英美文学期末复习资料+所有作家作品流派总结

一、文学术语*41.Epic叙事诗，史诗

Alongnarrativepoemtellingaboutthedeedsofagreatheroandreflectingthevaluesofthesocietyfromwhichitoriginated.Manyepicsweredrawnfromanoraltraditionandweretransmittedbysongandrecitationbeforetheywerewrittendown.TwoofthemostfamousepicsofWesterncivilizationareHomer'sIliadandOdyssey.ThegreatepicoftheMiddleAgesisTheDivineComedy（神曲）bytheItalianpoetDante.ThetwomostfamousEnglishepicsaretheAnglo-SaxonBeowulfandJohnMilton'sParadiseLost,whichemploysomeoftheconventionsoftheclassicalepic.2.Naturalism自然主义（文学、艺术以反映现实为宗旨）

Naturalismisatermofliteraryhistory,primarilyaFrenchmovementinprosefictionandthedramaduringthefinalthirdofthe19thcentury,althoughitisalsoappliedtosimilarmovementsorgroupsofwritersinothercountriesinthelaterdecadesofthe19thandearlyyearsofthe20thcents.InFranceEmileZola(1840-1902)wasthedominantpractitioner(习艺者，专业人员)ofNaturalisminprosefictionandthechiefexponent（鼓吹者，倡导者，拥护者；能手，大师）ofitsdoctrines.

TheemergenceofNaturalismdoesnotmarkaradical（彻底的）breakwithRealism,ratherthenewstyleisalogicalextensionofit.Broadlyspeaking,TheNaturalistssharedwiththeearlierRealiststheconvictionthattheeverydaylifeofthemiddleandlowerclassesoftheirowndayprovidedsubjectsworthyofseriousliterarytreatment.Emphasiswaslaidontheinfluenceofthematerialandeconomicenvironmentonbehavior,andonthedeterminingeffectsofphysicalandhereditaryfactorsinformingtheindividualtemperament.FamousAmericanNaturalisticwriterswouldincludeJackLondon,StephenCraneandFrankNorris,whoweredeeplyinfluencedbyCharlesDarwin'sevolutiontheorywhichbelievethatone'sheredityandsocialsituationlimitone'scharacter.

3.Modernism现代派（盛行于20世纪的文学风格）

Modernismwasacomplexanddiverseinternationalmovementinallthecreativearts,originatingabouttheendofthe19thcenturyandprosperityinthe20thcentury.Themajorthemesofthemodernistliteraturearethedistorted,alienatedandill

relationshipsbetweenmanandnature,manandsociety,manandman,andmanandhimself.Themodernistwritersconcentratemoreontheprivatethanonthepublic,moreonthesubjectivethanontheobjective.Theyaremainlyconcernedwiththeinnerbeingofanindividual.Intheirwritings,thepast,thepresentandthefuturearemingled（混合）togetherandexistatthesametimeintheconsciousnessofanindividual.4.Transcendentalism超验主义

Itwasareactiontothe18thcenturyNewtonianconceptoftheuniverse.ThemajorfeaturesofNewEngland

Transcendentalismcanbesummarizedasfollows:1.TheTranscendentalistsplacedemphasisonspirit,ortheOversoul,asthemostimportantthingintheuniverse.2.TheTranscendentalistsstressedtheimportanceoftheindividual.Tothemtheindividualwasthemostimportantelementofsociety.3.TheTranscendentalistsofferedafreshperceptionofnatureassymbolicoftheSpiritorGod.Naturewas,tothem,notpurelymatter.Itwasalive,filledwithGod'soverwhelmingpresence.

