsteins (1) 名词所有格做定语通常表示所有关系,如不
(2) 表示同名同性的若干人 class. 表示所有关系,通常用名词做定语。
1) There are two Marys and three Roberts in his (2) 名词所有格做定语也可表类别,如a doctor’s
3.抽象名词:有的抽象名词当意义转为表示某 degree等,所以表示类别时,是用名词直接做定类的个体名词,就可以成为可数名词。 语,还是用名词所有格做定语,一定要注意习惯Beauty→a beauty/ beauties美人 搭配,如a peasant family但a worker’s family; Youth→a youth / youths青年人 Children做定语,习惯上所有用格,如children’s Sight→a sight / sights 情景,奇观 clothes, a children’s hospital,不宜用of格,如是Power→ a power / powers强国 动宾关系的,常用of格,如her love of children,
4.当物质名词、抽象名词等不可数名词前面有 their hate of the enemy等,却很少用’s格。 表示其特殊性质或类别的形容词或后面有短语3. 表示有生命的东西的名词用’s格;表示国 修饰时,指概念上的“一类、一种、一次”时,家、城市、太阳、地球、时间、距离、价值等概前面一般要有不定冠词。 念的名词也用’s格( China’s capital, the earth’s
1) surface, a miles’ distance );在现代英语中工业、
工厂、公司、机器等也可以用’s格( the machine’s 2) base, the bearing’s life )。 3) Many a teacher and many a student 4. 有些名词词组是被视为整体的,名词位置不 part in the stormy discussion.
能改变,一般也只有一个冠词或限定词,从表面(5) 表示时间、距离、价格和度量衡等名词做主看是复数,实际上是单数,是由它们概念所构成语时,谓语动词一般用单数形式。
一个集合体,其中的and实际上是和with (带1) 有…的)相似。Knife and fork, break and butter, 2) lock and key, coat and tie, truth and honest, heart 3) had. and soul, rain and shine, pork and peas, salt and (6) 不管主语概念如何,谓语动词只和主语形式water, soap and water, iron and steel, food, 保持数的一致。
clothing and shelter 1) 1) 吃饱了 2) More than one person watching the strange
2) is used at meals in the star that night. with you. western countries. 3) 3) . 4) 4) Our parents provide us with food, clothing and (7) 由分数 / 百分数+of +名词的结构做主语
五.主谓一致原则 shelter. 时,谓语动词与其名词保持数的一致。
1.语法一致原则 1) (1) 动词不定式、动名词及从句做主语,谓语动 2)
词要用单数形式。( What引导的主语从句有例 (8) 定语从句的谓语动词与其先行词保持人称外情况) habit. 和数的有一致。(the only one of+名词例外)
1) 1) Mary is the only one of the girls who often
2) late for school. school.
3) 2)
4) magazines. 3) How many people does the doctor know who (2) 用and连接两个或以上的名词做主语,谓语
动词要用复数形式,但如果两个并列名词是指同 2.意义一致原则
一整体或同一概念时,谓语动词则用单数形式。 ( (1) 集体名词做主语视其情况决定其谓语动词
1) The singer and the dancer to attend our 的单复数。
evening meeting. 1) 2) 2) 3) ( ( 2) 特殊名词(形单意复、形复意单和单复同形
4) 名词) 做主语, 视其意义决定其谓语动词的单复
5) 1) 数
(3) 两个名词由介词(名词+介词+名词)with, 2) besides, like, but, except, together with, along with, 3) .
no less than, more than, rather than, including及连(3) 代词all, none, rest, some, most等做主语,要 词 as well as连接的单位做主语,谓语动词与第视其意义而决定谓语动词的单、复数。 一个名词保持一致。 1) 1) The book as well as the other two borrowed 2) The first two questions are difficult, but the rest from the library. 3) .
2) 4)
begging in a street corner. 3.邻近一致原则(即谓语动词与其邻近主语保
3) 持数的一致)
(4) 两个或以上名词由and连接且都受no, every, (1) 由neither…nor, either …or, not only…but also each, many a 等修饰时,谓语动词要用单数形式 和 or 等连接的两个并列主语时,谓语动词与其
1) 邻近主语保持数的一致。
1) 定冠词a。)
2) 1) 3) 2) (2) 在There be句型或其他倒装结构中,谓语动 4.不定冠词的几种特殊用法:
词常与其邻近主语保持数的一致。 (1) 不定冠词与序数词(first和last除外)连用,
1) 表示“又、再”。
2) 1) 注:(1)表语是复数时,谓语动词常用复数形式。 (2) 不定冠词与最高级连用,表示“非常,很”。
1) 1) It’.
2) (3) 不定冠词可用来做不确切的特指,就是特指
3) workers. 具体对象,但很不明确。
(2) 由kind / type / quantity of+名词做主语时,谓 1) There’语动词跟kind, type和quantity而不是跟后面名 2) ’s hair. 词保持数的一致。 二.定冠词:
1) Great quantities of fish in the river 1.定冠词用于特指名词前面,尤其是有限定定 by the fishermen. 语的名词。
2) This kind of cakes good while cakes of 2.定冠词的位置:
that kind are different. 一般放在所有定语前面,但是放在前位特殊限定
(二)冠词 词all, both后面。
一.不定冠词: 1) 1.一般地说,泛指的单数个体名词,第一次提 2) 及单数个体名词,要用a或an。 2.定冠词的一些特殊用法:
1) (1) The+ adj.表示一类性质和特征相同人或事
2) 物,是复数概念,做主语,谓语动词一般要用复
2.不定冠词的位置: 数形式;若指抽象概念( the good, the truth, the
(1) 不定冠词通常放在所有定语前面;但要在 right, etc. ) 则用单数。
特殊限定词后面。特殊限定词有:such, quite, 1) many, what, half, rather等( 其中half和rather也 2) The beautiful lives forever.
可前置) (2) 表示“两者中较为的一个”的形容词比较级
1) him. 要加the。
2) 1) Jack is the taller of the two students.
(2) 如果名词前面的是由so, as, too, however (3) 在all, both, each, neither, either, most,
how,等词修饰时,冠词a要放在该形容词后面。 many, much, few, a great many 等词或词组后面
1) It’ 2) How clever a girl! of短语的名词要有the或其它限定词。( 但 a lot
3.省略不定冠词的几种特殊情况: of, a number of, a deal of , plenty of …没有the )
(1) As后面的名词如果是唯一职务时。(但有形 1) Many girls love dancing.
容词修饰时,要有不定冠词。) 2) 1) ( (4) 名词school, bed, market, hospital, church, sea,
2) prison, war等表示抽象意义时,一般不用the;表
(2) 在某一特定的范围内唯一职务。(在句中做 示具体地点时,则要加the。但theater, cinema,
宾语,宾补或同位语) temple 等,表抽象意义时,有冠词the。
1) 1) esterday he went to (3) 单数名词在as引导的让步状语从句中做表 ’s teacher.
1) 语。 2) 2) (三) 代词
(4) 单数名词做turn的表语时(此时,也不用复 一.人称代词:
数形式;但该单数名词前有形容词时,则要有不 1.单数的不同人称代词排列次序一般是:you
and I, you and he, he and I, you, he and I,即通常(5) Some修饰复数名词和不可数名词时,表示 按2,3,1或3,2,1人称排列;复数的不同人“一些”;修饰单数名词表示“某一”(some 称代词排列其次序一般是:we, you and they即通用于指不确定或不指明的情况,一般与单数名 常按1,2,3人称排列;第三人称男女并用时,词连用,复数要用certain);some修饰数词表示 先男后女he and she; 承认过失,表示不吉祥的“大约”(= about)。
事,或不好的意思时,单数按1,3,2人称排列,1) For reason I will be able to attend the 复数按3,2,1的人称排列。 meeting. meetings.
1) 2)
2) (6) not any = no但not any不用于句首;句首要
2.在非正式英语中(日常会话)be后面的人称 用no one, none或nothing
代词用宾格;只有一个词的句子要用宾格。 7.Each与every
1) – Who’s that? – It’’s I. ) (1) 两个均能做定语用,表示“每”的意思。
2) –Does anybody want another photo? – (2) Each 表示两者或以上的人或事物,侧重“各
二.不定代词: 自”可做主语、宾语、定语和同位语;every用 All, every, each, both, either, neither, one, no, none, 于三者或以上的人或事物,侧重“全体”,只能 some, any, many, much, few, little, another, other, 做定语。each不用于否定句,而every用于否定 such及合成词everything, everybody, everyone, 句表示部分否定。
no one, nobody, nothing, someone, somebody, 1) something, anyone, anybody, anything. 2) 1.Both, neither, either用于两者, another, all, any 3) none, every, some及其合成词用于三者或以上;8.No one, none与nothing
each用于两者或以上。 (1) No one只指人不指事物,nothing指事物, 两
2.Both, all, every(及every合成词)用于否定 者均不跟of短语; none 可指人或事物,可以跟 句,均为部分否定;全部否定要用等neither, none, of短语。
no one, nothing等。 (2) 询问数量(即用How many或 How much
3.Neither, few, little, nothing, none, no, no one 来提问)或有范围的人或事物时,要用none来 为否定词(但a few, a little是肯定的)。 回答,否则要用no one(人)或nothing(事物)。
4.合成不定代词的定语形容词要放在这些词的 1) – Who is in the room? – 后面;如Something important, nothing serious, 2) – How many people did you see? –anything new等。 3) – How much did you want? –5.Another+数词+复数名词与数词+more+复数 4) – What did you want? –名词都表示“又、再”;注意两者的数词位置。5) – Did any of my friends come here? –如:Another ten apples, ten more apples。 6) – Did any one come here? –
6.Some与any 9.Everyone, anyone, someone, no one是指人,
(1) some及其合成词一般用于肯定句,any及其 不可跟of短语;every one, any one, some one是合成词一般用于否定句或疑问句及条件状语从 指事物,可跟of短语, 既指人又指事物。 句。如If any (不用 if some)。 10. Other与another
1) I will go there if have any time. (1) Other 用于两者(其中一者可以是多数的)
(2) some用于貌似疑问句实为祈使句的句子中。 One+(单数名词)+the other(单数名词),
1) One / some + the others / the other复数名词;
2) 1) Some of the pencils are red, / (3) any表示“任何”也可用于肯定句中。 1) 2)
2) (2) Some…some…others novel.
