英语状语从句讲解
状语从句
一、状语从句定义
在复合句中,由一个从句充当状语,该从句被称为状语从句。它可以用来修饰谓语(包括非谓语动词)、定语、状语或整个句子。状语从句通常由一个连词引导,也可以由一个起连词作用的词组引导。
二、状语从句的分类
(一)时间状语从句
在时间状语从句中,要注意时态一致问题。一般情况下主句将来时的时候,从句要用一般现在时表示将来。可以引导时间状语从句的连词很多,根据意义和主从句之间的关系,又可分为:
1)表同时性,即主从句谓语动作同时发生或几乎同时发生。其连词有:as(当„时候)、while、when、as soon as、once(一旦„)等。例如:
Strike while the iron is hot.
I do every single bit of housework, while my husband Bob just does the dishes now and then. As/When I came home, I met one of my old friends.
I will ring you up as soon as he comes.
Once you see her son, you will never forget him.
高考例题:
1. How can you expect to learn anything ______ you never listen?
A. in case B. even if C. unless D. when
2. He transplanted the little tree to the garden ______ it was the best time for it.
A. where B. when C. that D. until
3. Don’t be afraid of asking for help ______ it is needed.
A. unless B. since C. although D. when
2)表先时或后时,即主句的谓语动作发生在从句之前或之后,主要连词有:before、after、when(=after)等。例如:
After/When my son had gone to bed, I began to prepare my lessons.
He had learned English for ten years before he went to America.
It was not long before I forgot it all.
It will be long before we meet again.
He made a mistake, but then he corrected the situation before it got worse.
高考例题:
1. ---How long do you think it will be _____ China sends a manned spaceship to the moon?
---Perhaps two or three years.
A. when B. until C. that D. before
2. The American Civil War lasted four years ______ the North won in the end.
A. after B. before C. when D. then
3. ---Why didn’t you tell him about the meeting?
---He rushed out of the room ______ I could say a word.
A. before B. until C. when D. after
4. It was evening _____ we reached the little town of Winchester.
A. that B. until C. since D. before
5. Scientists say it may be five or six years ______ it is possible to test this medicine on human patients.
A. since B. after C. before D. when
6. He made a mistake, but then he corrected the situation ______ it got worse.
A. until B. when C. before D. as
3)表示习惯性、经常性,即从句描述的不是一次性动作,而是经常发生的习惯性动作。主要连词有:every time(每次)、each time(每次)、whenever(每当)等。例如:
Every time I went to his house, he was studying.
4)表示持续性和瞬间性,主要连词有:since、until等。例如:
It is 6 years since we lived here.
You have been talking to me ever since you came back.
I knew nothing about it until you told me.
高考命题:
1. “You can’t have this football back ______ you promise not to kick it at my cat again,” the old man said firmly.
A. because B. since C. when D. until
2. We were told that we should follow the main road _____ we reached the central railway station.
A. whenever B. until C. while D. wherever
3. That was really a splendid evening. It’s three years _____ I enjoyed myself so much.
A. when B. that C. before D. since
注意:
1. as、when、while的区别
as、when、while都表示主、从句的动作或状态同时发生,但三者意义不同。as和when引导折从句即可表示一点时间,也可表示一段时间,从句中的谓语动词既可以是持续性动词,也可以是短暂性动词,经常可以互换;while引导的从句通常表示一段时间,从句中宜用持续
性动词作谓语。
1)当从句中的谓语动词为持续动词时,这三者可以通用。例如:
Mother was worried because little Alice was ill, especially as/while/when Father was away in France.
2)如果从句和主句要表示一个人的两个动作交替进行或同时完成时,则多用as,可译为“一边„一边„”。例如:
He looked back from time to time as he walked.
As time goes on, it’s getting warmer and warmer.
I thought of it just as you opened your mouth.
3)当主从句之间表示转折工对比关系时,多用while,不用as或when。例如:
She thought I was talking about her son. While in fact, I was talking about my son.
4)如果表示从句的动作在主句的动作“之前”或“之后”发生时,多用when,不用as或while。此外,when还含有“at that moment”的意思,引导的句子不能放在句首,也不能用as, while来替换。例如:
He was about to tell me the secret when someone patted him on the shoulder.
We were swimming in the lake when suddenly the storm started.
They had just arrived home when the telephone rang.
2. until与till及not„until/till的用法
1)until与till都可以表示“直到„为止”,与持续性动词的肯定式连用。例如:
A good storyteller must be able to hold his listener’s curiosity until/till he reaches the end of the story.
2)until和till表示“直到„为止”,与短暂动词的否定式连用,这时,until/till可用before代替。例如:
I didn’t leave until/till/before he came back.
