生态城市主义
生态城市主义
ECOLOGICAL URBANISM
王毅/WANG Yi
随着世界气候大会在哥本哈根的召开,可持续发展
境。在立场上也不同于消极的环境与自然保护,而是以“设计”来积极主动地创造生态的机会。面对全球性的城市蔓延、气候变迁与可持续发展对策等问题,特别是中国及亚洲其他国家因为快速城市化,建筑及城市发展与自然环境之间有着更深的矛盾,“生态城市主义”或许较其他观点更贴近现实,为国内建筑与城市设计专业提供另一个思考方向。
本期专题介绍了 Field Operations事务所、生态系统城市设计室及l’AUC 事务所这3个以城市设计为主的团体及其作品,分别代表“生态城市主义”在北美、中国/亚洲及欧洲三地的实践。同时邀请其负责人包括詹姆斯・科纳、杨沛儒、弗朗索瓦・德科斯特分别提供其理论论述及设计方法,加上理查德・达根哈特的理论分析,以深化我们对这个概念的认识。
Field Operations 事务所是一个快速崛起的景观建筑及城市设计团体,负责人詹姆斯・科纳为美国宾夕法尼亚大学景观建筑系系主任。科纳近几年倡议“景观城市主义”理论,承继宾夕法尼亚大学景观生态规划学派伊恩・麦克哈格以来的思潮,并以其惊人创新能力获得学界与专业界极大关注。其事务所近几年连续在北美、the focuses of ecological technology and ecologicalsolutions for urban environment. It’s different fromthe passive way of protecting environment and nature.It takes“design”as a progressive way to createopportunities of ecology. Facing global urban sprawl,climate change and sustainable strategies, especiallythe rapid urbanization in China and Asia, we seedeeper contradictions between architecture,development and natural environment.“EcologicalUrbanism” may be more realistic than many others. Itwould provide a new way of thinking to China’sarchitecture and urban design professional practices.
The issue introduces design works from three risingurban design groups: Field Operations,ESD Studio andl’AUC. They represent the ideas of Ecological Urbanismin the contexts of North America, China-Asia and Europe.Besides their projects, the chief designers of the threegroups James Corner, Perry Yang and Fran_ois Decosterintroduce their theory and design methodology inarticles. We have also invited Richard Dagenhart tocontribute an article to strengthen our understandingof the theoretical concepts.
Field Operations is a rapidly rising group oflandscape architects and urban designers. James Corneris also the chair of Department of Landscape Architecturein University of Pennsylvania. Corner is known for beinga key figure in the recent discourse of LandscapeUrbanism, following Ian McHarg’s ecological planningschool of U Penn. James Corner-Field Operations’sincredible creative works have drawn great attentions
南美及东亚等地的城市设计竞赛中获奖,已成为美国景观城市主义的代表性团体,具有广泛的影响。
生态系统城市设计室在美国亚特兰大市,负责人杨沛儒为美国乔治亚理工学院建筑学院副教授,以生态城市设计结合城市生态系统模拟研究,探讨如何应用前沿的规划科技,以生态分析结合城市设计,使其作品能跨出“生态仅仅作为一种概念”的局限,关注生态设计策略应用于高密度的城市环境。自2005年获得高雄2009世运会先期园区规划国际竞赛获第1名后,连续多次获得国内外城市设计竞赛奖项。其前一阶段作品为其任教于新加坡国立大学建筑系时结合KDA事务所的实践。
l’AUC 建筑与城市事务所创建于1996年,以法国巴黎为根据地,主要合伙人为弗朗索瓦・德科斯特、贾迈勒・克卢奇和卡洛琳・普兰,其作品擅长各项尺度的策略性城市区域规划与更新发展,2005年将实践扩增至建筑领域,主要作品分布于法国、欧洲、北非、越南等地。2005年获得以创新城市规划设计为主题的法国国家青年建筑师奖项,2009年与让・努维尔、理查德・罗杰斯、MVRDV等10个团体同时入围参加大巴黎未来愿景国际竞赛。这是一个很有前途的团队。□
from both academic and professional areas. They havebeen awarded prices in recent design competition inNorth and South American cities and some in East Asiacities. Their influential works are categorized as part ofthe new thoughts in Landscape Urbanism.