(4) some与any用于疑问句中的不同。 3)
1) (3) Another修饰或代替单数名词,用于三者或
2) 以上人或事物。
4) This coat is too dark. Show me another, please (2) It用来代替原来那件东西或那件事情。
5) Please give me another book. 1) I thought I had lost my pen, but later I found 11.One的一些用法: in my school bag.
(1) One 表示“一人或物”有复数形式ones,所 (3) One用来代替泛指的同类单数名词,ones用 有格形式one’s和返身代词形式oneself。 来代替泛指的复数名词, The one或the ones用来
(2) One只能代替可数名词以免重复,复数名词 代替特指的单、复数名词
要用ones。 1) Here are three pens. Which is yours, 1) (3) One可加the表示特指,也可以加a或an, 2) 表示泛指,但要有前置或后置定语。 (4) That用来代替不可数名词或特指的单数名词
2) (= the one ),those用来代替特指的复数名词( =
3) the ones )
(4) 不能说my ( 或your, their…)one,要说mine 1) The weather of Beijing is colder than of ( yours, theirs…);但可说this one 或that one Nanning. fox.
(5) One 可以是数词也可以是替代词,强调数量 2) 比较或有only,要用one。(×only a ) 15. Such 和 that 一样指前面讲过的情况, Such
4) 前面可以有不定指示代词all, no, one, few,
5) several, some, any, hardly等以及基数词,此时单
12.Little 与few 数名词不加冠词A。
(1) Few与a few修饰可数名词,little与a little 1) Such is life. intention. 修饰不可数名词;a few与a little表示肯定,few 2) I may have offended, but such was not my 与little表示否定;但前面加上定冠词,指示代 3) There is no such thing.
词,物主代词,序数词及等就失去否定意义。 4) Some such arrangement was necessary.
(2) little有两个意思:not much “少”和small 三.代词It的用法:
1) “小”。 1.用做主语指时间、距离、天气等。
2) that they cannot go 1) to school. 2)
3) Some few teacher attended the meeting. 3)
4) I’ll remember the few days when I stayed 2.常用来做先行主语或先行宾语。
together with you 1) (3) 常说quite a little / few; very little / few. 2) 13.That与this和these与those 3.常用于It be…that / who的强调句型之中,此
(1) That / this可以用来表示程度,意思是so。 时注意不要用this或that来代替it。
1) 1) (2) This常指后面要讲到的事物,有启下作用(× 4.常用于其他it开头的固定句型之中。
that );that一般指上面所讲的东西,有承上作(√ It be …since; It be …before; It’s a pity ( that ); It’s this )。 a wonder ( that ); It happens that; It occurs that; It
2) I want to tell the English party will be is no use / good doing ( to do ); It ( This ) is+ the + held on Sunday. come. 序数词+time that S+ have done sth; It ( This )
3) He hurt his leg yesterday’t was+ the +序数词+ time that S+ had done sth
(3) Those who的结构中,只用those不用these, 5.通常用来代替事物,但它可以用来代替婴儿 this, that。 或未能辨别性别人数的人或心目中的人。
4) want to attend the meeting gather at 1) – Who is it? –the gate at 2 this afternoon. 6.It用作形式宾语的一种特殊用法。在一些表
14.It, that, one与those 示“情感”的动词hate, love, like, prefer, enjoy 和
(1) 这些词都可以用来代替上文或下文出现的 appreciate(用if )以及take, see to, depend on等后人或事物,以避免重复。 常用V+ it+ when / if / that…结构。
1) I hate it when people talk with their mouths full. 3.基数词与more连用。
2) She didn’t enjoy it when her husband drove fast. 3) 3) See to it that you’re not late again.务必,一定要 (五) 形容词与副词
4) I don’t like it when she tells me how to do 一.形容词:
5) I like it that you come. things. 1.形容词比较级的三个句型as…as; more
6) He would much appreciate it if you could do …than; the most…in / of / among
him a favor. (1) As…as; more…than 用于两者,形容词最高
7) You may depend on it that they will send us 级用于三者后以上。
some food and gas. (2) 注意as+ adj.+ a+ noun +as的句型。
(四) 数词 1) 一.大约数与确切数 (3) 比较级做最高级含义使用时,注意从同类中
1.大约数 除开,要用other或else来排除。
表示大约数时,用量词的复数形式且带的介词1) of短语。Tens / hundreds / thousands / dozens / 2) scores…of 其中scores of和dozens of表示“许 (4) 在使用最高级时,不要把被比较的人或事物
2.确切数 多”。 从同类中除开。
(1) 数词+量词+复数名词two thousand books, 1) ×(此句 one hundred times, three dozen students,但score不对,应把all her sisters改为all the girls)
和 head却常用three score of books, ten head of (5) 两者比较时,必须是同类的, 否则要用that, cattle数词+量词+ of +复数名词的形式. those, one等替带结构来进行比较。
(2) 复数名词前有the, your, these等限定词修饰 1) The students in that school are more than 时或被修饰词是代词时,一般要带of:one in our school. Suzhou. hundred of them; six dozen of your books; two 2) score of the pens. 3) A TV set made in Shanghai is better than one
(3) Dozen表示确切数时,除了能与an, a 和基 made in any other city.
数词连用外,还能用some, many, several +复数 (6) 形容词比较级与not, no, never等否定词连用 名词的形式表达: some dozen people; several 时,其含义是最高级。 better voice. dozen glasses 1) How beautifully she sings! I’ve
二.有关事物的编号的表达方法 (7) 用做表语的形容词最高级,如果不与其他
(1) The +序数词+名词:the second gate 的人或比较时,通常不加定冠词the;无the
(2) 名词+基数词: Gate Two 或加a的形容词最高级表“非常、很”,不表示
三.有关倍数的表达方法 比较,只能用在表示感受的肯定句中。
(1) 数词+times + as…as 1) 1) Asia is 4 times as large as Europe. 2) (2) 数词+times + more…than (8) Not more than与no more than的不同
2) Asia is 3 times larger than Europe. 1) (两台都
(3) 数词+times+ the+ 度量衡名词 ( size / length 好) 不好) / height / depth / width…) + of 2) (两台都
3) Asia is 4 times the size of Europe. (9) 不同类型的形容词比较级
(4) the+ 度量衡名词( size / length / height / depth More…than用于同一人或事物的两种性质或特/ width…) + of +数词+ times that +of 征的比较,意思是“与其说…不如说”“是…而
4) The size of Asia is 4 times that of Europe. 不是”;不仅可以用于形容词和副词,还可以用
四.表示“又、再”的几种方法 于以外的其他词;这种句型不用-er形式. ( 注:
1.不定冠词与序数词(first和last除外)连用。 英语中有少数几个单音节词只有more形式,没
1) He read the book a second time. 有-er形式,它们是:like, fond, worth, right, keen, )
2.Another与基数词连用。 1) (有勇无谋)
2) 2)
3) He is more a writer than a teacher. 3) Who is the man opposite to you?
(10) 不是所有的形容词都有比较级。只有性质 (3) 具有表语作用形容词后置。
形容词才有比较级,关系形容词如dead, blind, 4) All the people present are against it.
Chinese, possible等没有比较级。 5) He was the only person awake at the moment.
(11) More than 后接从句( 含有can / could), (4) 及物动词的过去分词作定语一般后置 us. 形式上是比较,其实质并非真正比较;这种结构 6) The experience gained will be of great value to 含有否定的意思。 7) These artistic handcrafts made in China are very
1) It’s beautiful dress but it’s much more than I can popular abroad.
2) That is more than I can tell. afford. (5) 计量形容词deep, high, long, tall, old, thick,
3.形容词常与某些介词构成固定短语,应做为 wide等置于量词和疑问词 how之后。
一个单位去记。Be afraid of, be good at, be poor in, 8) How old is she?
be anxious about, be famous for, etc. 9) The shirt is 2 feet wide.
4.形容词后面一般跟不定式做宾语(除了busy, (6) 一些专有名称的形容词后置。Body politic worth外),且往往以主动表被动。(表示思想 国家;the sum total 总额;poet laureate桂冠诗人 感情的形容词,如glad, sorry, able, afraid, free, (7) 少数形容词,如proper(本身), general, total,anxious, careful, content, determined, eager, sure, 和 involved等,做定语要后置。 China proper; the foolish, likely, lucky, ready, prepared, slow, will cost involved; postmaster general; the sum total; 等,其后的不定式与句子主语是主谓关系) secretary-general
1) The book is easy to read. 9.有些形容词是以为-ly结尾的,如friendly,
2) The work is difficult to finish. lovely, lonely, likely, ugly, deadly, silly 等;但以
5.表语形容词alive, alone, asleep, awake, well, -ly为结尾的词,如daily, weekly, monthly, yearly, ill, present, possible, worth 一般只做表语,不单early 等既是形容词又是副词。
独做前置定语,做定语一般后置,一般也不用10.Last – least likely or suitable表示“最不可能very来修饰( well, ill除外,present可前置或后的,最不适合的,最不愿意的”
置,其意义不同)。 1) He is the last person to tell a lie.
1) All the people present agreed to the plan.在场的 2) He’s the last person to trust with a secret.
2) This is the present member. 现在的 3) That is the last thing I should expect him to do.
6.定冠词the+形容词表一类人,是复数概念。 4) This is the last thing I’d like to do
1) The rich are not always happy. 5) He is the last man I want to see.
7.形容词做定语的基本词序是:限定词→性质11.有几个有赞美意味的形容词如good, nice, →形状→颜色→来源→材料→基本特征和用途+fine等与and连用并连接另一个形容词,在意义名词;一般情况下,一个句子只有两三个形容词,上相当于一个程度副词very,对后一个形容词起除了上述规律外,还有几条可遵循的解决问题的修饰作用。
办法:1)主观的、抽象的形容词置前,或短的1) I am good and tired = I’m very tired
形容词置前。2)客观的、具体的形容词置后,2) The room is good and warm.
