初中英语动词不定式 讲义

动词不定式

动词不定式具有两大特点：

1. 具有动词的特点，因此，后面可以跟表语、宾语或状语，构成动词不定式短语。

2. 具有名词、形容词或副词的特点，可以在句子中用作主语、宾语、宾语补足语、状语、定语、表语及同位语等

1. 作主语

(1)

To get there by bike will take us half an hour.

To make up for lost time is not possible.

To lean out of the window is dangerous.

To save money now seems impossible.

(2)

① It+be+n.+to do

It's our duty to take good care of the old.

②It takes sb. + sometime +to do sth.

How long did it take you to finish the work?

③ It+be+adj.+for sb+to do

It is difficult for us to finish writing the composition in a quarter of an hour.

It is stupid of you to write down everything (that) the teacher says.

It is an offence to drop litter in the street.

④ It seems(appears)+adj.+to do

It seemed impossible to save money.

⑤ believe/consider/discover/expect/find/think/wonder+it + 谓语+to do sth.

He thought it would be safer to go by train.

He will find it is hard to make friends.

⑥to have done

To have made the same mistake twice was unforgivable.

It is better to have loved and lost than never to have loved at all.

(3)

（1） It's easy (for me) to do that…

easy, difficult, hard, important, possible, impossible, comfortable, necessary, better;

the first, the next, the last, the best, too much, too little, not enough

It's so nice to hear your voice.

It's necessary for you to lock the car when you do not use it.

（2） It's very kind of him to help us.

Kind, nice, stupid, rude, clever, foolish, thoughtful, thoughtless, brave, considerate, silly, selfish 例句:

It was silly of us to believe him.

It seemed selfish of him not to give them anything.

判断正误：

To see is to believe.

It is to believe to see.

练习1. It's our duty _________ the room every day.

A. to clean B. cleaned C. clean D. cleans

2. It's hard for us _________ English well.

A. learn B. learns C. to learn D. learning

3. 建造这座立交桥将花费工人们一年多的时间。

It will _________ the workers over a year _________ _________ the flyover.

4. It's very nice _________ you to get me two tickets _________ the World Cup.

A. for， of B. of， for C. to， for D. of， to

3作宾语

1) afford，agree ，aim ，appear ，arrange ，ask ，attempt ，care ，choose ，claim ，condescend ，consent ，decide ，demand ，determine ，endeavor ，expect ，fail ，help ，hesitate ，hope ，learn ，manage ，neglect ，offer ，plan ，prepare ，pretend ，proceed ，promise ，prove ，refuse ，resolve ，seem ，swear ，tend ，threaten ，undertake ，volunteer ，vow ，want ，wish

e.g. ：

The driver failed to see the other car in time.

I happen to know the answer to your question.

2） 动词+疑问词+ 不定式

decide, know, consider forget, learn, remember, show, understand, see, wonder, hear, find out, explain, tell

e.g.

Please show us how to do that.

There are so many kinds of tape-recorders on sale that I can't make up my mind which to buy.

注意：The question is how to put it into practice.

3) 主语+动词+it+补语+to do句式。如：

We think it quite important for us to learn a foreign language well.

He feels it his duty to help the poor.

I find it difficult to learn English well.

练习：1. He wants ______ some vegetables.

A. buy B. buying C. to buy D. buys

2. Don't forget ______ your homework with you when you come to school.

A. to bring B. bringing C. to take D. taking

3. He found it very difficult ______.

A. sleeping B. sleeps C. slept D. to fall asleep

4作补语

1) 动词+宾语+不定式(to do)

ask advise allow believe cause challenge compel declare encourage forbid force find hire induce instruct invite like order permit persuade remind request require select send suppose teach tell train urge

e.g.

a. Father will not allow us to play on the street.

b. We believe him to be guilty.

练习1. Robert often asks us ______ his Chinese, so his Chinese is much better than before.

A. help him B. to help him with C. to help with D. helps him with

2. Mr Li often teaches his Japanese friends ______ Chinese food.

A. cook B. cooks C. to cook D. cooked

5 Find 的特殊用法：

Find 后可用分词做宾补，或先加形式宾语，再加形容词，最后加带to 的动词不定式。find 后也可带一个从句。此类动词还有get ，have 。

I found him lying on the ground.

I found it important to learn.