3)be动词的肯定式和否定式都可以和until/till连用。
4)until引导的从句可以放在主句之前或主句之后,但till从句不能放在句首。例如: Until he came back, I didn’t left.
当not until位于句首时,主句中的主语、谓语要使用倒装语序。例如:
Not until he came back didn’t I leave.
在强调句型中一般用until,不用till。例如:
It was not until midnight that he went back home after the experiment.
3.有时,the time(当„的时刻)、the moment、by the time(到„时候为止)、next time、the first time、the last time、immediately(一„就„)、instantly、directly、hardly„when„、scarcely„when、no sooner„than„等连词也可引导时间状语从句。例如:
1. ---Did you remember to give Mary the money you owed her?
---Yes, I gave it to her the moment I saw her.
2. By the time he was fourteen, Einstein had learned advanced mathematics all by himself.
3. He left me a good impression the first time I met him.
4. She had no sooner arrived there than she fell ill.
5. He had hardly finished when someone rose to refuse his points.
6. Be sure to call on us next time you come.
7. She had scarcely fallen asleep when a knock at the door awakened her.
当hardly, scarcely, no sooner位于句首时,常用倒装语序。例如:
No sooner had she arrived there than she fell ill.
Hardly had he finished when someone rose to refuse his points.
Scarcely had she fallen asleep when a knock at the door awakened her.
(二)地点状语从句
地点状语从句是由where(在„的地方)、wherever(无论哪里)引导的。例如: She found her calculator where she lost it.
Where there is a will, there is a way.
He will keep in touch with us wherever he is.
高考例题:
1. If you are traveling ______ the customs are really foreign to your own, please do as the Romans do.
A. in which B. what C. when D. where
2. In peace, too, the Red Cross is expected to send help ______ there is human suffering.
A. whoever B. however C. whatever D. wherever
3. ---Mom, what did your doctor say?
---He advise me to live ______ the air is fresher.
A. in when B. in which C. the place where D. where
(三)原因状语从句
表示原因的状语从句可以由as、because、since、now (that)、considering that(考虑到)、seeing that(由于)等连词引导。例如:
Seeing that quite a few people were absent, we decided to put the meeting off.
Now that/Since you are all here, let’s begin our discussion.
As she was ill, she didn’t go to school.
Considering that they are just children, they are doing quite a good job.
高考命题:
1. Jenny was very sad over the loss of the photos she had shot at Canada, ______ this was a memory she especially treasured.
A. as B. if C. when D. where
2. Parents should take seriously their children’s requests for sunglasses ______ eye protection is
necessary in sunny weather.
A. because B. though C. unless D. if
注意:
because, since, as, for的区别
1)在这四个连词中,because的语气最强。它引导的从句表达的是未知的新信息,也是该主从复合句中的焦点,一般都置于主句之后(也可以放在主句之前,用逗号隔开)。在回答“why”引导的特殊疑问句时,一般只能用because;在强调结构“It is/was …that…”中,也只能用because。此外,在关联词“not…but…”结构中,也用because引导的原因状语从句。例如: It’s because it snows that I’m late.
He decided to give up the chance of going abroad, not because he did not want to but because his wife was ill.
----Why didn’t you phone me last night?
----Because I didn’t want to disturb you.
2)since和as语气不如because强,as的语气最弱。
它们引导的从句大多置于句首,有时放大主句之后(as从句在复合句中的位置更为灵活),表达的往往是已知信息,即所指的原因是人们已知的客观事实,所以复合句的重心在主句。例如:
Since you have no license, you are not allowed to drive.
As he was not well enough, I had to go without him.
3)for的语气不及because, since, as强。
for为并列连词,引导的分句常放在主句之后,主从句间常用逗号,表示说话者为所做推断和预测提供理由,或为前一分句进行补充和解释。例如:
In must have rained last night, for the ground is wet.
比较:The ground is wet, for/because it rained last night.
(四)目的状语从句
引导目的状语从句的主要连词有:that、so that、in order that、for fear that、in case等,从句中常常使用一些情态动词,如can、could、may、might、should等。例如:
John may phone tonight. I don’t want to go out in case he phones.
Let’s take the front seats so that we may see more clearly.
School was closed early in order that the children might go home ahead of the snowstorm. He took the telephone number down for fear that he should forget it.
高考例题:
1. I always take something to read when I go to the doctor’s _____ I have to wait.
A. in case B. so that C. in order D. as if
2. I’d like to arrive 20 minutes early ______ I can have time for a cup of tea.
A. as soon as B. as a result C. in case D. so that
3. Roses need special care ______ they can live through winter.
A. because B. so that C. even if D. as
(五)结果状语从句
引导结果状语从句的连词有:that、so、so that、so„that、such„that。例如: What has happened that you all look so unhappy?
