初中现在完成时讲解

现在完成时

一：基本结构

1、现在完成时的简介。

（一）肯定式

主语＋助动词have ／has ＋过去分词＋其它

（二）否定式

主语＋助动词have ／has＋not＋过去分词＋其它

（三）一般疑问式

助动词Have ／Has ＋主语＋过去分词＋其它 ？

2、现在完成时的使用例句。

（一）肯定式

1）I've just copied all the new words ．我刚抄写了所有的生词。 (表示不要再抄了)

2）She has lost her books ．她丢失了她的书。 （表示到目前为止还没有找到）

(如果用过去时：She lost her books . 则强调书是过去丢的这一动作，而不知现在有没有找到)

3）We've just cleaned the classroom ．我们刚好打扫了教室。（表明现在教室是干净的）

（二）否定式

1）I haven't finished my homework yet．我还没有完成我的作业。

2）She hasn't travelled on a train ．她没有坐火车旅行过。

3）We have never spoken to a foreigner．我们从来没有和外国人说过话。

注：有时not可以用never代替，表示“从来没有”的意思。又如：

4）I have never seen him before．以前我从来没有见过他。

（三）一般疑问式

1）—Have you ever made dumplings ？你曾经做过饺子吗？

—Yes ，I have ．是的，我做过。

2）—Has she ever been abroad ？她曾经出过国吗？

—No，never．不，从来没有。

3）—Have they found the lost books yet ？他们已经找到了丢失的书吗？

—Yes ，they have．是的，他们找到了。

二、现在完成时的用法

（一）(影响性用法)：1：表示过去发生或已经完成的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果。此时，常与时间副词already（已经） ，yet（还、已经） ，just(刚刚、仅仅) ，ever（曾经） ，never（从不） ，before（以前）等连用。 例：I have just turned off the light. 我刚刚把灯关上。（结果是灯已经关上了）

She has lost her bike. 她把自行车丢了。（影响是他现在没有自行车骑了）

The rain has stopped now. 雨已经停了。（结果是我们可以出门了）

I have already read the book. 我已读过这本书了。（结果是已知道这本书的内容）

She has had a good education. 她受到过良好的教育。（影响是她文化水平高，有修养）

（二）持续性用法（肯定句，疑问句中谓语动词必须是延续性动词）：表示过去已经开始，持续到现在的动作或状态。常同包括现在在内的时间状语连用，如：today, now, this week, this morning, these days, this afternoon, recently,等；也常与“for ＋一段时间或“since＋过去的点时间或从句（从句用一般过去时）以及so far（到目前为止）等时间状语连用。

例：We have had much snow this winter. 今年冬天多雪。

She has taught in the school for ten years. 她在这所学校教书已经10年了。

I haven't eaten anything since breakfast. 我从早饭起就一直没有吃东西。

We have been busy this morning. 今天上午我们一直很忙。

I have known her since we were children. 我从小就认识她。

I haven't seen John today. 我今天没有见到约翰。

It has rained a lot these days. 这些天多雨。

三 ：现在完成时和一般过去时的区别。

1. 侧重点不同

现在完成时和一般过去时所表示的动作都发生在过去,但它们所强调的重点不同:现在完成时侧重于对现在的影响;而一般过去时侧重于某一动作发生在过去某个时间或某段时间

例如:

I have seen the film.

我看过这部电影。(现在我仍记得电影的内容)

I saw the film three days ago.

三天前我看了这部电影。(强调是三天前,而不是别的什么时候看的电影)

Mr Green has bought a new computer.

格林先生买了一台新电脑。(着重点是格林先生现在有了一台新电脑)

Mr Green bought a new computer yesterday.

格林先生昨天买了一台新电脑。(强调的是格林先生买新电脑的时间是昨天)

2. 时间状语不同

现在完成时常与already, yet, just, ever, never, before等副词以及“for+段时间”,“since+过去时间/从句”等时间状语连用;而一般过去时则常与“段时间+ago”,just now, yesterday, last week等表示过去时间的状语连用。例如:

She has lived here since two years ago.