或长的形容词置后,特征用途紧跟被修饰的名词 3) He drove good and fast.
1) He is a brave young man. 12.在It be + adj + for / of sb to do的句型中,有
2) This is a very beautiful, big, red, Chinese 些形容词既可反映不定式行为的性质,又可反映wooden writing table. 行为者的特征;侧重反映人的特征的用of,侧重
3) This is a long, interesting, detective story. 反映行为的性质的用for;如逻辑主语是泛指的,
4) There is a nice big new cup on the table. 不具体的,用介词for,因为此时行为者不可能
8.形容词后置的情况: 成为褒贬的焦点,所以形容词只反映行为的性
(1) Some, every, any, no+ thing, body, one, where质。这些形容词有: careful, careless, clever, cruel, 等合成词作定语。 foolish, friendly, good, grateful, kind, naughty, nice,
1) We are not going anywhere very exciting. polite, impolite, right, rude, silly, stupid, thoughtful,
(2) 省略介词的宾语所形成的形容词后置。 wise, wrong等
2) Is there any doctor available nearby? 1) It’s silly for to wait. ( silly 指行为,即“你在等”
这一行为是个“蠢举”) 不是代词)。
2) It’s silly of you to believe that. ( silly指人,即1) There goes the bell. 4) Here it is.
“你真傻”) 2) Here comes the bus. 5) Out he ran,
3) It’s wrong for your child to have so much 3) Now comes your turn. 6) Away they went. money.(这件事不妥,孩子不是指贪的对象,3.同一的词根两种副词形式比较
钱不一定是孩子自己要的。) (1) Wide, high, deep, close 与 widely, highly,
4) It’s wrong of your child to spend so much deeply, closely.前者表示实际意义上的“宽、深、 money. (指责孩子,因为他花太多钱买零食。) 高、近”;而后者多表示象征意义或抽象意义,
5) It’s polite for the students to help the teacher. 分别为“广泛地,深深地,高度地,密切地”。
6) You think it right for people to marry for money. 有-ly表示“方法、方式”,无-ly表示“状态”。
二.副词 (在修饰具体动作表示具体意义时,常可互换,
1.副词的位置 但若是修饰带有感情色彩的动词或修饰形容
(1) 副词做定语放在被修饰词后面。 词、过去分词,一般要用-ly形式。)
1) People here like him. 1)
2) He used to drop in on me on his way home. 2) (2) 多数副词放在动词后面,有宾语放在宾语后 3) (状态,阳光灿烂)
1) We all study very hard. 4) (方式,阳光
2) We all study English hard. 5) 和煦)
(3) 频度副词( always, usually, often, seldom, 6)
hardly, never, just, ever, etc. ) 一般放在行为动词 7) 前面,动词或助动词后面,有多个助动词就放在 (2) Easy与easily
第一个助动词后面。 Easy只用在某些固定搭配的短语中:take it /
1) We often help each other. things easy; easy come, easy go; easier said than
2) He has never been scolded. done等,其他均用easily。
(just与非延续性动词连用,表示“恰好做”,(3) Loud 与loudly
要用完成时态,与延续性动词连用,表示“正在在与laugh, shout, speak, talk连用以及比较级和做”,要用进行时态;用于祈使句之首,表示“试最高级用loud. loudly有“喧闹”意思; 请”之意。) 1) ’t hear you.
3) I was just thinking of my friends. 2) 4) He had just come by that time. 其他情况下两者均可通用。
5) Just have a patience. (NMET96) (4) 注意以下两种同根副词的不同含义,hard & (ever常用于否定句、疑问句、条件句、比较句hardly; just & justly(正义地);near & nearly; late 或最高级后的定语从句中。) & lately(最近); most & mostly(大部分);free
6) This is the longest novel that I ( have ) ever read. (免费)& freely(无限制地),两者不同要混淆。 (×never ) 这是我从未读过的最长的小说→补充:1. 用形容词或副词的比较级对该词的原 这是我曾经读过的最长的小说 级表示强调一般有如下三种句型。
(4) 程度副词一般放在被修饰词前面。 (1) can’t + be / do + 比较级。意思是“再没有…
1) We don’t quite agree to the plan. 1) I can’t think of a better idea. 比…更” (修饰可以显示出程度的形容词或副词,表示程2) He can’t be more careless.
度,意思为“相当,还算”;修饰没有程度差异(2) couldn’t + have + 过去分词比较级。表示对过的形容词或副词,表示极限,意思是“完全地,去情况加以强调。
全然地”) 3) She couldn’t have explained more clearly.
2) It is quite impossible to do that. (3) can’t have + 过去分词 + 比较级。用来强调
2.方位副词、动态副词there, here, in, out, down, 现在完成时。
away, up, from, off, back, over; then, now, only, so, 4) We can’t have done more nicely.
thus 等放在句首的句子大多采用全倒装语序2.Very的几不用:
(其谓语动词是移位动词,其主语必须是名词,(1) Very不可用来修饰形容词或副词比较级;要
视情况使用下列程度副词或短语:very much, far, (2) Not only…but also, neither…nor,
by far, even, still, a great deal, greatly, a bit, a little, either…or等连接两个并列主语时,动词采取邻 any, a lot, etc. 近原则与最后主语保持一致。
1) Jane’s much / far better. (3) 并列连词连接两个以上并列成分时,一般只
2) He drives ( very ) much faster than you. 连接最后两个并列成分。 the school.
(2) Very 也不可用来修饰形容词或副词最高级,1) 但在very前加个限定词,也可用来修饰个别形 (4) 并列连词还可以用来连接并列分句,但不能 容词最高级。 用来连接主从复合句。
1) She put on her ( the) very best dress. 2. 从属连词 (用来连接主从复合句)
(3) Very不宜用来修饰 asleep( 用fast / deep / 从属连词主要有what, who, whom, whose, which, sound ); awake, open ( 用wide/ fully ); known, when, where, why, whether, whoever, whatever, worth, received, prepared ( 用well ); alone ( 用how, however, whenever, wherever, whichever all / much / very much ); alive, ashamed ( 用(疑问词类), if, that, before, after, since, unless, much / very much ); like( 用exactly / very much ); as, as soon as等。
closed ( 用 fast / tightly )等 说明:
1) I’m wide / fully awake. (1) Whether与if引导宾语从句时,都是“是否”
2) She seems to be fast ( deep / sound ) asleep. 的意思; 在间接引语中,常用which或 if引出
3) It’s well known to all that the book is well worth 一个没有疑问词的疑问句。一般说,在表示怀疑、
4) He is very much alive. reading. 无把握时,前面的谓语动词为 ask, know, doubt,
5) He is exactly like a huge fan. see, learn, wonder, be not sure, etc时,两者可互换
6) The house stands on the hillside all alone. 1) I wonder whether / if the library is open to
7) He found the door of study tightly closed to him. students on Sunday.
(4) Very 一般不用来修饰无比较级的形容词但下面情况下,要用whether:
perfect, dead, impossible, ready, mistaken, wrong, A.如上述动词不表示“怀疑、无把握”时,只right, sure, able等,要用quite修饰。 things. 能用whether。
1) The Chinese people are quite able to do great 2) I’ll see whether I can induce him to accept it.
2) I’m quite sure that you are quite mistaken. B.在不定式前,介词后要用whether。
(5) Very 不可用来修饰没有完全形容词化的或3) He wondered whether to come
还有动作性的分词,一般要用much / very much4) The decision whether to see her was mine alone. 来修饰;very只能修饰已形容词化的或作为形容5) I haven’t decided the question of whether I’ll go 词用的分词,如 interested, interesting, pleased back home. feeling. disappointed, excited, exciting, surprised, tired,等。 6) John worries about whether he hurt his sister’s
1) His question has been much / fully discussed. Whether前面的介词可以省略,但在worry,
2) He was much / very much pleased by what I question, confusion等词后介不能省。
3) He is very pleased with my work. said. 7) Everything depends (on) whether we have
(六) 连词与从句 enough money.
一.连词 (并列连词和从属连词) 8) There is some confusion about whether the
1. 并列连词:and, not only …but also, neither… preposition can be left out.
nor, both…and(以上表示同等关系); otherwise, C.表示选择时。
or, or else(以上表示选择关系); but, yet, still, 9) He passed the exam whether by skill or by luck. however(以上表示转折关系); for, so, thereforeD.引出让步状语从句,表示“不论、不管是否” (以上表示因果关系) 10) Whether we go or stay, the result is the same. 补充说明: E.在动词Discuss, decide, choose, argue, debate,
(1) 否定两个或以上的成分或句子通常用or或 etc.后一般要用whether。 meeting nor不用and。 11) We are discussing whether we attend the
1) He doesn’tF.引导主语、表语、同位语从句,要用whether。
2) 12) It makes a world of difference whether there is
such training. arrived yet. 9) his footprints are here, he must have
13) His first question was whether Allen had passed this way. (2) Though, although引导让步状语从句时,可和 yet, still等连用,但不能与but连用,两者意义 (C) 在回答why提出问题时,在强调句中,表示大致相同;但后者只用于陈述事实,不用于假设, “不要因…而”或“不是由于…而”句型中,要不能引导虚拟语气从句;前者无此限制;As引 用because。
导的让步状语从句一般情况下把表语,做状语的 11) – Why did you hide yourself? 副词或动词的一部分放到的前面,假如表语是单 –数名词或最高级形容词时,前面无冠词a或the; 12) It you to better in future that though也可以使用此格式。 I have criticized you.