He didn’t plan his time well, so that/ so he didn’t catch the train.
We left in such a hurry that we forgot to take some money.
Tom is so short that he can not reach the top of the shelf.
Kate is such a good girl that all the teachers like her very much
但是,当名词前有many, much, few, little(多少)修饰时,要用so,不能用such。例如: I have had so many falls that I am black and blue all over.
高考命题:
His plan was such a good one ____ we all agreed to accept it.
A. as B. that C. so D. and
(六)条件状语从句
表示条件的状语从句可以由if(如果),unless(除非), in case(万一), so/as long as(只要), so/as far as(就„而言),on condition that(条件是„),suppose(假设),supposing(假设)(仅用在问句中)等词或词组引导。一般情况下当主句是将来时的时候,从句要用一般现在时。例如:
As/So long as you don’t lose heart, you’ll find a way to overcome the difficulty.
Send me a message in case you have any difficulty.
I’ll lend you my book on condition that you keep it clean.
As/So far as I can see, there is only one possible way to keep away from the danger.
Tom will accept the job unless the salary is too low.
Suppose/Supposing he doesn’t come, what shall we do?
高考例题:
1. _____ you’ve tried it, you can’t imagine how pleasant it is.
A. Unless B. Because C. Although D. When
2. In time of serious accidents, _______ we know some basic things about first aid, we can save lives.
A. whether B. until C. if D. unless
3. We won’t keep winning games ______ we keep playing well.
A. because B. unless C. when D. while
4. _____ environmental damage is done, it takes many years for the ecosystem(生态系统) to recover.
A. Even if B. If only C. While D. Once
5. It is known to all that ______ you exercise regularly, you won’t keep good health.
A. unless B. whenever C. although D. if
6. You must keep on working in the evening ____ you are sure you can finish the task in time.
A. as B. if C. when D. unless
7. ______ you call me to say you’re not coming, I’ll see you at the theatre.
A. Though B. Whether C. Until D. Unless
8. ______ I know the money is safe, I shall not worry about it.
A. Even though B. Unless C. As long as D. While
9. ---How far apart do they live?
---________ I know, they live in the same neighbourhood.
A. As long as B. As far as C. As well as D. As often as 注意:
if和unless的用法:
1)一般情况下,unless相当于if„not,可以互换。例如:
I won’t let you in unless you show me your pass.
2)在下列情况下,两者有如下区别:
①unless引导真实条件句,if„not可以引导真实条件句或非真实条件句。
②unless从句中有否定词时,不能换成if„not结构。
③如果主句描述的是情感或情绪活动方面的内容,if„not结构不能换成unless。例如: I’ll be quite glad if she doesn’t come this evening.
④unless表示唯一条件,不能用and连接重复使用,if„not则可以。
(七)方式状语从句
方式状语从句常由as,as if等词引导。例如:
Do in Rome as the Romans do.
Leave things as they are.
She stood there as if she were thinking something over.
(八)比较状语从句
比较状语从句常由than, as 等连词引导。例如:
It rains more often in Shanghai than in Beijing.
Our country is as big as the whole of Europe.
The result was not as/so good as we had expected.
The busier he is, the happier he feels.
(九)让步状语从句
让步状语从句由although, though, whatever, however, whichever, whenever, wherever, whether, no matter (who, what, where, when…), even if, even though等词引导。例如:
Mr. Hall understands that although math has always been easy for him, it is not easy for the students.
He won’t be discouraged even if he fails ten times.
It was an exciting game, though/although no goals were scored.
Whether you believe it or not, it’s true.
However amusing the story is, I have to put it away and focus my attention on study this week.
Don’t let them in, whoever they are.
No matter what I say or how I say it, he always thinks I’m wrong.
Young as he is, he knows a lot.
高考命题:
1. _____ he has limited technical knowledge, the old worker has a lot of experience.
A. Since B. Unless C. As D. Although
2. This is a very interested book. I’ll buy it, ________.
A. no matter how it may cost B. how may it cost
C. how much may it cost D. however much it may cost
3. He tried his best to solve the problem, _______ difficult it was.
A. however B. no matter C. whatever D. although
4. Allow children the space to voice their opinions, ______ they are different from your own.
A. until B. even if C. unless D. as though
5. The old tower must be saved, _______ the cost.
A. however B. what ever C. whichever D. wherever
6. There was never any time for Kate to feel lonely, ______ she was an only child.
A. ever since B. now that C. even though D. even as
7. You can eat food free in my restaurant ______ you like.
A. whenever B. wherever C. what ever D. however
8. ______ modeling business is by no means easy to get into, the good model will always be in demand.
