英语名人演讲赏析

英语名人演讲赏析

English Public Speaking

Chapter Ⅰ Introduction to public speaking

I. The Tradition of Public Speaking

* Orator: a person with special skills in public speaking

* Rhetoric: the art of effective communication between a speaker (or a writer) and an audience.

* The earliest record in China: Book of history(shangshu),which exemplifies two types of speech: taking oath(shi)and imperial mandate(gao).

* The intrigues of the Warring States(zhanguoce)

* Tang Dynasty: BUddhists, sermons and sutra lectures

II. Public speaking and conversation

1. Similarities:

* Organizing your thoughts logically

* Tailoring your message to the audience

* Telling a story for maximum impact

* Adapting to listener feedback

2. Differences

 Public speaking is more highly structured

 Public speaking requires more formal language

 Public speaking requires a different method of delivery

III.Why we study public speech?

--Gain favorable recognition

--Become confident

--Realize potential

--Improve English

IV.The essentials of a speech

Objective

Audience

Venue

Time and Length

Method

Content

Notes

Rehearsal

V. Features of public speaking

1.针对性 in accordance with audience

2.思想性having a definite idea

3.鼓动性encouraging

4.感人性involving audience emotionally

5.灵活性flexibility

VI. Components of speech

* The introduction

* function

* format

* adress

* examples

* welcome your audience

“Good morning, ladies and gentlemen.”

* introduce your subject

“I am going to talk today about…”

“The purpose of my presentation is to introduce…”

* explain the structure of your speech

“I’ve divided my presentation into four parts. They are…”

“Today, I’ll mainly talk about these three points…”

* explain rules for questions

“Do feel free to interrupt me if you have any questions.”

“I’ll try to answer all of your questions after the presentation.”

2. The body

present the subject itself

* To begin a topic or point:

“So, to start with, I’d like to talk about…”

“The first problem today is that…”

“Let’s go to the first topic…”

* To finish a topic or point:

“That’s all that I have to say about that.”

“The above is my understanding of…”

“Just now we have covered the point of…”

* To begin a new topic or point:

“Now, let’s turn to…”

“OK, we’ll move on to…”

“The next point I’d like to make is…”

“I’d like to continue now by looking at…”

3.The conclusion

* summarize your speech

“To conclude/In conclusion…”

“To sum up…”

* thank your audience

“Many thanks for your attention.”

“May I thank you all for being such an attentive audience.”

* invite questions

“Are there any questions?”

“Do you have any questions?”

“Can I answer any questions?”

VII. Procedures of speech preparation

1. Select a topic for your speech

Use the audience centered approach to select your topic.

2. compose your specific purpose statement, central idea, and main points

use the audience centered approach as you compose these.

3. research your speech

internet resources- virtual library

4. be audience centered – audience analysis

who is your audience and what are their needs?

5. supporting your speech

use support materials that are: pertinent, varied, sufficient, detailed, appropriate

6. outlining your speech

use the basic informative outline to organize materials

7. select visual aids for your speech

guidelines and tips for using visual aids

8. practicing your speech

perfect practice makes perfect

9. using creative visualization to ensure a successful speech

tips on using visualization to help prepare you for your presentation.

10. presenting your speech on speech day

tips on giving effective presentations and tips on dealing with that “extra energy” on “Game Day”.

VIII. Presenting the speech

1. using language

1) using language accurately

2) using language clearly

 use familiar words

 choose concrete words

 eliminate clutter

3) using language vividly

A: imagery: the use of vivid language to create mental images of objects, actions, or ideas.

 Concrete words

 Simile

 metaphor

B: Rhythm: the pattern of sound in a speech created by the choice and arrangement of words.

 Parallism

 Alliteration

 antithesis

4) using language appropriately

 appropirateness to the occasion

 appropriateness to the audience

 appropriateness to the topic

 appropriateness to the speaker

5) using language inclusively

 avoid the generic “He”

 avoid using “Man” when referring to both men and women

 avoid stereotying jobs and social roles by Gender

 use names the groups use to identify themselves

2. Delivering the speech

1) what is good delivery?

2) methods of delivery

 Reading from a menuscript

(manuscript speech: a speech that is written out word for word and read to the audience.)

 Reciting from memory

 Speaking impromptu

(impromptu speech: a speech delivered with little or no immediate preparation.)

 Speaking extemporaneously

(extemporaneous speech: a carefully prepared and rehearsed speech that is presented from a brief set of notes.)

3) speaker’s voice

Volume

Pitch: the highness or lowness of a speaker’s voice.

Rate

Pauses: a momentary break in the vocal delivery of a speech.

Vocal variety: changes in a speaker’s rate, pitch, and volume that give the voice interest and expressiveness.

Pronunciation

Articulation: the physical production of particular speech sounds.

4) the speaker’s body

 Personal appearance

 Eye contact

 Gestures

 Movement

5) practicing delivery ( five steps)

3. using visul aids

1) kinds of visual aids

 Objects and models

 Photographs and drawings

 Graphs

 Charts

 Video

 The speaker

 Powerpoint

2) tips for preparing visual aids

 Keep visual aids simple

 Make sure visual aids are large enough

 Use fonts that are easy to read

 Use color effectively

3) tips for presenting visual aids

 Display visual aids where listeners can see them Explain visual aids  Avoid passing visual aids among the audience

 Display visual aids only while discussing them

 Talk to the audience, not to your visual aids

 Practice with your visual aids

 Check the room and equipment

 Develop a backup plan

Ⅵ. Varieties of speech

 Speaking to inform

 Speaking to persuade

 Speaking on special occasions

 Speaking in competitions

 Speeches for appreciation and analysis

Chapter Ⅱ informative speech

Informative speech:

a speech designed to convey knowledge and

understanding.