1) Child he is, he knows a lot of things.( = 13) He did not leave home he was afraid of his father. 不是因为害怕他父亲而离开家
2) Tallest as he is in my class, he runs slowest yet. (D) 在省略句中,要用since。 3) The speech is good, it could be better. (×although) (4) As与like均有“象”的意思。表示此意思时,
4) Much as I like this car, I have no money to buy. as是个连词,引导的是一个从句或省略从句,常
5) Try as he may, he will not succeed. 与as…as, not so…as, the same…as或such…as构
(3) Because, as, since 和for 成固定结构;like是个介词,后面跟的是词或词
(A) Because 引导的从句与for引导的分句均 组。as作为介词时,意思是“作为、当作” 常 可表示原因,但后者是并列连词,分句一般放在 与动词regard, consider, act, use, know, remember, 后面,且分句前有逗号,主要用来表示断原因和 accept等连用,表示职业或作用。
推测理由;because表示会引出必然结果的原因, (5) Till, until与since引导时间状语从句时,其主 表示符合逻辑的理由。since和as也可引导原因 句的谓语动词一定是延续性动词,否则,必须是 状语从句,但往往用来表示双方知道的发原因, 否定。
as 用已经存在或成立的事为理由,since多用于 1) I haven’消极语气的原因,有“既然” 的意思。 (6) When, while与as均能引导时间状语从句,表
1) The light went out the electric current 示“当…时”,但有区别:
was turned off. ( 直接原因,×for ) (A) When的意义最广;它可以表示从句动作发
2) 生后主句动作接着发生,也可表示从句动作发生no other road. = They must have passed this way, 过程中,主句动作发生,即主、从句的动作或同必然推断原因 时,或先后发生;动词可延续也可不延续的。
3) He must have sat up all night with his patient, (B) While强调主句的动作延续所指的整个时you see, he looks tired and sleepy.( 推断原间,即主句的动作或事情在从句的动作或事情的因,×because ) 进程中发生;从句动作必须是延续性的。
4) The doctor looks tired and sleepy, he sat up (C) As强调主句和从句动作同时发生,从句谓语all night with his patient = The doctor looks 动词常是动作动词,不能是状态或静态动词。 he sat up all night with 如主句表示的是短暂动作,而从句说的时间是一his patient. 段时间,某事正在进行又发生另一件事 时,三
5) The doctor looks tired and sleepy, he sat up 者可通用。 reading. all night with his patient. 1)
6) a lot of people make mistakes in life, Mr (D) 表示“每当…时候”,“就在这时…”或主句Smith wanted to give John a chance. 动作发生在从句动作之后时,要用when。
7) 2) (B) 表示一个必然性推理时,四者均可,不是一3) It’个必然性推理时,只用for。 4) 8) He must have passed this way/ his 5) footprints are here. (E) 表示两种正在发展或变化的情况,即“慢慢
发生的现象”,有“随着”意思的,要用as,此
时从句的谓语动词通常是那些表示动作意义的
动词,而不能是be, have, like, belong等表示状态
或静态意义的动词。
6) 边讲边哭 weaker.
7) ’s memory becomes
8) you are there, can you get me some
stamps (×As )
(F) 表示两个同时进行的延续动作或情况,有
“趁着”的意思的,要用while。
9) 说话时不停地哭
10) .半工半读(动作
交错发生,非同时发生)(× as )
10) Study hard while you are young.
(G) When和while从句可以用省略形式,as从句
不可。另外常说as a child / a young man很少用
when代替,不能用while。注意:常说或while doing不说as doing,常说when done, 不
说while done或as done。
注意:while还可以是并列连词,表示“对比”
等多种意思。
11) YI’d rather read.
(H)As后面可接一个为众人所接受的事实,作为
一种强调手段来加强对主句内容的肯定,常译为
“的的确确”等。
12) He is dead as I live. (他的的确确是死了。)
13)That’s the truth, as true as I’m standing here.
(事情真相确实如此。)
(7) Before可以是连词也可以是介词或副词,它
引导的时间状语从句除了常用的“之前”的意思
外,常用来表示动作的迟缓性(即“…才” )
和动作的快速性(即“来不及…就”,此时常和
can连用 )而It’s … since用来表示时间的长度。
1) 2) His bike ran he could jumped hadn’t jumped off his bike. Before = when…not
3)
(8) Who与whoever引导主语从句时,who具有
疑问的味道,有“哪一个”之意;whoever具有
“任何人” 之意,相当于anyone。
1) will take her class for her is not decided
yet. the end.
2)
(9) Whoever, whatever, wherever, whenever,
however, whichever等-ever为结尾的连词,既可
引导让步状语从句= no matter + 疑问词;也可引
导主语、宾语、表语、状语从句,相对应的连词 who, what, where, when, how, which等 (10)Unless 多数情况下相当下if…not,但不是总 是这样;当表示从句的动作不发生,主句的情况 才发生时,要用 if…not不用 unless。 1) I’ll be glad if Tom doesn’t come to our party this evening. 2) We’ll be surprised if they don’t have an accident.(不出事故才怪) (11) 能够做连词用的其他词或词组:动词save (除了,只是), suppose(如果,假设);分词 seeing(考虑到), supposing(假定)saving(除 了)providing(如果), considering(考虑到) given(考虑到);副词 directly, immediately(一 …就,马上,立刻);时间名词the moment, the instant, the minute, the second, the+序数词+ time, every time, each time等;in case ( that), now that (既然)等短语均可做连词用。 (12) Except, but, save, than, as 等连词前面有do 或to do时,后面接不带to的不定式,否则后面 的不定式要带to。 anxious. 1) It had no other effect except to make him all the (13) 一般从句与主句之间要有连词,但下面情 况连词可省略: (A) 引导宾语从句的that;(说明:有两个或以上的宾语从句时,第一个that可省,后面的that不能省;在动词agree, calculate, learn, suggest, state, reply, object, hold等后that也一般不省。) (B) 引导定语从句且在从句中做宾语的连词which, whom, that。 二.从句 从句有名词性从句(主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句),形容词性从句(定语从句)和副词性从句(状语从句)。 1.名词性从句: (1) 主语从句:常用来it代替,而把真正主语从 句后置;除了少数what引导的主语从句外,主 语从句做主语时,其谓语动词采用单数形式;注 意,主句与从句之间要有连词。 1) ’s coming late for school again made her teacher very angry. 2) (2) 宾语从句: country. (A) 宾语从句有, 1) 由that;2) if, whether;3) 疑问词和4) 感叹词等引导的四种类型宾语从句。 1) Y
(B) 连词that一般可省略。 (同位语从句)
(C) 如主句的谓语动词是过去时,从句的谓语动 3) Y(同位语) 词一般用过去的各种时态(除了客观存在和真理 2.副词性从句–状语从句
等外)。 语序。 (1) 条件状语从句和时间状语从句不用将来时,
(D) 除了连词放在从句之首外从句要用陈述句 而用一般时代替将来时。
(E) Do you think / do you suppose等可插入一个1) 特殊问句中,此时该问句要用陈述句语序。 2) 1) (但当从句的动作是主句的结果时,从句仍然可(F) Doubt, wonder, not know, not sure, not decide, 以用will。)
not certain等要跟if或疑问词引导的宾语从句;3) If it will make you happier, I will stop smoking. no wonder, no / not doubt, know, sure, certain, (2) 当状语从句的主语与主句相同,且是代词, decide等要跟that引导的宾语从句。 谓语动词又有动词be,该从句的主语和be动词
1) 可省略。(定语从句也同)
2) 1) (G)介词后可以跟由疑问词(除which外)引导2) 的宾语从句,只有except, in, but, besides, save等3.形容词从句–定语从句 the bus. 五个介词可以引导that引起的宾语从句。 (1) 关系代词which, that , whom在从句中做宾语
1) He thinks of how he can do more for the people. 时可以省略。
2) Are you sure of what you’ll speak at the meeting (2) 关系副词where, when使用时,要有两个前
3) The girl has not changed at all except that she is 提:先行词是地点或时间名词;该名词在从句中 no longer so shy. 做状语。
4) You may depend on it that they will send us 1) some food and gas. (it是先行宾语,that是真2) This is the city he visited last 正宾语) years. school. (H) 某些表示“情感”的动词,如hate, love, like, 3)
enjoy, appreciate等后面不直接带宾语从句,而4) I never forget the days ( / ) I spent 先用it做形式宾语,再跟真正的宾语从句。 together with them.
1) I hate it when people talk with their mouths full. (先行词是time又有序数词或其他修饰词修饰,
(3) 表语从句:“是”动词后的从句是表语从句。 连词只能用that,如无修饰词,则when和 that注意,表语从句也要有that或疑问词等连词。 两者均可。) China.
(4) 同位语从句:同位语从句主要用来说明和解5) Be sure to visit us next time that you come to 释前面名词。其先行词仅是一些含有内容的名6) It was that time when / that he live in Beijing. 词,如 advice, answer, belief, conclusion, fact, fear, (3) 只用that不用which引导的定语从句: hope, idea, information, instruction, invention, (A) 先行词是物并被all, any, some, very, only, message, news, order, possibility, problem, truth, few, little, no, every, just等所修饰的。
promise, proposal, question, saying, suggestion, 1) That’word等。其连词除了that之外还可以是其疑问2) Y词。that本身无实义,但一般不能省略,他在句3) 中也不担任任何成份。要注意,同位语从句连词(B) There be开头的先行词。
that不能用which代替。( 定语从句中的词that, 1) which在句中要担任一定成份如主语,宾语等,担(C) 先行词被序数或形容词最高级所修饰的。 任宾语时可以省略。)其中advice, order, proposal1) I’ve read.
和suggestion的同位语从句谓语动词,要用2) ( should )do的形式。 (D) 先行词是be后面的表语的。 China.
1) 1) It’(定语从句) (E) 关系代词在从句中做表语的。
2) They were all very much worried over the fact 1)
(F) Which或who开头的先行词。 hear, watch, believe, give, know, announce, guess,
1) remember and expect等被动形式时,要用as,不
2) Which one of us knows something about 用which,表示说话人对话语的看法、态度、解physics does not know this? 释或评论,具有“正如,象,由…而知,与…一(G) 先行词是人又是物的。 致”等意思。
1) They talked for about half an hour of things and 10) She is very careful, as her work shows.
11) There was a bar around here, as I remember.
(4) That不引导非限定性的定语从句,也不做介 (E) As引导的非限定性定语从句可放句首也可词宾语。 放句末;而which引导的非限定性定语从句只放
(5) 定语从句的谓语动词与先行词保持人称和 12) 句末 数的一致。 the south. 13)
1) (8) Way, distance和reason后的定语从句。
2) The boy is the only one of the students who (A) 先行词是way, distance的定语从句,其连 词可以是that, in which或×。
(6) 如果定语从句的主语是代词,谓语动词有be 1) 动词时,主语和动词可省略,就变成分词短语 2) The distance light travels in one second 做定语。 brother. is 186,000 kilometers.