她两年前就住在这里了。

She lived here two years ago.

两年前她住在这里。

He has been in the League for three years.

他入团已经三年了。

Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night.

昨晚汤姆给他的父母写了封信。

[实战演练]

1. -I have seen the film “Titanic”already.

-When __________ you __________ it?

-The day before yesterday.

A. have; seen B. will; see C. did; see D. did; seen

2. Mr Black __________ in China since five years ago.

A. lived B. has lived C. lives D. is going to live

3. We ____________ trees last Sunday. So far we __________ over 3,000 trees there.

A. planted; planted B. planted; have planted

C. have planted; planted D. have planted; have planted

四：动词按其动作发生的方式、动作发生过程的长短，可分为延续性动词和终止性动词。

一.延续性动词表示能够延续的动作

如：learn, work, stand, lie, know, walk, keep, have, wait, watch, sing, read, sleep, live, stay等。延续性动词可以与表示时间段的状语连用。

表示时间段的短语有:for+ 时间,for 2 years; since从句,since he came here; since+时间点名词,since last year, since 5 days ago; how long; for a long time等。

例:He has lived here for 6 years. You can keep the book for 5 days. I stayed there for 2 weeks last year. How long did you stay there last year?

二.非延续性动词也称终止性动词、瞬间动词

表示不能延续的动作,这种动作发生后立即结束。 如:open, die, close, begin, finish, come, go, move, borrow, lend, buy,arrive等。

非延续性动词在肯定句中与表示时间点的状语连用，如：two years ago; at 5 o'clock;

例:He died 5 years ago.

否定的终止性动词可以与表示时间段的时间状语连用。例:I haven't left here for 3 years. I haven't heard from him for 3 weeks.

三.延续性动词与非延续性动词之间的转换

leave --- be away, borrow --- keep, buy --- have, begin/start --- be on, die --- be dead, finish --- be over, join --- be in+组织机构, be a member of+组织机构, open sth --- keep sth open, fall ill --- be ill, get up---be up, come here --- be here, go there --- be there, become --- be, come back --- be back, fall asleep --- be asleep, get to/ arrive/reach --- be (in), leave --- be away from, get to know --- know, go (get) out →be out， put on→ wear；catch a cold →have a cold,get married---be married等。 例:The old man died 4 years ago. ----The old man has been dead for 4 years. ---- It is 4 years since the old man died. ----Four years has passed since the old man died. He joined the Party 2 years ago. -----He has been in the Party for 2 years. I bought the book 5 days ago. ---- I have had the book for 5 days.

四．代替终止性动词的方法

a)用延续性动词代替终止性动词

1、用have代替buy

My brother has had(不能用has bought) this bike for almost four years.

2、用keep或have代替borrow

I have kept(不能用have borrowed) the book for quite a few days.

3、用be替代become

How long has your sister been a teacher?

4、用have a cold代替catch a cold

Tom has had a cold since the day before yesterday.

5、用wear代替put on

b)用“be＋形容词”代终止性动词

1、be＋married代marry 2、be＋ill代fall (get) ill

3、be＋dead代die 4、be＋asleep代fall (get) asleep

5、be＋awake代wake/wake up 6、be＋gone代lose,die,sell,leave

7、be＋open代open 8、be closed代close/shut

9、be＋missing(gone,lost)代lose

c)用“be＋副词”代终止性动词

1“be＋on”代start,begin

2“be＋up”代get up

3“be＋back(to)”代return to,come back to,go back to

4“be here (there)”代come(arrive,reach,get) here或go (arrive,reach,get) there等等

d)用“be＋介词短语”代终止性动词

1.“be in/at +地点”代替go to /come to

2.用be in the army 代替join the army

3.“be in/at +地点”代替move to

五：have been to 和have gone to的区别

have been to somewhere曾经去过某地,已经回来了.

have gone to somewhere去了某地,还没回来．

e.g I have been to Beijing. 我去过北京.

Where is he?

He has gone to Beijing. 他在哪儿?

他去北京了.