I found that to learn English is important.

6典型例题：

The next morning she found the man ___ in bed，dead.

A. lying B. lie C. lay D. laying

2) to + be 的不定式结构，作补语的动词。

Acknowledge, believe, consider, think, declare, discover, fancy, feel, find, guess, judge, imagine, know, prove, see, show, suppose, take, understand

We consider Tom to be one of the best students in our class.

7典型例题:

Charles Babbage is generally considered ___ the first computer.

A. to invent B. inventing C. to have invented D. having invented

3) to be +形容词

Seem, appear, be said, be supposed, be believed, be thought, be known, be reported, hope, wish, desire, want, plan, expect, mean…

The book is believed to be uninteresting.

人们认为这本书没什么意思。

4) there be+不定式

believe,expect,intend,like,love,mean,prefer,want,wish,undrstand

We didn't expect there to be so many people there.我们没料到会有那么多人在哪里。

有些动词需用as 短语做补语，如regard,think believe,take,consider.

We regard Tom as our best teacher. 我们认为汤姆是我们最好的老师。

Mary took him as her father . 玛丽把他当作自己的父亲。

5) 秃头不定式作补语

秃头不定式， 即不带“to”的不定式，其语法功能一般在句子中作宾语的补语（宾语补足语）。

用秃头不定式作宾语补足语的常用动词如下：

口诀：“五看、三使役“，“两听、一感”要记住，若是“宾补”变“主补”，主补“to”字不能无。动词let 属例外，其宾补/主补“to”均无。说明：

五看-----see/watch/notice/observe/look at；三使役-----have/make/let；两听-----hear/listen to；一感-----feel 。 例句：I often see him go to school on foot.(秃头不定式作宾语补足语) He is often seen to go to school on foot.(不定式作主语补足语，要带“to”) Let him try again.---- He is let try again.(let的主补与宾补均用秃头不定式) 练习：1. We saw him ______ the building and go upstairs.

A. to enter B. enter C. entering D. entered (河南省)

2. So much work usually makes them ______ very tired.

A. to feel B. feels C. feeling D. feel (吉林省)

3. Your father is sleeping. You'd better ______.

A. not wake up him B. not to wake up him

C. not wake him up D. not to wake him up (陕西省)

4. I was made ______ my homework in the afternoon.

A. do B. doing C. to do D. did (贵州省)

8作表语

不定式作表语表示具体动作或将来动作；动名词作表语表示抽象的一般行为。

①To be kind to the enemy is to be cruel to the people.

②My chief purpose is to point out the difficulties of the matter.

③What I would suggest is to put off the meeting.

当主语和表语都是不定式时，其含义一是条件，一是结果（例①）。当主语是aim,duty,hope,idea,mista ke,plan,purpose,suggestion 等为中心词的名词词组（例②）时，或以what 引导的名词性分句（例③），不定 式说明主语的内容。

④Our work is serving the people.

⑤What he likes is taking a walk after supper.

⑥The story told by Mr.Wang is interesting.

④⑤句动名词作表语，与主语部分可以转换，如Serving thepeople is our work,而⑥句中是现在分词作表语，说明主语的性质、状态，现在分词具有形容词的各种特征，另外，动名词作表语还应与进行时态区别开来。 9作状语

（1）目的状语

To… only to (仅仅为了), in order to, so as to, so(such)… as to… (如此……以便……)

He ran so fast as to catch the first bus. 他飞快地跑以便赶上第一班车。

I come here only to say good-bye to you. 我来仅仅是向你告别。

（2）作结果状语，表事先没有预料到的，要放在句子后面。

What have I said to make you angry.

He searched the room only to find nothing.

（3) 表原因

I'm glad to see you.

典型例题

The chair looks rather hard,but in fact it is very comfortable to ___.

A. sit B. sit on C. be seat D. be sat on

答案：B. 如果不定式为不及物动词，其后应有必要的介词

。当动词与介词连用时，常位于“形容词+动词不定式”结构的末尾。

练习：1. She went ______ her teacher.