A. While B. Since C. As D. If
9. _______I accept that he is not perfect, I do actually like the person.
A. While B. Since C. Before D. Unless
10. You should try to get a good night’s sleep _____ much work you have to do.
A. however B. no matter C. although D. whatever
基础练习:
1. I will _____ wait for you _____ 5 o’clock.
A. not…until B. not…till C. x…until D. x…by
2. My English teacher is extremely strict about grammar, I dare not talk with him _____ I get every grammatical point straight in my mind.
A. although B. while C. if D. unless
3. Few people paid full attention to their health conditions _____ they were seriously ill.
A. when B. if C. until D. before
4. Women workers wear hats ______ their hair gets caught in the machinery.
A. if B. in case C. unless D. because
5. Glass-making was practiced thousands of years ago by Egyptians though it was many centuries
______ men discovered how to make glass transparent.
A. when B. after C. before D. since
6. ______ divorce is often the only satisfactory solution for married couples who can no longer stand the sight of each other, it can have a shocking effect on their kids.
A. Since B. While C. As D. Unless
7. ______ as she was, she knew what was the right thing to do.
A. Child B. A child C. The child D. Children
8. Someone must have left the tap running, _____ the water was running over and flooding the bathroom.
A. therefore B. for C. nevertheless D. moreover
9. _____ the English examination I world have gone to the concert last Saturday.
A. In spite of B. But for C. Because of D. As for
10. _____ to speak when the audience interrupted him.
A. Hardly had he begun B. No sooner had he begun
C. Not until he began D. Scarcely did he begin
11. Mary didn’t go to the party last night because she ______ the baby for her sister until 9:00.
A. must have looked after B. would have to look after
C. had to look after D. should have to look after
12. The engineers are going through with their highway project, ______ the expenses have risen.
A. even though B. just because C. now that D as though
13. _____ they have finished the course, they will start doing more revision work.
A. For now B. Now that C. Ever since D. By now
14. A man escaped from the prison last week. It was a long time _____ the guards discovered what had happened.
A. before B. until C. since D. then
15. I had just started back for the room to change my box _____ I overheard voices.
A. as B. while C. after D. when
16. _____ that my head had cleared, my brain was also beginning to work much better.
A. For B. Since C. Now D. Despite
17. _____ they invite you to speak, remain silent.
A. If B. Although C. Unless D. Even though
18. Young ______ John was, he was able to swim across the channel within minutes.
A. as B. so C. though D. although
19. The school is built ______ there are many trees and flowers.
A. at that B. that C. in that D. where
20. Provided that you ______ with us the leader would not criticize you.
A. work B. will work C. worked D. have worked
21. They are staying with us _______ the time being until they find a place of their own.
A. during B. since C. in D. for
22. I did not remember his name ______ after I had greeted him.
A. when B. as C. until D. while
23. Liquids are like solids _______ they have a definite volume.
A. in that B. with that C. that D. because of
24. ________, we went swimming.
A. Being a hot day B. The day being hot
C. Due to a hot day D. It was a hot day
25. ________ radar is to airplanes and ships, ______ eyes are to human’s body.
A. Such…as B. Just…as C. Such as…so D. Just as…so
26. ______, this kind of disease can cause great harm to the cattle.
A. It occurs where it is B. Occurring where
C. Where does it occur D. Where it occurs
27. These products will not be exported abroad ______.
A. in the case of the quality is not up to the standard
B. in case the quality is not up to the standard
C. in the case the quality is not up to the standard
D. in case of the quality is not up to the standard
28. The price of goods has kept rising _____ the wages of the workers remain the same.
A. whether B. otherwise C. consequently D. whereas
29. _____ difficulties we may meet, we will help one another to get over them.
A. However B. What ever C. Whichever D. Since
30. ______ little we may like it, old age comes to most of us.
A. So B. Since C. However D. Despite
31. ______ I prefer a color TV, I have decided to buy a black and white one this time.
A. When B. Although C. Because D. If
32. ____ a car reaches the end of its life, it is taken apart and any part that can be reused is sold off.
A. As B. With C. Once D. While
33. Rod is determined to get a seat for the concert _____ it means standing in a queue all night.
A. because B. however C. as though D. even though
34. Most animals have little connection with animals of different kind, ___ they hunt them for food.
A. if B. while C. unless D. as
35. ______ we gave him something to eat, he would save it up for his little sister.
A. Whatever B. However C. Whenever D. Whichever