1) (B) 先行词是reason的定语从句,其连词可以
2) 是why, for which, that或×。
(7) As与which均可引导没有先行词的定语从句 1) 共同点:(A) 两者均可在S+V+P或S+V的结构 2) so soon. 的非限定性定语从句中做主语,此时两者可互换 3) ’t go to see the house is
1) that they prefer to live in an apartment.
2) He failed in the examination, 说明:如先行词在从句中不是做状语的,不属此natural. 用法。
(B) 两者均可在S+V+O的结构的非限定性定语(9) 通常情况下,先行词是the + time, day, month, 从句中作宾语,此时两者可互换。 year等名词时,其后的限定性定语从句只能用
3) He was an from that引导或省略。在此结构中,如主句的谓语动his accent. 词是现在时或将来时,从句要用现在完成时,如
4) 主句的谓语动词是过去时,从句要用过去完成时 不同点:(A) 在S+V+O的结构的非限定性定语1) This is / will be the first time I have been there. 从句中做主语时,通常用which不用as;Which(10) 关系代词that的一些特殊用法:
引导的此类从句对主句所说的事情进行补充说表示方式that ( = in which );表示时间 that ( = 明,表明事物的状态或结果,有“这一点,这件when = +which );表示地点 that ( = where = + 事”的意思 ( which = and this / that )。 which );表示原因 that ( why );以上情况that
5) 均可省略。
(B)在S+V+O+C的结构的非限定性定语从句中1) I’ll never forget the Monday that ( = when = on 做主语或宾语时,通常用which不用as。 which ) you first arrived.
6) . 2) This is the place that ( = where = at which ) he
7) Betty always tells a lie, her parents find (七)介词 works. strange. 介词是一种虚词,表示它与后面名词或代词与其
(C) As引导的非限定性定语从句通常用在表示它成分的关系。
肯定意义的从句中,不能用在表示否定意义的从一.介词与其他词类构成短语的用法
句中;which不受此限制。 bear. 1. 与动词构成固定词组:如(1) vi + (adv.)+ prep:
8) Mummy treats me just like a baby’t look for, look after, lead to, stick to look forward to,
9) catch up with, etc. (2 ) vt + prep.: leave for, search
(D) 当从句的动词为show, say, tell, report, see, for, do with, etc.
2. 与形容词构成固定词组:如, be famous for,
be wrong with, be sure of, be good at, be poor in
3. 与名词构成固定词组:如 (1) prep +noun: by
bus, on food, at night, in need; in the evening, at
the meeting, on the farm, etc. (2) noun + prep: a
visit to, the key to, a friend of, the praise for, a aim
at, etc. 以上都要以一个单位来记忆。
二.某些常用介词的用法对比
1. 位置介词at, in 和on:at 表示点at the station;
in表示空间,范围in the room;on表示线与面
的接触on the desk, on the river。
1) London is on the Thames.
2. 时间介词at, in 和on:at表示钟点at four;
in表示抽象的上下午,晚上in the morning,及
一段时间in a year;on表示具体某一天、上下午,
晚上on Sunday, on Saturday morning 。
3. At的一些主要用法:
除了以上所讲用法外,常用来表示目标、方向或
对象laugh at, fire at;也表示“…之后就”
1) 2) 3) 4) 4. On的一些主要用法:除了以上所讲用法外,
常用来表示一个正在进行的动作或状态on fire,
on show, on duty, on guard, on business, on sale,
on holiday, etc;on+动名词或动作名词表示“一…
就” on one’s arrival, on one’s return。
1) 2) 注:做副词用常用来表示“继续”go on, move on,
keep on, etc.
5. After与in指时间时,均有“在之后”之意,
after用于具体某个时刻;in用于一段时间。after
有时也可以跟一段时间,但只用于一般过去时。
1) ’clock.
2) 3)
6. For与since指时间时,都要求谓语动词是延
续性的;for跟一段时间,since跟某刻时间;除
it is …since 句型外,句子要用现在完成时;for
可用现在完成时,也可用于其他时态。
7. With, in & by ( = using )
表示“用”的概念时,一般用with,特别是“用…
工具”;只有在说话、表达、书写、绘 画等少数
场合用in;另外in用于没有冠词的物质 和抽
象名词前;而with只用有冠词或其他限定词的
可数名词前。By ( doing )常用于表示用方法、手段、用…交通工具。 1) 2) 3) . 4) 8. Besides, except, but & except for (A) Except – but not, not including 除了…之外 Except for – not including“除了…之外”两部分使用的词或词组不是同一类的,后半部分对前半部分所说的基本情况在细节上加以修正;But - not including除了…之外;Besides – as well as, if you don't count除了…之外还有。 1) . 2) 3) Does John know any other foreign languages (B) Except and but are often used with no, not, very, never, all, always, any and wh- words … ( especially but ) Besides is often used with other, another, else, more, too, also… colors. 4) Y 5) 6)*Picture and color and wood and leaves are not the same things of a kind. Nothing / no one but / except – only 7) There is nothing but / except a desk in the room. Except is not only a prep but also a conj 8) He rarely went anywhere except to his office. Except 受限制较少,强调排除部分; But只能用在no, not, never, all, always, any及其合成词, every及其合成词 and wh-words等之后,强调整句内容。 8. 介词for, since, until, till, from…to引导的时间 状语是延续性的,其句子的谓语动词必须是延续性的,否则要用否定形式,也有例外。 1) He has gone to Shanghai for two weeks. ( = He has gone to Shanghai and will stay there for two 2) I haven’t received his letter for a year. weeks. 3) 9. Before, after, since, until等,既可是连词引导 从句,又可是介词,但如果后面有动词,要用动名词形式做宾语,被动要用being done的形式,这与when和while不同。 1)
2) 3) 10.汉语“在之下”有几个介词可表示:“在阳 4) 光下”要用in, in the sun, in the sunshine;“在…16.表示人的性格、品质、气质、特征和素质等,帮助下”要用with, with one’s help, with the help 通常用介词in,其后接某人或人名。
of;“在…指导下,在…领导下,在…统治下”1) We have lost a first-rate teacher in Jim.
要用under:under the leadership of, under the 2) You will always find a good friend in me
control of , under the rule of。 17.By后面的名词基本没有冠词;by用于表示
12. About, around & round 计量单位,意为“按…记”,其后接表示单位的About 做“周围、四周”解时,常和一些有活动名词前总有定冠词;但是如是抽象名词,则通常意义的动词、名词,如go, drive, kick, fly, look, 不用定冠词。
swim, walk, wander 等连用;表示这个意思时 1) around 和round可以置换 about,但 about不能2) 置换 around和 round(如 round the clock昼夜3) Are bananas sole or at how much a 不停, round the world环游世界, round the …) corner 在拐角处);about 只是here and there, in 18.在的It is + adj + for / of sb to do结构中,其all direction之意; 逻辑主语一般是用for来引导,但表示人的品质Round和 around 的不同在于round 具有in a 或特征的形容词要用of不用for。
circle motion“兜圈子” 和 in a reverse motion 1) .
“反过来、往返”之意,属于动态;around具有 2) in a circle,in all directions属于静态;一般短语3) 中两者可以互换,但在绝对动态和往返中,只能(八)动词
用round;如果表示“传播开”时,可用 about。 一.情态动词:
13. After & behind 1. Can表能力,可能性和允诺。
After 意思是“在时间之后、在顺序之后”,“追 1) 求目的”,“依照、仿照”以动态为主,指次序, 2) 常与动词be, go, run, seek, take等连用,追逐, 3) Y追求,追踪,探索等。在表示“在之后” behind 补充说明:
主要指空间位置,静态。 (1) Can只用来表示理论上的可能性,表示实际
1) Please shut the door after you. 上的可能性要用may。
2) You are behind the time. 1)
3) The girl took after her mother in maths ability. 2) 4) She is always seeking after the truth. 3) 14. At & with 4) We have got two choices: we go to the At常与一些形容词或过去分词连用,表示引起某种情绪或动作的原因。 (2) Can用来表推测时,只用于否定句和疑问句。
1) He looked surprised at seeing us. 1)
2) They were shocked at his idea of being an artist. 2)
3) He was excited at the idea of going by train. (3)Can 在以下特殊情况下,可用于肯定句:一 表示产生某种生理状态或心理状态的原因。 是表示抽象的可能性,即理论上或逻辑上分析是
4) She was shivering with cold. (生理状态) 可能的,但是实际上未必会发生;二是后接“be
5) The city is gay with a forest of red flags and a get / seem / become+形容词”,表示“有时会,时 sea of faces. 红旗如林,人山人海,喜气洋洋 1) Anyone can make mistakes. 常会”。
15. 除少数介词but, except, instead of外,介词 2) My father can be very unreasonable.
后面要跟动名词做宾语。 (4) Could不用来表过去做某事的能力,此时要
1) A word of encouragement might have made me 用 was / were able to。
. 1) 2) 2)
2. (1) May用来表示可能性和请求允许;最普通 4.Will 做为助动词,表将来时,用于第二、三 的用法是谈论可能性,要求(和给以)许可。 人称;做为情态动词时,可以用于任何人称,并
1) That’可用于时间或条件状语从句,也用来表示临时决
2) 定要做某事。
(2) May用来表示实际可能性,但表可能性时不 1) If you listen to me, I will give you some 用于疑问句,may not表示“可能不”,can not advice.(意愿) 表示“不可能”。 2) 允诺)
(3) May + 动词原形构成虚拟,用来表祝愿。 3) –(坚持那样)
1) . –I have nothing to say against it.(决心)
2) 4) Since you don’t want to go, I will go alone. 补充说明: desires. (× be going to do )
(1) 在请求允许的用法中,can, may, could或 5.Dare与need既可做情态动词,也可做实义 might均能用,could, might不是过去时态,是指 动词,注意它们之间的区别;两者做情态动词时,将来,往往含有婉转或尊敬的意思,其答语是给 常用于疑问或否定句;其中need可以跟do,to do予允许不能用could或might来回答,要用can 或doing。在否定和疑问句中dare后面可接带to或 may。 或不带to的不定式。
1) ––1) (2) May / might (just) as well 表示因为没有更好2) 的、更有趣的或更有用的事可做而去做某事,意3) 思是“不妨、还是不如、还是…的好”。 4) They don’t2) I haven’t got anything to do, so I 5) I don’t.
come with you. 6) (3) Can’t be too怎样…也不过分,越…越好。 7) .