A. to see B. looks C. saw D. seeing (江西省)

2. Meimei likes English very much. She does her best ______ English well.

A. learn B. learning C. to learn D. learns (四川省)

3. I'm sorry ______ that.

A. hears B. hearing C. hear D. to hear (河北省)

4. I'm sorry ______ you.

A. trouble B. to trouble C. troubling D. troubled (吉林省)

5. My mother was very glad ______ her old friend.

A. to meet B. meet C. met D. meets (甘肃省)

6. The panda is so fat that it can't go through the hole.(改为意思相同的句子)

The hole ______ ______ ______ ______ such a fat panda to go through. (广东省)

7. The ice on the lake was so thin that people couldn't skate on it. (改为意思相同的句子)

The ice on the lake wasn't ______ enough ______ people ______ ______ ______. (广东省)

10作定语

⒈不定式作定语

不定式在句中作定语，置于被修饰的名词或代词之后。如：

①The next train to arrive is from Washington.

②Do you have anything to be taken to your sister?

③Do you have anything to say on the question?

④Would you please give me some paper to write on?

⑤My wish to visit France has come true at last.

不定式短语作定语和被修饰词之间表示以下关系：

(1)表示将来的动作（例①）。

(2)与被修饰词之间有动宾关系，如是不及物动词，则需加介词（例④）。

(3)与被修饰词之间有动宾关系，同时与句中其它词之间又有逻辑上的主谓关系时，尽管有被动含义，却仍用主动语态（例③）；如只有动宾关系，而无逻辑上的主谓关系，则需用被动语态（例②）。

(4)不定式作定语时，一般可转换为定语从句，例①to arrive=that will arrive。

练习：1. Would you like something ______?

A. drink B. drinking C. to drink D. drinks (湖北省)

2. I have a lot of homework ______.

A. do B. doing C. did D. to do (河南省)

3. He is not an easy man ______.

A. get on B. to get on C. get on with D. to get on with (山东省)

区别联系

1 动名词与不定式的区别

动名词表达的是：状态，性质，心境，抽象，经常性，已发生的

不定式表达的是：目的，结果，原因，具体，一次性，将发生的

2 接不定式或动名词，意义相同

3在下列情况下，一般要用不定式：

①hate,like,love 前有would(should)时，如：I'd like to have a cup of coffee.

②当谓语动词begin,continue,start 等是进行式时，如：The students are starting to work on the difficult maths problem.

③begin,continue,start 与know,understand 等状态动词连用时，如：I soon began to understand what was happening. ⒋advise,allow,encourage,forbid,permit 等动词后接动名词作宾语，或带不定式作宾语补足语。如：

Our teachers don't permit our/us swimming in the lake.

Our teachers don't permit us to swim in the lake.

4 部分动词后接不定式或动名词时，意义差别较大，应根据句子语境选择使用。

①forget,remember,regret 后接不定式，表示现在或未来的动作，接动名词表示动作已经发生。如：

Don't forget to post the letter for me.

Have you forgotten meeting her in Beijing Airport?

Remember to close the windows before you leave.

I remember writing him a letter a year ago.

We regret to tell you that all of you are not invited toattend the meeting.

They regretted ordering these books from abroad.

语义不同

1 stop to do（停止做某事） stop doing（停止正在做某事）

2 forget to do（忘记去做某事） forget doing（忘记做了某事）

3 remember to do（记得要去做某事） remember doing（记得做过某事）

4 regret to do（遗憾做某事） regret doing（遗憾做了某事）

5cease to do cease doing

6 try to do（努力做某事） try doing（试着做某事）

7 go on to do（继续去做某事） go on doing（继续做某事）

8 afraid to do（担心做某事） afraid doing（担心正在做的事）

9 interested to do（对做某事感兴趣） interested doing（对正在做的感兴趣）

10 mean to do（打算做某事） mean doing（做某事很有意义）

11 begin/ start to do（开始去做某事） begin/ start doing（开始做某事）

1. Please stop ______ a rest if you feel tired.

A. to have B. having C. have D. has (广西壮族自治区)

2. ——Why didn't you buy some bread on your way home?

——Sorry, I forgot ______ some money with me.