I.MajorLiteraryTermsinTheAnglo-NormanPeriod

1.Romance:Anyimaginativeliteraturethatissetinanidealizedworldandthatdealswithheroicadventuresandbattlesbetweengoodcharactersandvillainsormonsters.Originally,thetermreferredtoamedievaltaledealingwiththelovesandadventuresofkingsandqueens,knightsandladies,andincludingunlikelyorsupernaturalhappenings.SirGawainandtheGreenKnightisthebestofthemedievalromances.JohnKeats'sTheEveofSt.Agnesisoneofthegreatestmetrical（格律）romanceseverwritten.2.Ballad（民谣，叙事歌谣）:Astorytoldinverseandusuallymeanttobesung.Inmanycenturies,thefolkballadwasoneoftheearliestformsofliterature.FolkballadshaveTheyweretransmittedorallyfromgenerationtogenerationandwerenotsetdowninwritinguntilcenturiesaftertheywerefirstsung.Thesubjectmatteroffolkballadsstemsfromtheeverydaylifeofthecommonpeople.Themostpopularsubjects,oftentragic,aredisappointedlove,jealousy,revenge,suddendisasteranddeedsofadventureanddaring.Devicescommonlyusedinballadsarethetherefrain（叠词）,incrementalrepetition（叠句）andcodelanguage（特定语言）.Alaterformofballadistheliteraryballadwhichimitatesthestyleofthefolkballad.ThemostfamousEnglishliteraryballadisSamuelTaylorColeridge'sTheRimeoftheAncientMariner（老水手之歌）.二、选择&填空

TheAnglo-NormanPeriod

TheliteraturewhichNormansbroughttoEnglandisremarkableforits____talesof___and___,inmarkedcontrastof____and____ofAnglo-Saxonpoetry.

romantic,love,adventure,strength,somberness（昏暗；冷静）

GeoffreyChaucer

1.TheCanterburyTalescontainsinfactaGeneralPrologueandonly_____tales,ofwhichtwoareleftunfinished.24

2.The____providesaframeworkforthetalesinTheCanterburyTalesanditcomprisesagroupofvividpicturesofvariousmedievalfigures.Prologue序言

3.TheCanterburyTalesisChaucer'sgreatestworkandthegreaterpartofitwaswrittenin____Couplets.Heroic（英雄双韵体）

4.ThepilgrimsinTheCanterburyTalesareontheirwaytotheshrineofSt.ThomasaBecketattheplacenamed____.Canterbury

5.InTheCanterburyTales,fromthecharacterof_____,wemayseeaveryvividsketchofawomanofthemiddleclass,andacolorfulpictureofthedomesticlifeofthatclassinChaucer'sownday.

theWifeofBath（巴斯夫人：齐叟笔下一个结过5次婚等待第六位丈夫的女人）Renaissance

1.Hamlet,Othello,KingLear,and____aregenerallyregardedasShakespeare'sfourgreattragedies.Macbeth

2.AbsolutemonarchyinEnglandreacheditssummitduringthereignof_____.QueenElizabeth

3._____wrotehis_____inwhichhegaveaprofoundandtruthfulpictureofpeople'ssufferingsandputforwardhisidealofafuturehappysociety.

ThomasMore，Utopia

Theliteratureofthe17thcentury

1.After____'sdeath,monarchywasagainrestoredin1660.Itwascalledtheperiodof_____.OliverCromwell;Restoration

2.TheGloriousRevolutiontookplaceintheyearof_____1688.

3.ParadiseLosttellshow____rebelledagainstGodandhow___and___weredrivenoutofEden.Satan;Adam,Eve.

4.Bunyan'smostimportantworkis____,writtenintheformold-fashionedmedievalformof_____anddream.ThePilgrim'sProgress;allegory寓言the18thcenturyliterature

1.TheimageofanenterprisingEnglishmanofthe18thcenturywascreatedbyDanielDefoeinhisfamousnovel______.RobinsonCrusoe

2.The18thcenturyinEnglishliteratureisanageof___.prose

3.JonathanSwift'smasterpieceis___..Gulliver'sTravels

4.WilliamBlake'swork___(1794)areinmarkedcontrastwiththeSongsofInnocence天真之歌.TheSongsofExperience经验之歌

5.Thegreatestof___poetsinthe18thcenturyisRobertBurns.Scottish

the19thcenturyliterature

1.WiththepublicationofWilliamWordworth's______withS.T.Coleridge,______begantobloomandfoundafirmplaceinthehistoryofEnglishliterature.

LyricalBallads抒情歌谣集,Romanticism

2.TheRomanticAgecametoanendin1832whenthelastRomanticwriter_____died.WalterScott

3.Thegreatesthistoricalnovelist_____wasproducedintheRomanticAge.WalterScott

4.ThegloryoftheRomanticageisinthepoetryof___,___,___,___,___,and___.