An informative speech is one in which you provide your audience with new and useful information about a significant topic. Basically, there are three types of informative speeches: Speeches of description attempt to give the audience a clear picture of a particular activity, object, person, or place.

Speeches of Explanation inform the audience about subjects that are typically more abstract than the subjects of descriptive or demonstration speeches.

Speeches of Demonstration attempt to show an audience how to do

something or how something works (describing a process).

I. Types of informative speeches: ananlysis and organization  Speeches about objects

 Speeches about processes

 Speeches about events

 Speeches about concepts

II. Tips for informative speaking

 Don't overestimate what the audience knows

 Don't be too technical

 Personalize your ideas

 Avoid abstractions

 Be creative

Summary

Chapter Ⅲ Speaking to persuade

1. The differences between persuasive speeches and informative speeches

① They are on a continuum;

Informative ————> Persuasive

② Persuasive speeches urge us to choose from among options; informative speeches reveal and clarify options.

③ Persuasive speeches ask the audience for more commitment than do informative speeches.

④ The ethical obligations for persuasive speakers are even greater than for informative speakers.

⑤ The persuasive speaker is a leader; the informative speaker is a teacher.

2. Types of persuasion

This refers to something that we can know to be either true or false, but right now we can argue about it.

“TV violence causes real world violence.”

“Stocks will continue to rise.” Here is where we argue something is right or wrong, moral or immoral, or better or worse than another thing.

“It is wrong to drive over the speed limit.”

“Pepsi is better than Coke.”

“It is better to live together before marriage.” Here is where we argue that some action should or should not be taken.

“To persuade my audience that they should donate blood.”

3. Speeches organization: Motivated Sequence Pattern 积极顺序模式  Attention: Focus listeners’ attention

 Need: Demonstrate that a real problem exists

Satisfaction: Propose a solution to solve the demonstrated problem  Visualization: Give listeners a vision of the impact of the solution  Action: Ask listeners to think, feel, or do something to bring the

proposal solution into being.

1. The psychology of persuasion

2. The target audience

3. Persuasive speeches on questions of fact

 analyzing questions of fact

 organizing speeches on questions of fact

4. Persuasive speeches on questions of value

 analyzing questions of value

 organizing speeches on questions of value

5. Persuasive speeches on questions of policy

 types of speeches on questions of policy

 organizing speeches on questions of policy

6. Methods of persuasion







 building credibility using evidence reasoning appealing to emotions

7.Sample speech

Chapter IV speaking on special occasions

I. Introductory speech

1. Autobiographical speech

It’s great to have a chance to introduce myself to you all. My

name is Zhang le. I’m a student of physics at Beijing University,

China. I am here in UCLA (University of California, Los Angeles)

to broaden my horizon in this summer vacation. I like camping,

but we don’t have much in China. So I hope we would have a

chance to enjoy the beautiful nature with you. Do come and join

us. Thank you.

2. Job interview speech

-General brief introduction

-Work experience

-Quality or character

I was born and raised in Xi’an, Shaan’xi province. I will graduate

from Xi’an International Studies University in July. My degree is in

English teaching. I got a brilliant academic result in college and I

have passed the TAM 4 examination. For the pass two years, I have

been taking a part-time job as a tutor. I am a young man of great

responsibility and high energy. I am now looking for a team

environment where I can bring my potential into play.

3. Other introduction

New Beijing

There are a lot more wonderful and exciting events waiting for

you in the new Beijing, a modern metropolis with more than 3,000

years of cultural treasures woven into the urban tapestry.

This is a city of millions of friendly people who love to meet people from around the world.

They believe that if the 2008 Olympics is held in Beijing, it will

help enhance the harmony between our culture and diverse other

cultures around world.

II. speeches of presentation

A speech that presents someone a gift, an award, or some other form of public recognition.

III. speeches of acceptance

a speech that gives thanks for a gift, an award, or some other form of public recognition.

Tips for acceptance speeches:

 Modestly express your gratitude

 Thanks those who made your achievement possible

 Emphasize the values that the award represents to you

 Make sure that your language fits the occasion

 Indicate your plans for the future

 Never apologize or disclaim your worthiness for the award

IV. Toasts

A speech of greeting, celebration, or thanks, usually in conjunction with a meal or reception.

V. commemorative speeches

a speech that pays tribute to a person, a group of people, an institution, or an idea.

VI. ceremonial speech

Ceremonial speeches shares aims, beliefs and aspirations among the members of a group. They include speeches of introduction, giving and receiving awards, inspiration and celebration etc.

1.Techniques of ceremonial speech

* IDENTIFICATION 一体化

Create close feeling among the members of the audience, and between the audience and the speaker.

﹡Narrative ----- recall shared golden moments

﹡Recognition of heroes ------ recognize specific individuals who made truly unusual contributions or they are representatives

﹡Renewal of group commitment ------ share with the audience a vision of what the future can be like if their commitment continues * MAGNIFICATION 放大

Select and emphasize features of a subject for the purpose of emphasizing values.

2． Varieties of ceremonial speeches

* Wedding speech

* Birthday speech

* New Year’s speech

* Offering and receiving an award

* Banquet and party speech

* Hosting a meeting

* Welcome and farewell

* Opening and anniversary

* Appointment, transfer and promotion

* Eulogies 颂词；悼词

* Toasts 祝酒词

Chapter V. speaking in competitions

I. competitions as communication

II. prepared speech

 preparation and presentation

 creativity

 sample speech with commentary III. impromptu speech

 preparation and presentation  developing a fund of knowledge  sample speeches with commenarty IV. question-and-answer session  preparation and presentation  sample speech with commentary V. detate

 strategies and techniques  preparation and practice

 sample speech with commentary