3) Y二.连系动词
3. Must主要有两种用法: 连系动词分三种类型
(1) 与不定式连用表主观上需要。(have to表客 1. 单纯表示一个特征或状态:be, feel, look, seem 观上的需要) sound, taste, small, appear, etc.
(2) 与肯定句构成推测,形式有must be, must 2. 表示一种状态变成另一种状态:turn, get, go, being done, must have done和must have been become, grow, fall, come, run, prove, etc.
doing;否定或疑问的推测要用can来完成。 3. 表示保持某种状态:remain, keep, continue,
1) 说明: stay, etc.
2) . (1) 这些词常跟形容词或名词做表语,构成复合
3) off. 谓语。
4) (2) 除了be之外,其他连系动词均能用进行时
3.Shall 一般用于第一人称,单纯表示将来时 态;都能做实义动词用。
(1) Shall如果用于第二、三人称,表示命令、威 1) 胁、保证等。 (3) Feel, look, sound, taste和smell等与感觉器官
1) Y有关的连系动词,常用主动形式表被动意义,有
2) Y “…起来”的意思。
(2) Should的过去式是,但还有一个意思是“应1) 该”。Should have done 是“本应该做”而没做,(4) Turn 多指外形、颜色等方面的变化,也常用带有批评口气。 来表示某种意外或不愉快的改变或发展;go多
1) Y指气味等方面的变化、变质,也可用于颜色的变
(3) Shall I / Shall we …? 等句型表示提供帮助,化;become多指身份、境况等方面的变化;get提出建议,要求给以指示和征求意见,此时不用 多指天气、体力、感情等方面的变化,不能用于
1) will。 颜色的变化或变坏;run表示特定情况的变化、
2) 变坏。
1) 2)
2) Leaves go brown. (2) Need, require, want等表“需要、要求”的动
3) He went red with anger. 词,后面跟动名词做宾语,以主动形式表被动意
三.实义动词 义。此结构也可用不定式被动式表示。
1. 实义动词有3种人称,16种时态, 2种语态, 1) 3种语气和2种数的变化。 2) 2. 实义动词有谓语动词与非谓语动词之分。 (3) 感觉动词feel, look, taste, smell, sound, eat,
3. 实义动词有及物动词与不及物动词之分。 prove等做连系动词用时,以主动形式表被动意 及物动词还可分为完全及物动词和不完全及物义,有“…起来…”的意思。
动词。不完全及物动词除了要带宾语外,还要带1) 宾补,意思才能完整。 (4) 某些表示主语内在“品质”或“性能”的不
1) She him a good husband because she 及物动词,如act, burn, blow, catch, clean, cook, cut, draw, drive, fill, keep, lock, last, move, open ,
4. 实义动词还有延续与不延续之分。延续性动 run, read, sell, sing, shut, wash, wear和write等, 词与一段时间状语连用,不一定要用于现在完成如果主语是非生物的,句子有行为方式状语的或 时;非延续性动词一般不与一段时间状语连用。与否定词连用或用在否定句中,也以主动形式表 在否定句中,则不受此限制。 被动意义,表示处于某种性质或状态。
1) He has received her letter for two years. (×) 1)
2) He hasn’t received her letter for a year. (√) 2) The room cleans very easily.
3) He has had her letter for two years. (√) 3) Her book does not sell.
4) He has received letters for two years. (√) 4) The door can’5) Mary has come here for five years. (=Mary has 5) That coat doesn’come already and will stay here for five days.) 6) This poem reads well.
6) In the past few years he bought all kinds of (5) 在there be和sb has sth to do的句型中,不 useful books. Party. 定式在句中做定语,也以主动形式表被动意义。
7) For three years so many students have joined the 1) 注:5)某些趋向性动词,如go, come, leave等,2) 和一段时间状语连用,不是说明动作持续的时3) There is nothing to do. ( 无事可干)
间,而是说明动作发生后所产生的状态延续的时4) There is nothing to be done – we’ll have to buy 间。4)-6)-7)说明动作在一段时间里的多次反复。 another one. ( 没有办法 )
四.动词的的语态 (6) 动词blame, seek, let和compare等其不定式
1. 不及物动词不能用于被动语态,但不及物动 做表语,也以主动形式表被动意义。
词加介词词组是及物的,可以用于被动语态。 1) 2. 除了少数及物动词( 如cost, fit, have, suit, 2) lack )外,及物动词可以用于被动语态。 3) 3. 被动语态与be+过去分词的系表机构形式相 (7) 形容词worth后面跟动名词做宾语,也以主 同意义不同,前者表一时动作,某次行为,动词动形式表被动意义。
要求是及物动词;后者表状态,动词不受此限制。 1) 1) (是烂的) (8) 有些短语有the表被动,没有the表主动( in
2) (是烂的;被打烂) the charge of, in charge of; in the control of, in
3) control of, in the command of, in command of; in
4. 主动形式表被动的几种情况: the possession of, in possession of)。
(1) 形容词后面的不定式做宾语,且句子主语 五.动词的时态
逻辑上是不定式的宾语时,以主动形式表被动 1. 一般现在时的基本用法:
意义。此结构的不定式动词必须是及物动词或 (1) 该时态较多地用于状态动词,表示主语的特 不及物动词加介词的词组。 征、性格、能力、职务、身份、籍贯或状态;也
1) 可用于动作动词,但与频度副词连用。
1) He is a student. 一般下列情况下才用过去完成时
2) He often goes to school on foot. (1) 有by引导的过去时间状语。
(2) 应用于经常行为或动作,表示现在的习惯行 1) By the end of last years, we 3000 为和经常发生、经常反复的动作;一般不用某次 English words.
行为或某个动作。 (2) 强调两个过去动作的先后比较,发生在前的
(3) 表示现在的状态、特征或不受时间限制的客 用过去完成时,在后的用一般过去时。 观存在和真理。 1)
1) When I was a child, my teacher told me the (3) 表示想、希望、打算、计划,如intend, mean, earth is round. hope, expect, think, suppose, plan等动词,,用过
(4) 在时间状语从句、条件状语从句、The more 去完成时表示本来打算做而实际没做的动作,表…, No matter wh-…,引导的从句及make sure 示“本来…但”。
(that)…的宾语从句中表示将来动作。(即这些从 1) , but I was busy.
句不用将来时,而用一般时代之。) (4) 用于hardly …when, scarcely… when, no
1) The harder you the greater progress you sooner…than等表示“一…就”的句型。
1) No sooner he the letter than he
(5) 表示预定的计划、安排而将要进行的事情, started back home. started. 尤其指动身、达到或开会。 2)
1) (5) 在句型It ( This ) was+ the +序数词+ time that
2) ’clock. 的从句中。 window.
2. 静态动词( be, have, belong, contain, depend, 1) hold, include, matter, own, owe, possess, resemble, (6) 用于虚拟条件状语从句中,wish及as if的 etc.)、非延续性动词和表示状态、感觉、感情、从句中,表示与过去事实或愿望相反。
从属与占有等动词( believe, consider, expect, find, 1) They are talking as if they friends for forget, imagine, intend, know, mind, realize, agree, many years. the exam. recognize, remember, suppose, think, disagree, 2) dislike, have, have, like, love, pity, prefer, want, 3) . appear, feel, hear, look, notice, remain, see, seem, 5. 过去进行时的基本用法:
smell, sound, taste、及一些表示极短暂的动作的(1) 过去某一时刻或某一段时间正在进行的动 动词jump, burst, break, stop, knock, etc. 不用进作,往往有个过去时间状语。
行时态,而用一般现在时或一般过去时。 1) When I came to see him, he his
3. 现在完成时的基本用法: homework yesterday.
(1) 与现在有关系,对现在有影响,而动作是过 (2) 用过去进行时来强调动作的延续。(用一般 去某一时刻开始,动作可能已结束,也可能没结 过去时表示动作已结束。)
1) 束。 1) She a book about China last years,
2) but I don’t know whether she has finished .
(2) 句子出现since, for, up to now, in the past/ last (3) 过去进行时用于intend, expect, plan, look …等时间状语。 forward to, arrange等动词,表示本来打算做而
1) The great changes place in the past 实际没做的动作。
20 years in China. 1) He the meeting for this morning
(3) 在句型It / This is / will be+ the+序数词+ time but it was put off because we were busy. that的从句中。 补充说明:
1) – Do you know our town at all? – No, this is 1. 表示位置变化与否的移位动词如come, sail, go, leave, start, stay, die等的进行时态,一般用来
2) Don’t forget it; it will be the first time I 表将来时。
1) I’
注意:现在完成时不用于由when引导的特殊疑 2. 在日常交际中,常会遇到本来想做但由于种
4. 过去完成时的基本用法: 问句中。 种原因而没做的事情,英语在这方面有几种表示
方法。 3) (1) 表示想、希望、打算、计划,(如intend, mean, 4) hope, expect, think, suppose, plan)等动词,用过5) .
去完成时表示本来打算做而实际没做的动作,表6) . 示“本来…但”。 (3) 在It is + adj / n +that句型中,如形容词是
1) , but I was busy. advisable, eager, anxious, proper, essential, natural,
(2) 以上动词的过去式+ to have done important, necessary, possible, strange,right etc.
1) We the 9:30 train, but I 名词是 shame, wonder, pity, etc.等时,从句也常 found it gone. 用( should ) do 的虚拟形式,表示不满、劝说、
2) I’m sorry you can’t recite it. I 吃惊和遗憾的情绪。
1) It is important that we hard while
(3)用intend, expect, plan, look forward to, arrange we are young. time. 等动词过去进行时,表示本来打算做而实际没 2) It’做的动作。 3) 1) He the meeting for this morning (4) Wish后的宾语从句或as if引导的方式状语 but it was put off because we were busy. 从句,与现在或当时的愿望或情况相反的,用
(4) 用Be to have done, would like / love to have 一般过去时;与过去或当时之前的愿望或情况 done, would rather have done来表示。 wrong. 相反的,用过去完成时。
1) 1) 2) I’ 2) He wished he it.