Scott,Wordsworth,Coleridge科尔里奇,Byron,Shelley,Keats,Moore,Southey索西.5.TheEnglishRomanticPeriodproducedtwomajornovelists.Theyare______.ScottandAusten

6.InhispoemsWordsworthaimedatthe_____and_____ofthelanguage.simplicity,purity

7.Byronischieflyknownforhistwolongpoems,oneisChildeHarold'sPilgrimage,andtheotheris_____.DonJuan

8.“OdetoaNightingale”waswrittenby_____.JohnKeats

9.JaneAusten'sliteraryconcernisabouthumanbeingsintheir_____relationships.personal.VictorianAge

1.Inthe19thcenturyEnglishliterature,anewliterarytrend_____appearedaftertheromanticpoetry,andflourishedinthetimeof______.

Criticalrealism,1840sand1850s.

2.Criticalrealismrevealsthecorruptinginfluenceoftheruleofcashuponhumannature.Hereliesintheessentially_____and_____characterofcriticalrealism.Democratic,humanitarian

3.InAtaleofTwoCities,thetwocitiesare_____and_____inthetimeofrevolution.London,Paris

4.In1847,Thackeraypublishedhismasterpiece_____,whichmarksthepeakofhisliterarycareer.VanityFair

5.ItisRobertBrowningwhodevelopedtheliteraryform_____..Dramaticmonologue戏剧独白20thcenturyBritishLiterature

1.____haditsoutstandingadvocateinKipling,whowithdrumandtrumpet,calleduponEnglandto“takeuptheWhiteman'sburden”bydominatingall“lesserbreedswithoutthelaw.”lmperialism

2.Those“novelsofcharacterandenvironment”byThomasHardyarethelostrepresentativeofhimasbothaacriticalrealistwriter.Naturalistic

3.IttookGalsworthytwenty-twoyearstoaccomplishthemonumentalwork,hismasterpiece____TheForsyteSaga福尔赛世家

4.Lawrencefinished____,theautobiographicalnovelatwhichhehadbeenworkingoffandonforyears,whichwaspositivelytakenasatypicalexampleandlivelymanifestationofthe“OedipusComplex”infiction.SonsandLovers

5.___and___arethemostoutstandingstreamofconsciousnessnovelist.JamesJoyce，VirginiaWoolf.

6.____isgenerallyregardedasVirginiaWoolf'smostremarkablework.TotheLighthouse

ExercisesonAmericanLiterature

1.Inthe17thcentury,theEnglishsettlementsin____and____beganthemainstreamofwhatwerecognizeastheAmericannationalhistory.

Virginia,Massachusetts

2.WashingtonIrving's____becamethefirstworkbyanAmericanwritertowinfinancialsuccessonbothsidesoftheAtlantic.SketchBook

3.Cooper'senduringfamerestsonhisfrontierstories,especiallythefivenovelsthatcomprisethe____.LeatherstockingTales

4.____wasresponsibleforbringingTranscendentalismtoNewland.RalphWaldoEmerson

5.Asuperbbookentitled____cameoutofHenryDavidThoreau'stwo-yearexperimentatWaldenPond.Walden

6.Thebook____isatremendouschronicleofawhalingvoyageinpursuitofaseeminglysupernaturalwhitewhale.MobyDick

Booktwochapterone

1.InhisclusterofpoemscalledLeavesofGrass,__gaveAmericaitsfirstgenuineepicpoem.WaltWhitman

2.AsthefounderofAmericanCriticalRealism,____enjoysthefameas“LincolnofAmericanliterature”.MarkTwain

3.____wasconsideredthefounderofpsychologicalrealisminAmerica.HenryJames

4.Theidentificationofpotency（影响）withmoneyisattheheartofDreiser'sgreatestandmostsuccessfulnovel,____.AnAmericanTragedyThe20thcentury

1.Poundwastheleaderofanewmovementinpoetrywhichhecalledthe“_____Movement”.Imagist

2.ThemostsignificantAmericanpoemofthe20thcenturywas_____.TheWasteLand

3.____ofthe1920scharacterizedbyfrivolityandcarelessnessisbroughtvividlytolifeinTheGreatGatsby.TheJazzAge

4.Hemingway'snovel___paintedtheimageofawholegeneration,theLostGeneration.TheSunAlsoRises

5.____wroteaboutthedisintegration（瓦解）oftheoldsocialsystemintheAmericansouthernstates,andthelivesofmodempeople,bothblackandwhite.WilliamFaulkner

三、TrueorFalse

1.In1066,ledtheNormanarmytoinvadeEngland.ItwascalledtheNormanConquest.F(WilliamtheConqueror）