A. take B. taking C. to take D. took (湖北省) 3. ——Let's have a rest, shall we? ——Not now, I can't stop ______ the letters. A. write B. to write C. writing D. and write (湖北省)

4. Jim was badly hurt, so he had to stop ______ (walk). (用所给单词的正确形式填空)(四川省)

基础练习题

1. Don't forget _________ the letter.

A. to send B. send C. sending D. being sent

2. The chair looks very old, but in fact it is very comfortable to _________.

A. sit B. sit on C. be sat D. be sat on

3. Is ______ necessary to return the book tomorrow?

A. this B. that C. it D. which

4. I'm afraid they would not allow him ________ here.

A. to smoke B. smoking C. smokes D. smoke

5. Mother told me ________ the water before I drank it.

A. boiling B. boiled C. boil D. to boil

6. On my way home, I stopped _______ some food.

A. buy B. to buy C. buying D. bought

7. John was made _______ the car for a week as a punishment.

A. to wash B. washing C. wash D. to be washing

8. The sitting-room needs _______, but it'll have to wait until Saturday.

A. be cleaning B. to be cleaned C. clean D. being cleaned

9. The first thing I want to do is __________.

A. visit to him B. to visit him C. visiting him D. visited him

10. Li Yang advised me _________ too much, otherwise I would have been drunk.

A. not to drink B. to drink C. not drinking D. drinking

根据上句意思完成下句，使两句意思相近或相同，每空一词。

1. He was so angry that he couldn’t say anything.

He was too angry _______ ______ anything.

2. I don’t know when we will have the meeting.

I don’t know when _______ _______ the meeting.

3. He said he would write a letter.

He said he would have a letter ______ _______.

4. That you read English in the morning is very important.

It is very important _____ you _____ _______ English in the morning.

5. He was so strong that he could lift the stone. （石头）

He was strong _____ _____ ______ the stone.

6. His father went to Beijing for his holiday.

His father went to Beijing ________ ______ his holiday.

7. They got up early so that they could get there in time.

They got up early _____ ______ _______ ______ there in time.

8. His brother decided that he would buy the book.

His brother decided _____ _______ the book.

9. He hopes that he can visit the Great Wall.

He hopes _____ _______ the Great Wall.

10.I saw him go into the room.

He was seen _____ ______ into the room.

11.We made him work five hours a day.

He was made _____ ______ five hours a day.

12.Do you want to say anything for yourself?

Do you have anything _____ _____ for yourself?

13.We don’t know what we shall do next.

We don’t know what ____ _______ next.

14.I ’m very sorry on hearing the bad news.

I ’m very sorry _____ _______ the bad news.

15.He stopped and had a look at me.

He stopped _____ ______ a look at me.

16.I helped him with his English.

I helped him _____ ______ English.

17.My father promised （许诺）that he would buy me a bike.

My father promised ____ ______ me a bike.

18.The box is so heavy that I can’t carry it.

The box is too heavy ______ me _______ _______.

19. “Lie down! ”the boy said to his dog.

The boy ordered his dog ______ ______ down.

20. “Don ’t make any noise, ”she said to me.

She told me ______ _______ ________ any noise.

巩固提高题

1.This company was the first ____ portable radios as well as cassette tape recorders in the world.

A. producing B. to produce C. having produced D. produced

2. The purpose of new technology is to make life easier, ____it more difficult.

A .not making B. not make C .not to make D. nor to make

3. Helen had to shout ______above the sound of the music .

A .making herself hear B. to make herself hear

C. making herself heard D .to make herself heard

4. I don’t know whether you happen_______ ,but I am going to study in the U.S.A this September.

A .to be heard. B. to be bearing C .to hear D .to have heard

5. The news reporters hurried to the airport, only ______the film stars had left.

A .to tell B .to be told C .telling D .told

6. You were silly not _______your car.

A. to lock B. to have locked C. locking D. having locked

7. The teacher asked us ______so much noise.

A .don’t make B. not make C. not making D .not to make

8. An army spokesman stressed that all the soldiers had been ordered _____clear warnings before firing any shots.

A .to issue B. being issued C. to have issued D. to be issued

9. I’d rather have a room of my own, however small it is, than_______ a room with someone else.

A. to share B. to have shared C. share D. sharing

10. The bank is reported in the local newspaper_________ in broad daylight yesterday.

A. robbed B. to have been robbed

C. being robbed D. having been robbed

11. A number of paintings in the castle are believed ________in a fire.

A. being destroyed B. having been destroyed

C. to be destroyed D. to have been destroyed

12. The meeting _______ next week is sure to be a great success.

A. to take place B. to be taken place

C. to have taken place D. being taken place

13. As a result of my laziness, I failed ________ my work in time.

A. and finished B. to finish C. and finishing D. to finished

14. I am sorry ______ written you a letter at the time.

A. to have not B. to not have C. not to have D. not having

15. Will you lend him a magazine _________?

A. to be read B. for reading C. to read D. he read

16. He could do nothing but _______for the bus _________.

A. wait, to come B. wait; come C. waiting; coming D. waited; came

17 .It is a problem that doesn't need ________ right now.