6.虚拟语气 forgot it. 3) (1) 带条件句的虚拟语气:与将来事实可能相4) 反,从句did, should do, were to do用主句用5) would do形式;与现在事实可能相反,从句did注:As if引导的方式状语从句,可以不用虚拟 用主句用would do形式;与过去事实可能相反,语气。
从句had done用主句用would have done形式; (5) 两个用过去时的虚拟语气句型:It be ( high ) 所有虚拟语气的谓语动词均用过去的各种形式,time that + S+ did ( / should do )和 …would be动词一般用were的形式,从句一般不用would rather + S + did 的谓语动词用一般过去时。 do的形式。 1) It is time that you got up now.
(2) 表示要求、需要、劝告、建议和命令等各类 2) – Shall I open the window? 词的各种从句(含主语从句、表语从句、宾语从 – I’句和同位语从句)的谓语动词一般用( Should ) + (6) 混合两种语气的句子或提供语言环境的虚 do形式,此类词有arrange, advice, advise, desire, 拟语气,常用without, but for, or, but, otherwise command, demand, decide, insist, order, propose, 等来提供真实环境。
plan, require, request, suggest和suggestion, move 1) Without your help, we it in
1) 等。 such a short time.
2) 2) – Did you go to see the football match last night?
3) – No. I didn’on their conversation in French.
4) Our only request is that (7) 虚拟条件句的连词可省略,但从句要用倒装 soon as possible. 1) 语序。
5) 2) he in your position, he’d 说明:suggest(建议、表明),insist(坚决要求、 the same. completely. 坚持说),advise(建议劝告、通知告知)等各有 3) e’ 两种意义,前者用虚拟语气,后者用陈述语气。 ( 九 ) 非谓语动词
1) 一.不定式
2) 1.不定式具有名词、形容词、副词及动词的性
质和特点,在句子中除了不能做谓语外,能担任常省)如该不定式有be动词或本身是不定式完其他的任何成分。 成式时,此时be动词和have(been)也不省略。
2.不定式一般用来表示一个未来的动作,已做1) – Are you a college student? 的动作,要用不定式的完成式(做感觉动词的宾–补除外)。 2) – Would you like to with us? –1) 3) – Will you come and join us in the trip?
2) I’– I’3) 4) – He hasn’t finished the work yet.
4.形容词后面一般跟不定式做宾语(除busy, –worth外), 10.Too...to一般情况下表示“太…以至不…”,
(1) 表示思想感情的形容词,如glad, sorry, sure, 否定后面的不定式;但某些表现主语所处的心able, afraid, anxious, careful, content, determined, 情、状态、态度或倾向等描绘意义的形容词,如eager, foolish, free, likely, lucky, ready, prepared, anxious, eager, good, pleasant, kind, easy, willing, slow, will等,其后的不定式与句子主语是主谓 satisfied, ready等后面的不定式和only too…to,
1) 关系。 just too…to, but too…to, simply too…to等后面的
2) 不定式不表示否定,而是too= very.
(2) 其他形容词后的不定式与句子主语是动宾 1) 关系,即以主动形式表被动意义此结构的不定式 2)
动词必须是及物动词或不及物动词加介词的词 3) – Thank you very much.
1) 组。 – Not at all, I was only too glad to help. 结构。
2) 11.The +序数词(+名词)+不定式是一个固定
3) 1) 5.不定式做定语,大多与其修饰的名词有动宾 12.表示一种状态的动词,如know, like, love, 关系,故不定式动词必须是及物动词或不及物动understand等,为了说明经历的过程,常在其前 词加介词的词组。 面加get to, come to, learn to等。
1) 1) He gets to know the language quite well.
2) 13.定式短语以独立成分做状语,其意义与主语
3) 无关,该不定式称为悬垂不定式。
注:不定式做定语,也有是主谓关系的 1) 首先
4) 2) 6.不定式常用来表示某次行为,也可以用来表 注:此类不定式还有to be brief(简而言之)to be 示经常行为。 exact (精确地说)to be frank with you(老实对
1) To see is to believe ( = Seeing is believing.) 你说)to say nothing of(故且不讲)to conclude
2) I ( should ) like to get up early tomorrow. (总而言之)等。
3) To finish this work today took me two hours. 14.注意识别带to的短语,分清to介词还是不
7.不定式做感觉动词和使役动词的宾补时,一 定式的标志;to是介词要跟doing,to是不定式 般不带to,但在被动结构中,to不能省略。 标志要跟do;已学过的带to是介词的短语有:
1) He made her work for a long time every day. add amount look forward pay attention 2) She was made to work for a long time a day. 8.不定式放句首,常用来表目的;也可用来 turn get down do good / harm / 回答why提出的问题。 ……1) 2) – Why was the official meeting held? –15.Why不用于疑问词+不定式的结构中(×why
9.为避免重复,不定式在句子中做宾语或宾补, to do ), why后要跟( not ) do,往往用来表建议。 其动作又与前面的动作相同,该不定式的动词可1) Why not join us in the party?
以省略,但to一般不省略(在有like条件句中16.Except, but, save, than, as 等连词前面有do
或to do时,后面接不带to的不定式,否则后面 做定语的用drunken, lighted, sunken, burnt, 的不定式要带to。 anxious. stricken, learned等;做表语的用drunk, lit, light,
1) It had no other effect except to make him all the sunk, burnt, stricken, learned 等(注:带有-en的
16.下列动词后面只跟不定式,而不跟动名词做过去分词常用来作前置定语或构成复合词,如a 宾语:agree, arrange, ask, beg, choose, conclude, clean-shaven face, a hidden meaning, rotten eggs) dare, decide, demand, design, elect, expect, fail, 1) ’t stand up hope, learn, manage, offer, plan, prepare, pretend, 2) promise, refuse, wish (×dislike / discourage / 3) The ship is They have searched for the disagree to do ) 二.分词 4) (年老体衰)
1.现在分词 5) (有学问的人)
(1) 现在分词与动名词的形式相同,但性质和 6) The boy was The nurse is taking good 用法不同,现在分词具有形容词和副词的性质, .
在句中做状语、表语、定语和宾补。 补充说明:
(2) 现在分词表示一个主动的、正在进行的动 1.分词与主语是主动关系的,要用现在分词; 作或行为,表示事物的性质和特征。 与主语是被动关系的,要用过去分词。如与主
1) 语无关系,则要用独立主格结构或从句或分句
2) . 2.分词做前置定语一般是一种长久的动作,
(3) 现在分词一般用来修饰事物或做事物的表 更象一个形容词,如an interesting book, a 1) 语。 等;但动作较短的一般不前置
2) ( 如×a hunting man, ×a built house, ×a
(4) 带宾语的及物动词和不及物动词往往用现discussed question 等),一般要后置,如a 在分词形式来做状语、表语、定语或宾补。
2.过去分词 词做定语的要前置,如a newly-built house, a (1) 过去分词具有现在分词相同的性质和用法。 等。现在分词表示所修饰名词
(2) 过去分词表示一个被动的、完成的动作或行的性质,特征;过去分词则表示由于外界因素 为,表示事物的状态。 引起的,表示状态exciting news, excited voice,
1) puzzling question, puzzled mother。
2) . 3.或逻辑主语是人或修饰人的情感动词可
(3) 过去分词一般用来修饰人或做人的表语;但 用过去分词(多用)或现在分词(有“令人、使有的名词如face, voice, look, eye, way等,也可 人”的意思;如主语或逻辑主语是事物,或修饰用情感动词的过去分词形式修饰。 事物,一般用现在分词。
1) I’1) John is always boring.
2) 2) Lincoln was a warm-hearted and inspiring man.
3) I could see she was very satisfied with her life 3) I find him very disappointing. We can’t count too much on him(期望过高)
4) The boy told of his adventure is a still 4.有的名词如face, voice, look, eye, way等,也可用情感动词的过去分词形式修饰。
5) Her shows something has 1) He looked at me in a puzzled way.
happened to her. 2) Her worried look shows something must have
6) happened to her.
(4) 无宾语的及物动词往往用过去分词形式来3) The boy told of his story in a frightened voice 做状语、表语、定语或宾补。 5.Have sb / sth doing使某事物处于某种持续状
(5) 有的动词有两个过去分词如drink, light, hide, 态,have sth doing常用于疑问句、否定句,表 shave, rot, sank, burn ( burned and burnt), strike 示容忍、忍受、允许等。
( struck and stricken) , learn ( learned and learnt)1) I can’t have you making the same mistake. 等,做谓语用的(即被动和完成)一般两种都行;6.分词做定语及状语须注意的几个问题:
(1) 分词being不能单独作后置定语。
1) Anyone who is outside after ten o’clock will be
put into prison in that country. ( × Anyone
being outside after ten …) 语。
(2) 分词having ( been ) done不能用来作后置定
2) The old man scolded the child who broke the
window. ( × … the child having broken…)
(3) 短暂性动词的分词being done不能用来作后
置定语。
3) Most of the people invited to the party were
famous scientists. (×the people being invited)
(4) 过去分词否定式,多用not being done形式。
4) Not being allowed, we have to wait outside the
7.悬垂分词 hall.
分词短语做状语时, 它的逻辑主语应该和句子
中的主语一致,否则要用独立主格结构。但也有
不一致的现象,这种分词叫悬垂分词。下列情况
可使用悬垂分词:
(1) 当分词的逻辑主语是表示时间的代词it时
1) , the office was closed. ( = Since it
was Sunday, …)
(2) 当分词逻辑主语在句中或其他地方已通过
人称代词所有格或其他词的使用得到暗示时。
1) downstairs, a sudden thought struck
him.( S2001 him是going的逻辑主语 )
2) , it
may mow be too late to clean up the river.