2.TheStoryofSirGawainandtheGreenKnightistheculmination（顶点）oftheromancesaboutF(KingArthurandhisknights)

3.Robinsonnamedtothesavedvictim.F(Friday)4.“AModestProposal”ismadetoIrishgovernmenttorelievethepovertyofpeople.F(Irish)5.ItwasHenryFieldingandTobiasGorgeSmolletwhobecametherealfoundersofthegenreofthebourgeoisrealisticnovelinEnglandandEurope.T6.Ofalltheromanticpoetsofthe18thcentury,Blakeisthemostin-dependentandthemostoriginal.T7.GeorgeEliotproducedtheremarkablenovelsincludingAdamBede,TheMillontheFlossandSilasMarner.(true)8.TheBrontesistersareCharlotteBronte,EmilyBronteandAnneBronte.(true)9.TheVictorianAgewaslargelyanageofprose,especiallyofthenovel.(true)10.DavidCopperfieldissmasterpiece.F(Dickens)11.ThetitleofthenovelVanityFairistakenfromBunyan'sPilgrim'sprogress.(true)12.In1907,receivedtheNobelPrizefor“idealism”inliterature.Kimishislongnovel.F(Kipling)13.GeorgeBernardShawwasstronglyagainstthecredoof“artforart'ssake”.T14.TheImportanceofBeingEarnestiswrittenbyOscarWilde.T15.HesterPrynneistheheroineinNathanielHawthorne'snovelTheScarletLetter.T16.In1828,NoahWebsterpublishedhisAnAmericanDictionaryoftheEnglishLanguage.T17.Stirredbytheteachingsoftranscendentalism,writersofBostonandnearbytownsproducedaNewEnglandliteraryrenaissance.T18.TheFalloftheHouseofUsherisoneofEdgarAllanPoe'sF(novels)19.MostofthepoemsinLeavesofGrassareaboutmanandnature.T20.EmilyDickinsonisapoet.F(modernist)21.“TheCopandtheAnthem”waswrittenbyF(OHenry)22.WhileembracingthesocialismofMarx,alsobelievedinthetriumphofthestrongestindividuals.ThiscontradictionismostvividlyprojectedinthepatentlyautobiographicalnovelTheCalloftheWildF(MartinEden)23.Betweenthemid-19thandthefirstdecadeofthe20thcentury,therehadbeenabigflushofnewtheoriesandnewideasinbothsocialidnaturalsciences,aswellinthefieldofartinEurope,whichplayedanindispensableroleinbringingaboutmodernismandthemodernisticwritingsintheUnitedStates.T24.ThedecadeoftheAmericanliteratureachievedanewdiversityandreacheditsgreatestheights.F(1920s)

25.JohnSteinbeckisarepresentativeofthe1930s,when“novelsofsocialprotest”becamedominantontheAmericanliteraryscene.T

isconsideredtobeaspokesmanforthealienatedyouthinthepost-wareraandhisTheCatcherintheRyeisregardedasstudents'classic.F（JeromeDavidSalinger）(J.D.Salinger）四、连线题

作家

流派/文体

作品

RomanceoftheRoses

TheHouseofFame--《名誉堂》

TroylusandCriseyde《特罗伊勒斯和克莱西德》TheLegendofGoodwomen--《良妇传说》TheParliamentofFowls--《百鸟堂》

LiteratureStyle

chieflyundertheinfluenceofFrenchpoetryoftheMiddleAges

underthespellofthegreatliterarygeniusesofearlyRenaissanceItaly:DanteandPetrarchandBoccaccio

Producedhisworksofmaturityfreefromanyforeigninfluence.Alliteration(头韵)

Chaucer

heroiccouplet英雄双韵体

TheCanterburyTales《坎特伯雷故事集》

WilliamLanglandThomasMore托马斯.莫尔FrancisBacon弗朗西斯.培根JohnLylyThomasWyatt托马斯.怀亚特EarlofSurrey萨利伯爵EdmundSpenser埃德蒙.斯宾塞BenJonson琼生ChristopherMarlowe克里斯托弗.马洛RobertGreene

WilliamShakespeare威廉姆.莎士比亚

PiersthePlowman《农夫皮尔斯》Utopia乌托邦

TheAdvancementofLearning《学术的推进》OfStudies《论读书》;Ofwisdom《论智慧》Eupheus

Essay

writteninapeculiarstyleknownasEuphuismfirstintroducedthesonnetintoEnglishliteraturecreatedblankverse

Humanism人文主义

TheFairyQueen《仙后》

EveryManinHisHumour;Volpone,ortheFox;TheAlchemist;BartholomewFair.