A. to solve B. solving C. being solved D. to be solving

18. There’s a man at the reception desk who seems very angry and I think he means _______ trouble.

A. making B. to make C. to have made D. having made

19. I remember _______him _______the bike needed __________.

A. hearing, saying, to repair B. to hear, say, to repair

C. hearing, say, repairing D. to hear, saying, to be repaired

20. --- You should have thanked her before you left.

--- I meant _________, but when I was leaving I couldn’t find her anywhere.

A. to do B. to C. doing D. doing so

21. Robert is said to __________ abroad, but I don’t know what country he studied in.

A. to have studied B. to study B. to be studying D. to have been studying

22. I’m gong to Xi’an next week. Have you anything __________ to your parents?

A. to take B. to be taken C. to be bought to D. to buy

23. when are they __________ in their plan?

A. hand B. handed C. to hand D. give

24. In such dry weather, the flowers will have to be watered if they _____________.

A. have survived B. are to survive C. would survived D. will survive

25. When we hurried to the station, there happened ________ no bus at that time.

A. to have B. to be C. having D. being

26. I lost my way in complete darkness and, _________ matters worse, it began to rain.

A. made B. having made C. making D. to make

27. At ________ time does the salesgirl get up late in the morning, though she is always too busy _________ a good rest.

A. no, to take B. no, taking C. any, to take D. one, taking

28. --Are you a student?

--No, but I used _________.

A. to be B. to was C. to do D. to be a

29. I stopped to listen, and my son seemed _________ himself _________ in the living room.

A. to enjoy, to shut B. to be enjoying, shutting

C. to be enjoying, shut D. to have enjoyed, having shut

30. With a lot of difficult problems _________, the newly-elected president is having a hard time.

A. settled B. settling C. to settle D. being settled

阅读理解 “My dear lady,” says Holmes. “You’re shivering. Are you old? Do you want a cup of

hot tea?”“I’m not cold,” the woman replies, “I fear for my life!”

“We are here to help you. Don’t worry about anything. I don’t know you. But I know

many things about you. For example, I know how you travel. You came to London by train.

You also ride to the train station on a horse-drawn wagon(马车) .”

“Why, yes. You’re right. But how do you know these things?”

“ I see a return ticket in your glove. I see fresh mud on the left arm of your dress. Now tell us your problem.” “My name is Helen Stoner,” she states, “ My mother and father are dead. I am living with my stepfather, Dr Grimesby Roylott. He comes from a rich family. But they are no longer rich. They have nothing except a small piece of land and a huge old house. We are living in the house. Dr Roylott is using my mother’s money for expenses(开支). Part of it was for my sister and me. It was for our marriages.” Holmes is sitting in his chair. His eyes are closed. He is listening carefully to Helen’s story. He hears every detail.

Helen continues. “My stepfather has no friends. He fights with everyone. He is strong and gets angry quickly. Everyone is afraid of him.”

“He has no friends at all?” asks Holmes.

“No. He talks to no one except the gypsies. They are poor people who travel from place to place. A band of gypsies is staying on our land right now.”

“Are you and your sister afraid of the gypsies?”

“My dear Mr Holmes. You are making me so sad. My sister is dead. That is why I am standing here in this room.”

A. Paragraph 6 beginning with “My name is …” is mostly about_______________.

A. Helen’s dead sister B. Helen’s trip to London

C. the house Helen lives in D. Helen’s stepfather and the family

B. What is Holmes doing while Helen is telling her story?

A. Walking slowly B. Listening carefully

C. standing sadly D. Writing quickly

C. Which of the following can best describe the gypsies according to the passage?

A. They are very rich B. They are afraid of other people

C. They live on a horse-drawn wagon D. They move from one place to another

D. The passage is probably from __________.

A. a novel B. a guide C. a poem D. an advertisement

11