( N2001 river是分词的逻辑主语,不是 it )
3) him a while to recover from the operation
( N2000 Given的逻辑主语是him,Given“考
虑到,鉴于”与后面的名词所构成的短语表
示一个条件 ) you时。
(3) 当分词的逻辑主语是表示泛指的one, we或
1) When carelessly, it is easy to have an
accident.(=When one / you drive carelessly…)
(4)当分词短语是用来表示说话人对这句话所持
的态度、看法的评注性状语时。
1)
(5)当分词的逻辑主语是前面或后面的整个句子
时。(相当于由which或as引导的非限定性定语
从句)
1) The car was held up in the traffic, the
delay. ( N98 = …, which caused the delay )
2) European football is played in 80 countries, it the most popular sport in the world.
( N98 =…, which made it …)
(6)当主语是事物,分词的逻辑主语是句子的被 动结构的行为执行者时。 1) on the top of the tower, the whole village can be seen clearly.(See的执行者是 standing的逻辑主语) 三.动名词 1. 动名词具有名词和动词的性质,可以做主语、 宾语、表语和定语;也可以有自己的宾语或状语。 2. 动名词表示一个已做的经常的动作,表示抽 象的、一般的行为。 1) I hope you don’t mind my saying it. 2) Traveling abroad can be very excited. 3. 某些动词、动词词组和形容词后面要跟动名 词做宾语,如admit, advise, allow, avoid, appreciate, await, consider, delay, deny, dislike, enjoy, escape, excuse, finish, fancy, forbid, imagine, keep, mind, miss, practice, permit, report, resist, risk, suggest, understand; give up, put off, set off, leave off, burst out, can’t stand, can’t bear; busy, worth, late 等。 to yourself. 1) I can’ 2) 4. 在某些词组或句型中,介词可省略,直接跟 动名词做宾语,如prevent …(from) doing, stop …( from) doing, have difficulty / trouble / problem ( in ) doing, waste time ( in ) doing, spend time ( in ) doing等。 1) 2) 5. 某些动词如forget, remember, mean, stop, try 词组go on等后面既可跟动名词,又可跟不定式 其意思不同,跟不定式,往往表示一个未做的动作;跟动名词,往往表示一个已做或正在做的动作。另外,can’t help to do 表示“无助于、帮不了”,can’t help doing表示“禁不住”。Regret to do “遗憾地做某事”,动词只有tell, say, inform等几个,其宾语往往是不好的或不如意的事;regret doing“做了某事感到后悔”其动词不受限制。 1) You oughtn’. 2) 3) I’m very busy these days. I can’t help the room. 4) I am afraid your suggestion can’t help 5) We can’. 6) I regret you that John’s father died yesterday.
7) I regret him about my personal affairs. (3) 如but前面没有实义动词do,后面要跟带 He is now telling everyone about them. 的不定式( but to do )。
6. 介词(除了but, except和instead of外)后面 3) 一般跟动名词做宾语;To可以是不定式的标志,2.Like to do与like doing的一些补充:
又可以是介词,名词后面的to是介词,而词组1) She didn’t like to go with us, because she had to 后面的是介词的有amount to, apply to, apply go out to work.(不喜欢做,也没做)
oneself add look forward pay attention 2) She didn’t like going with us, though she did so yesterday.(不喜欢做,但做了)
turn get down do good / harm / 3. 名词与同根动名词的不同:
……名词一般指具体某次行为,是可数的;动名词是泛指的行为或总称,不可数。如dance 指具体的等。 一次跳舞,是可数的;dancing是泛指的行为或
1) 总称,不可数。Walk→walking, swim→swimming,
2) He mad up his mind to devote all he had to kiss→kissing.
4.非谓语动词的一些补充:
3) He proposes to do some work (1) 下列动词后面可跟不定式,也可跟动名词做 . 宾语:like, begin, hate, start, propose, continue,
4) A word of encouragement might have made me prefer, love等,一般情况下,意义相同;但有时也有不同,用不定式常表示具体或一次性动作,
7. Allow, permit, forbid, advise等动词,如后面 而动名词则往往表示概括性经常性的动作。 没人做宾语的,就直接跟动名词做宾语;如有人1) I prefer walking to cycling.
做宾语的,要用V+ sb+ to do 结构。 2) I prefer to stay at home this evening.
1) The doctor advised Mrs. Brown too (2) 非谓语动词可以有自己的逻辑主语,不定式 much chocolate. 是for sb to do或of sb to ;动名词是sb’s / sb
2) doing;分词是sb’s doing和sb /sth done。
3) time. 1) 8. 动词need, require, want, take等表“需要”时, 2) late for school again made her 后面可跟动名词( doing )做宾语,也可跟不定式teacher very angry.
被动式( to be done )。 3) 1) He said he did not 4) money. carefully. (3) 非谓语动词的否定式的一般放在非谓语动
2) 词最前面not to do, not doing和 not done。其复
3) Y合结构语序是:逻辑主语+ not +非谓语动词。
4) 1) 5) 2) the homework, he was not
9. 动名词以主动表被动的情况有:be worth allowed to go out. job. doing, need / require / want doing. 3) ’t finished the
1) 4) What worried the child most was 2) 补充说明: ( 十 )倒装语序
1.But后面的动词形式 一.部分倒装
(1) 如but前面谓语动词是实义动词do,后面 把助动词、情态动词或Be动词放到主语之前。 要跟不带的不定式( but do)。 1. 特殊疑问句和一般疑问句。
1) He did nothing but lie down. 1) (2) 如but前面有实义动词( 不是谓语动词 ) do) 2)
do,后面可跟带to或不带to的不定式( but do / to 2. 否定词 not, no, never, hardly , scarcely, nor, few,
2) seldom, little, neither, 及否定词组in hardly any
situation, by no means, at no time, no sooner, not 说明:这种类型倒装,主语是名词不是代词;动only等(但no matter+疑问词的结构例外)放句 词往往是表示位置是否转移的移位动词,如be,
1) 首 live, stand, sit, lie, go, come, run, stay, rush
2) 补充:在一个带有助动词的谓语中,分词可移至
3) 句首,引起倒装。
4) Little think that we were talking together 1) Gone are the days when teachers were looked for the last time. 三.不规则倒装 down upon.
5) 1. As引导的让步状语从句一般情况下把表语,
3. So修饰表语或状语及only修饰状语放句首。 做状语的副词或动词的一部分放到的前面。
1) 1)
2) 6) Tallest as he is in my class, he runs slowest yet. hear them out in the street. 2) would up and down, I could see no
3) So bright that the flowers bright human being.
as by day. news. 3) will, you will gain no
4) additional support.
4. 省略if的虚拟条件句。 2.Such + be + 主语的倒装
1) 1) Such was Li Ming.
2) same. 说明: 当句子是主从句时, 要倒装主句,不倒装
5. So, neither, nor等词放句首,表示“也或也 (十一)反意疑问句 从句。 不”的意思时。 反意疑问句的构成
1) I don’t1. 肯定陈述句+否定疑问句?否定(含否定
2) 词)陈述句+肯定疑问句?
3) If you don’t1) 6. 表示频度的副词及其短语often, always, once, 2) She doesn’tmany a time, now and then, everyday, other day, 2. 陈述句部分是由I think / suppose / expect every two hours 和thus等做状语为了强调放句imagine / believe等及其宾语从句构成,问句部 首时。 happened. 分要与宾语从句保持人称与数的一致。
1) Now and then did he wake up to see what 1) 2) Every two days did we go for a walk together. 2) I don’t3) Many a time did the boy go swimming alone. 3 3. 陈述句部分是由感叹句构成,问句部分是由
7. 在一般祈使句中,如有助动词又保留主语时,be动词+主语构成。
通常采用部分倒装。 1) 1) Do not you be nervous, my son. 2)
2) Do you mark my words! 4. 陈述句部分是由两个或两个以上的并列句子
二.完全倒装 组成,问句部分与最近句子保持人称与数的一致
1. 地点、时间或方位副词there, here, in, out, 1) away, up, down, from, off, back, over, then, now, 5.陈述句部分有感叹词oh, so时,陈述句与问 so, thus…等放句首 句两部分都用相同的肯定或否定形式。
1) 1) So, she doesn’t like her job, 2) 6. 情态动词must在反意疑问句中的用法要根据
3) 它在陈述部分中的实际意义来决定。
4) countries. (2) 当must表示“必须”时, 问句部分用mustn’t。
5) 1) You must come her on time, mustn’t you?
6) (3) 当must表示“有必要”时,问句部分用needn’t
2. 地点状语放句首。 2) We must have a meeting tonight, needn’t we?
1) (4) 当mustn’t表示“禁止”时,问句部分用must
2) 3) You mustn’t smoke here, must you?
(5) 当must表示“一定,想必”等推测意义时, 问句部分不用must ,而采用与must后面动词 相呼应的助动词形式。
4) He must have gone there yesterday
5) Y
6)
7. 表示邀请、恩惠及劝告的祈使句,问句部分 用won’t you?;表示命令或请求的祈使句,问句 部分用will you?;Let’s…用shall I? Let us…或 Let me… 用will you?; Don’t …用 will you? 或
1) can you?
2)
3) Let’
4)
5)
6) Don’t
8. 陈述句部分表示心理感受,听话者不可能用 yes或no来回答,问句部分主语要用you。
1) I’m very thirsty
2) I find it very interesting,
3)
9. 陈述句部分的主语是everybody (everyone), nobody, no one, someone, somebody, 问句主语要 用they; 陈述句部分的主语是everything, something, nothing问句主语用it。
1) Nobody except him knows French in his class,
2) Everything goes well, doesn’ 1 10.陈述句部分的主语是I wish,问句要用 may I?(如主语不是I,则与一般反意疑问句同) 陈述句部分的主语是I’m,问句要用aren’t.
1)
2) You wish to go with me,
3)
11.有些反意疑问句不用来征询对方意见或证实 自己得到的信息,而是用来表示说话人的某种感 情色彩,并不要求对方具体回答;这时答话人可 以接过话头,根据具体情况作出反应,使谈话继 续进行下去,使谈话变得更为自然和流畅。
1) – – Y (可不是吗?)