DoctorFaustus;TheJewofMalta;TamburlaineGeorgeGreen;thePinnerofWakefield

Hamlet(哈姆雷特)，Othello(奥赛罗)，KingLear(李尔王)，TheTragedyofMacbeth(麦克白)

Lyricalpoetry

Play

37plays;blankverse

JohnDonne约翰.多恩

“metaphysical”poets(玄学派诗

人)

1.Extraordinaryfrankness,

《Deathbenotproud》《死神莫骄妄》penetratingrealism,SongsandSonnets《歌谣与十四行诗》cynicism.TheRelic2.NoveltyofsubjectAValediction:ForbiddingMourning《离别辞：莫忧伤》matterandpointofview.

3.Noveltyofform.《DefensefortheEnglishPeople》为英国人辩护《ParadiseLost》失乐园SamsonAgonistes《力士参孙》《ParadiseRegained》复乐园Sonnet-OnHisBlindness

1.Theuseofblankverse.2.Grandstyle.3.Inheritancefrom

traditionalworkssuchas

JohnMilton约翰.弥尔顿

三个John都是thePuritans清教徒派

《失明述怀》Sonnet-OnHisDeceasedWife《梦之妻》Bible.

1.Writteninthe

old-fashioned,medievalformofallegoryanddream.

2.Hislanguageischieflyplain,colloquial,andquitemodern.

JohnBunyan约翰.拜扬

Pilgrim’sProgress

TheHolyWar《圣战》

TheLifeandDeathofMr.BadmanGraceAbounding《丰盛恩惠》

realisticnovel现实主义小说

DanielDefoe丹尼尔.笛福

《RobinsonCrusoe》鲁宾逊漂流记《JonathanWild》乔纳森.威尔德《MollFlanders》摩尔.弗兰德斯《JosephAndrews》约瑟夫.安德鲁斯

《TheHistoryofTomJones,afoundling》弃婴汤姆.琼斯的故事

TheHistoryofJonathanWildtheGreat

《伟大的乔纳森·王尔德》《Gulliver’sTravels》格列佛游记《AModestProposal》一个温和的建议ATaleofaTub1697《一只桶的故事》TheBattleoftheBooks1698《书籍之战》TheDrapier’sLetters1724《布商来信》

JosephAddison＆RichardSteele；theirlife-longfriendshipandthepartnershipinliterarycareer.

HenryFielding亨利.菲尔丁

Fatherofmodern

fiction

Humor&satirist

JonathanSwift乔纳森.斯威夫

特

satirist反讽prosepoetry

JosephAddlsonTheTatler闲谈者TheSpectator旁观者

Alexanderpope

epistolarynovel(书信体小说），Englishdomesticnovel(英国家庭小说）

comedy

thePastorals(1709)（田园诗歌）theEssayonCriticism(1711)（论批评）TheRapeoftheLock(1714)（卷发遇劫记）“ElegytotheMemoryofanUnfortunateLady”;“EloisetoAbelard,

《Pamela》帕美勒ClarissaHarlowe克拉丽莎

SirCharlesGrandison查尔斯•格兰迪森的历史《SchoolforScandal》造谣学校theRivals(情敌)

《TheVicarofWakefield》威克菲尔德的牧师，小说novel

《SheStoopstoConquer》委曲求全，欢乐喜剧rollickingcomedy

《TheDesertedVillage》荒村，诗歌TheTraveller旅行者poems,诗歌

TheCitizenoftheWorld世界公民essay

SamuelRichardson塞缪尔.理查森RichardB.Sheridan理查德.B.谢尔丹

psychologicalanalysis

theonlyimportantEnglishdramatistofthe18thcentury

OliverGoldsmith’s奥利佛.哥尔德斯

密斯

以上6位都是18世纪Classicism(古典主义)、revivalofromanticpoetry(新兴的浪漫主义诗歌)、beginningsofthemodernnovel(刚启萌的现代派小说)的代表人物ThomasGray托马斯.格雷WilliamBlake威廉.布莱克