ESD Studio (Eco Systems Design Studio) is based onAtlanta. Perry Yang is a faculty in the College of Architectureof Georgia Tech. His ecological sound urban design workscombines research in ecological urban simulation byapplying new planning technology, which goes beyondecological design by saying or by conceptualization inmany other works that we see today. Most of his worksdeal with high density urban environment, including hisfirst prize winning scheme in 2005 for the 2009 WorldGames Park in Kaohsiung, followed by many other designawards in China and South East Asia. Perry Yang’s earlyworks were based on National University of Singapore incollaboration with KDA.
l’AUC architects and urbanists is based on Parisin France. The three partners Fran峯is Decoster, DjamelKlouche and Caroline Poulin started their practices instrategic urban and regional planning andredevelopment from 1996. In 2005, they have extendedthe practice to architecture. Their works go fromFrance, Europe, North Africa to Vienam. In 2005, theywere awarded Palmar弒 National des JeunesUrbanistes. In 2009, l’AUC was selected as one of theten entries in Grand Paris competitions together withJean Nouvel, Richard Rogers, MVRDV and others. It isa promising design team. □
问题再次成为全球瞩目的热点。可持续发展的概念在1987年由布伦特兰报告提出,强调有限资源的可持续利用。事隔20多年,全球范围的城市化及地球暖化等问题日益突出,发展与环境的冲突更加激烈。可持续的相关说法层出不穷,使得这个概念变得模糊难辨,许多我们习以为常的名词,如可持续发展、生态城等,遭到滥用,混淆了我们对于问题的理解,并阻碍了我们提出有效方法与行动的步伐。
以北美的专业界为例,大家耳熟能详的话题包括“新城市主义”,提倡回归小城镇步行尺度及大众导向公交系统等观念;LEED 绿建筑规范,以新的建筑技术与法规来推行节能与环保建筑,并以LEED-ND应用推广到邻里社区尺度;以及这几年新崛起的“景观城市主义”,从景观与生态的方法来设计城市边缘地区,关注棕地再开发等课题。
本期专题介绍“生态城市主义”相关的理论与设计案例,为一股更近的思潮,其论述与发展仍有待观察。这股思潮引用“生态”及“城市”两个看似对立的观念,激发出新的设计理念与专业实践。我们可以发现其特色:更强调生态科技的应用,且直接面对已建成的城市环
The sustainable development issue becomes aglobal focus again following the UN Climate ChangeSummit in Copenhagen in December 2009. Thedefinition of sustainable development was proposedin the Bruntland Report in 1987 that emphasizessustainable approach to develop with limitedresources. After two decades or so, we see fiercerconflicts between development and environment inthe issues of global-wide urbanization and globalwarming. The interpretations of sustainability conceptare various, blurred and controversial. Theterminologies such as sustainable development andeco-city have been abused and become confusing,which affect any effective way to take action.
In the case of North American professional field,we are all familiar with the ideas such as New Urbanismthat advocates traditional township and transitoriented development; the LEED green buildingtechnology and code for energy saving building systemsand its application to the neighborhood by LEED-ND;the Landscape Urbanism that attempts to use methodsin landscape and ecology to deal with urban fringeand brown field redevelopment.
The issue of WA introduces a more recent trendin theory and projects under the category “EcologicalUrbanism”, a new discourse that is not yet fullyunderstood. It deals with two contradictory terms,ecology and city, to stimulate new design thinkingand alternative way of professional practice. We haveobserved some cutting-edge thoughts here such as
世界建筑 2010/01