动词不定式时态
一、动词不定式
动词不定式的基本形式是“to+动词原形”,有时可以不带to 。动词不定式没有人称和数的变化,在句子中不能作谓语,但可以担任主语、表语、宾语、状语和宾语补足语。动词不定式仍保留动词的一些特点。
(一)动词不定式的特征及用法
1. 动词不定式的构成及特征
“to +动词原形”构成动词不定式,是一种非谓语形式,在句子中不能作谓语,没有人称和数的变化,它具有名词、形容词和副词的特征。
2. 动词不定式的用法
动词不定式具有名词、形容词和副词的特征,在句子中可以作主语、表语、宾语、定语和状语。
1. 作主语
例如:To learn English well is not easy.
或 It is not easy to learn English well.
动词不定式作主语时,往往用it 作形式主语,这种句型可归纳为下面的句型:
It is + adj.+ 动词不定式
如果要说明不定式的动作执行者,可以用for
It is + adj.+ for sb. to do sth.
2. 作表语
My wish is to become a teacher.
3. 作宾语
Most of us like to watch football matches.
4. 作宾语补足语
He told me to be here on time.
5. 作定语
I have nothing to say about that thing.
6. 作状语
He stopped to have a look.
3. 动词不定式的否定形式
动词不定式的否定形式not + to + 动词原形
例如: He asked me not to make such a mistake.
4. 动词不定式与疑问词连用
疑问代词who, what, which和疑问副词when, where, how, why等后面可以接动词不定式,构成动词不定式短语,可以在句子中作主语、宾语、表语等成分。
例如:(1) He doesn’t know how to use the machine.
(不定式作宾语)
(2) How to use the machine is a question.
(不定式作主语)
(3) The question is when to go there.
(不定式作表语)
(二)动词不定式的时态和被动形式
动词不定式是非谓语动词的一种,由不定式符号(to)加动词原形构成。不定式的形式有五种:
1. 一般式to do
例如:I like to read English.
2. 进行式to be doing
例如:He seemed to be reading something at that time.
3. 完成式to have done
例如:He seemed to have cleaned the room.
4. 被动式to be done
例如:The work is to be done soon.
5. 完成被动式to have been done
例如:The boy is said to have been sent to hospital yesterday.
复习时需注意的要点
1. 动词不定式一般式表示的动作可能与谓语动词的动作同时发生, 也可能在其之后发生。 例如:I saw the young man enter the house.(同时发生)
I hope to go there next time.(之后发生)
2.不定式完成式表示不定式的动作在谓语动词之前发生。
例如:I’m sorry to have broken your glasses.
3.不定式进行式表示不定式的动作,与谓语动词同时发生。
例如:When he came in, I happened to be reading at the table.
4.不定式的被动式有两种形式:to be done表示将要被做,to have been done表示已被做。
例如:The new cinema to be put up next year will be very large.
The cinema is said to have been built last year.
5. 在表示情绪的动词,如like, love, hate, prefer等后,用动名词作宾语表示一般倾向,用不定式表示特定某事。但在would/should like/love/prefer后要用不定式
例如:I hate eating the same food every day.
Would you like to watch TV in the evening?
6. 在动词need, want, require后用动名词表示被动含义,相当于动词不定式的被动式;而用动词不定式的主动式表示主动含义。
例如:The house needs cleaning. = The house needs to be cleaned.
He needs to clean the house first.
7. 在介词后一般用动名词作宾语,但在少数介词,如but, except后用动词不定式作宾语,但要注意“to”的省略,如but 前有“do”则省去“to”。
例如:I have done nothing but help him with his luggage.
I have no choice but to wait for him at the bus stop.
历届高考试题分析
例1、The discovery of new evidence led to _________.
A. the thief having caught B. catch the thief
C. the thief being caught D. the thief to be caught
答案为C 。
【解析】 lead to 这个词组中to 是介词,后面跟名词,于是B 被排除,the thief 是动名词逻辑上的主语,构成动名词的复合结构,与catch 之间应是被动关系,故排除A 。常见的带
介词to 的短语有:(get) be used to, look forward to ,look up to, stick to, object to, be devoted to, pay attention to等。
例2、Though _______money, his parents managed to send him to university.
A. lacked B. lacking of C. lacking D. lacked in
答案为C 。
【解析】 lack 是及物动词,后接宾语money 。his parents 与lack 是逻辑上的主谓关系,要用现在分词作状语。译文:虽然缺钱,他的父母亲还是设法让他上了大学。
例3、He got well-prepared for the job interview, for he couldn’t risk ____ the good opportunity.
A. to lose B. losing C. to be lost D. being lost
答案:B
【解析】 risk 后面只能带动名词做宾语,含义为“冒……之险”。
例4、 _____ to sunlight for too much time will do harm to one's skin.
A. Exposed B. Having exposed C. Being exposed D. After being exposed
答案为C 。
【解析】 在非谓语动词中,用动名词或不定式来作主语,而分词和介词短语不能作主语,因此A 、D 被排除。在这个句子中,will do是谓语,缺少主语,要用动名词作主语。expose 与one's skin是动宾关系,所以要用动名词的被动式being exposed。译文:在阳光下晒太长时间对人的皮肤有坏处。
例5、____ into use in April 2000, the hotline was meant for residents reporting water and heating supply breakdowns.
A. Put B. Putting C. Having put D. Being put
答案:A
【解析】 put sth. into use “让……投入使用”。显然,put 和句子主语the hotline 构成被动关系,所以用表示被动的过去分词。
例6、It was unbelievable that the fans waited outside the gym for three hours just ____ a look at the sports stars.
A. had B. having C. to have D. have
答案:C
【解析】 动词不定式充当目的状语。
例7、With a lot of difficult problems _______, the newly-elected president is having a hard time.
A. settled B. settling C. to settle D. being settled
答案为C
【解析】动词不定式to settle作为difficult problems的定语表示现在或将来要解决的难题;过去分词settle 作定语表示已经解决的难题,现在分词的被动式being settled 作定语表示正在解决的难题。
例8、More and more people are signing up for Yoga classes nowadays, ____ advantage of the health and relaxation benefits. A. taking B. taken C. having taken D. having been taken
答案:A
【解析】 take advantage of (利用)和句子主语More and more people 构成主动关系,且和句子谓语sign up for (报名参加) 同时发生,所以选择A 。
例9、 Sandy could do nothing but ________ to his teacher that he was wrong.
A. admit B. admitted C. admitting D. to admit
答案为A 。
【解析】 该句中的but 是介词,后接动词不定式。当谓语动词是do ,does 或did 时,后接不带to 的不定式;是其他动词时,后接带to 的不定式。该句的谓语是could do nothing ,要填动词原形admit 。译文:山德不得不向老师承认自己错了。
例10、 He sent me an e-mail, ________ to get further information.
A. hoped B. hoping C. to hope D. hope
答案为B 。
【解析】 现在分词hoping 表示与send me an e-mail同时发生的动作。一些考生认为应该填不定式作目的状语。不定式作目的状语时,句子的正确形式是:He sent me an e-mail to get further information.不需要hope 一词,如果要选择“hoped”时,句子的正确形式是:He sent me an e-mail and hoped to get further information。“hope”和“sent”作并列谓语。