Sentimentalism感伤主义nobeliefPre-romanticism

《Elegy,WritteninaCountryChurchyard》墓园挽歌

SongsofInnocence天真之歌SongsofExperience经验之歌PoeticalSketches

素描诗集TheTiger老虎

MyHeart’sintheHighlands我的心呀在高原JohnAnderson,MyJo约翰·安徒生，我爱ARed,RedRose一朵红红的玫瑰ToaMouse致小鼠AuldLangSyne友谊地久天长

LakePoets（湖畔派）

LyricalBallads抒情歌谣《ThePrelude》序曲

《ChildeHaroldPilgrimage》查尔德哈罗德游记DonJuan（唐璜）

《HoursofIdleness》闲散时刻《PrometheusUnbound》解放的普罗米修斯

《OdetotheWestWind》西风颂TheCloud云

《TheEveofSt.Agnes》圣阿格良斯之夜

《OnaGreeianUrn》希腊古瓮颂《ToaNightingale》致夜莺OdeonMelancholy（忧郁颂）Isabella（伊莎贝拉）

Ivanhoe（艾凡赫）

TheladyoftheLake（湖中夫人）Waverley（威佛利）

《PrideandPrejudice》傲慢与偏见《SenseandSensibility》理智与情感《Emma》爱玛

TalesfromShakespeare（莎士比亚故事集）

EssaysofElia（伊利亚随笔）

TheLastEssaysofElia（伊利亚续笔）

1.LeadingfigureofEnglishromanticpoetry

2.Seethisworldfreshlyandnaturally.3.ChangedthecourseofEnglishpoetry1.Renownedasthe“gloomyegoist”2.“ByronicHero”（拜伦式英雄）3.Devotehimselfintotherevolution1.Intenseandoriginal

2.Reflectradicalideasandrevolutionaryoptimism

3.RebelagainstEnglishpoliticsandconservativevalues

1.Epitaph:Hereliesonewhosenamewaswritteninwater（此地长眠者，声名水上书）

2.Earlydeathfromtuberculosisattheageof25

3.Heischaracterizedbysensualimagery1.Historicalnovelistaswellasplaywrightandpoet.

2.Hewasanadvocate,judgeandlegaladministratorbyprofession

1.Moderncharacterthroughthetreatmentofeverydaylife

2.VirginiaWoolfcalledAusten"themostperfectartistamongwomen."

1.Indulgedinhisowncontemplationandimagination

2.Tohim,literaturewasameanstoexpresshisownsubjectiveworldandtoescapefromthesordidness（肮脏、卑鄙）

RobertBurns

罗伯特.彭斯

WilliamWordsworth威廉.华兹华斯

LordByron拜

伦

Romanticism

PercyByssheShelley雪莱

Idealism（理想主义）

JohnKeats济

慈Romanticism（浪漫主义）

WalterScott沃特.斯科特

FamousHistorical

Novelist

JaneAusten简.

奥斯丁

FemaleNovelist

CharlesLamb查尔斯.兰伯Essayist（随笔作家）

CharlesDickens

狄更斯

CriticalRealism批判现实主义

CharlotteBronte夏洛特.勃郎特EmilyBronte艾米丽.勃郎特Mrs.Gaskell

VictorianPeriod维多利亚时期

1.exposeandcriticizethepoverty,

《HardTimes》艰难时刻《Pickwickinjustice,hypocrisyandcorruptnessPapers》匹克威克外传《OliverTwist》2.showahighlyconsciousemodern雾都孤儿《ATaleofTwoCities》双城artist记3.humorandwitseeminexhaustible

4.Picaresquenovel(流浪汉小说）《Shirley》雪利《JaneEyre》简.爱

1.greatworkofgeniusinEnglish

fiction

2.focusonthefemaletopic3.lyricwritingstyle4.simplerealism

humanism人文主义

《WutheringHeights》呼啸山庄《MaryBarton,NorthandSouth》玛丽.巴顿，北方和南方

WilliamMakepeaceThackeray

《VanityFair》名利场—thistitlewasborrowedfromThePilgrim’sProgressbyBunyan.没有大人物的小说

1.richknowledgeofsociallifeand

heart,thepictureinthenovelsareaccurateandtruelife

2.Thackeray’ssatireiscausticandhis

humorsubtle

3.Payattentiontomorility

1.showsuperbconceptionand

executionandincludemuchfavoralfeministcriticism

2.describevariousinnerworldand

depictpeople’slivewithcinematicprecision

3.moralteachingandpsychological

realism.

精神说教和心理现实主义。1.Hisgeniuswaspre-eminentlydramatic

2.Hisstylewashighlyindividual,andoftenmoreintentonmeaningthanonform

1.Herearlypoetryshowsthedefectsofunrealityandofoverwroughtemotion

2.Afterhermarriage,herartgreatlystrengthened.

3.Shespeaksalwaysfromthefemininevantage-ground

1.ExcelledatpenningshortlyricsBreak,Break,Break

2.Muchofhisversewasbasedonclassicalmythologicalthemes(古典神话主题)Ulysses

3.ThemostpopularpoetoftheVictorianAge.

1.Mostofhisworkswerehumorouspoems

2.Hisseriouspoemsretaina

permanentplaceinEnglishliteraturethatheexpressedhisprotestagainstthesocialinjusticeofbourgeoissociety.

1.hisworksisimbuedwithpessimism

oftenborderingondespair

2.Realistic.Hisworkcreatedatruthful

pictureofcontemporaryEngland,andfocusedmoreonadecliningruralsociety

1.realistic.Mostofhisworksdeal

withsocialclass,upper-middleclasslivesinparticular

2.heisviewedasoneofthefirst

writeroftheEdwardianera3.hisplaysaddressedtheclass

GeorgeEliot乔治.艾略特

《AdamBede》亚当贝德

TheMillontheFloss《弗洛斯河上的磨坊》

SilasMarner《织工马南传》Middlemarch《米德尔马契》

RobertBrowning

masteryofdramaticmonologue

《Mylastduchess》已故的公爵夫人Home-Thoughts,fromAbroad《海外乡思》

戏剧独白，戏剧抒情诗

ElizabethBarrettBrowning

FromSonnetsfromthePortuguese(21,22,32,42)《葡萄牙十四行诗集》

Alfred,LordTennyson

桂冠诗人(poet-laureate)

Ulysses《尤利西斯》Break,Break,Break

CrossingtheBar《过沙洲》桂冠诗人(poet-laureate)

ThomasHoodhumoristandpoet

TheSongoftheShirt《衬衫之歌》TheBridgeofSigns《叹息桥》

ThomasHardy悲观主义者Pessimists

Realistic

《TessoftheD’Urbervilles》德伯家的苔丝

《Judetheobscure》无名的裘德TheDynasts列王

TheMayorofCasterbridge卡斯特桥市长

JohnGalsworthy

TheForsyteSaga福尔赛世家AModernComedyEndoftheChapter

systemandsocialissues

1.realistichisworksaddressprevailing

socialproblemswithaveinofcomedy

2.asasocialist,hewrotemany

brochuresandspeechesfortheFabianSociety

3.hisbelievedthatreformshouldbe

gradualandinducedbypeacefulmeansratherthanoutrightrevolutionAutobiographyofhisearlylifeSocialcriticism,psychologicalanalysisMostcontroversial:pornography?Sexualimpulse

Suggestivecriticismratherthanauthoritative

Feminism:positionofwomen,esp.professionalwomen

MasterpieceofstreamofconsciousnessAmale’sfateaswellasaseriesofsketchesofDublin

Relationbetweentheartistandsociety

GeorgeBernardShaw剧作家

《Mrs.Warren’sprofession》;Widowrers’houses;ThePhilanderer

Armsandtheman;CanadianTheManofDestiny;Younevercantell

《Sonsandlovers》儿子与情人

D.H.Lawrence

《TheRainbow》彩虹

《LadyChatterley’sLover》查泰莱夫人的情人

《Mrs.Dalloway》达洛维夫人《ARoomofOne’sOwn》Jacob’room雅各的房间Tothelighthouse到灯塔去《Ulysses》Dubliner都柏林夫人

AportraitoftheArtistasayoungman青年艺术家的画像

王尔德

Aestheticism唯美主义

为了艺术而艺术

TheHeartofDarkness(1899）《黑暗之心》LordJim(1900)《吉姆老爷》Nostromo(1904)《诺斯特罗莫》

TheSecretAgent(1907)）《特务》UnderWesternEyes(1911)TheGoodSoldier;

ATaleofPassion

WhereAngelsFeartoTread(1905)ARoomwithaView(1908)HowardsEnd(1910)APassagetoIndia(1924)Handfulofdust一抔土Swordofhonor荣耀之剑Bridesheadrevisited旧地重游pointcounterpoint旋律与对位bravenewworld美丽新世界Animalfarm

GeorgeOrwell

politicalsatirist

1984

WilliamSomersetMaugham毛姆GrahamGreene格雷厄姆·格

theexistentialist-psychological

OfHumanBondage1915人性的枷锁TheMoonandSixpence(1919)TheRazorsedge(1944)刀锋

《布莱顿硬糖》（BrightonRock）《权力与荣耀》（ThePowerandthe

VirginiaWoolf

Streamofconsciousness意

识流

JamesJoyce

JosephConradRealism

F.M.FordE.M.Forster

Impressionismrealismcombinedwithsymbolismsatireandhumor

satiricalnovelistsatirist

EvelynWaugh伊夫林·沃AldousHuxley

richincolloquialismsyetcharacterless

AfablesatirizingRussiaandsettingStalinisttotalitarianismadespondentforecastofwhatwouldhappenwhentotalitarianismwasabletotakeovernotonlythebodybutthesoul.

最著名的四部以天主教为主题的小说

林fiction

Glory）、《问题的核心》（TheHeartoftheMatter）《恋情的终结》（TheEndoftheAffair）

T.S.Eliot

W.H.AudenKingsleyAmisWilliamGoldingIrisMurdochMurielSparkDorisLessing

莱辛JohnFowlesA.S.ByattJohnOsborneArnoldWeskerSamuelBeckettMartinAmisKazuoIshigugo石黑一雄美国文学

Modernistpoetry

LuckyJim

modernmythcharacterization

TheLordofFlies《蝇王》UndertheNet(1954)TheBell(1958)TheSea,theSea(1978)

《琼.布罗迪小姐的青春》(ThePrimeofMissJeanBrodie)1961

meta-fictionexperimentalist

TheGoldenNotebook《金色笔记》TheFrenchLieutenant’sWomanPossessionLookbackinangerChickenSoupwithBarleyWaitingforGodot《等待戈多》Money:ASuicideNote;Time’sArrowLondonFields

当代英国小说移民三雄之一

TheRemainsoftheDay《长日留痕》

---ATrueRelationofSuchOccurrencesandAccidentsofNoteasHathHappenedinVirginiaSincetheFirstPlantingofThatColony(1608)

---AMapofVirginia:withaDescriptionoftheCountry(1612)

---TheProceedingsoftheEnglishColonyinVirginia(1612)

---ADescriptionofNewEngland(1616)---NewEngland'sTrials(1620,1622)theHistoryofPlymouthPlantationTheHistoryofNewEngland

TheTenthMuseLatelySprungUpinAmerica.

ThebestofthePuritanpoets

PuritanPreacherandPoet

PoorRichard'sAlmanac《穷查理年鉴》

TheAutobiographyofBenjaminFranklin《富兰克林自传》

TheAmericanCrisis《美国危机》TheDeclarationofIndependence《独立宣言》

SketchBook-TheLegendofSleepyHollow《见闻札记》

AHistoryofNewYork《纽约历史》BracebridgeHall《布雷斯布里奇田庄》TalesofaTraveller《旅行者的故事》

TheFatheroftheAmerianShortStories;avoidedmoralizing;wrotetoamuseandentertain,wasgoodatenvelopinghisstoriesinan

atmosphere,hischaractersarevividV.S.Naipaul奈保尔SalmanRushdie拉什迪

revolutoinary

Themostimportantrepresentativeofthe“AngryYoungMen”—antihero

CaptainJohnSmith

ThefirstAmericanWriter-

WilliamBradfordJohnWinthropBradstreetEdwardTaylor

BenjaminFranklinThomasPaineThomasJefferson

WashingtonIrving华盛顿·欧文

andtrue;filledwithhumormusicallanguage

JamesFenimore

Cooper

詹姆斯·费尼莫

尔·库柏WilliamCullenBryant威廉·柯伦·布赖恩特

TheSpy(ATaleofNeutralGround)《间谍》NationalNovelistThePioneers《拓荒者》CreatedthefirstAmericanhero…ThePilot(ATaleoftheSea)《论自立》namedNattyBumpoTheLastoftheMohicans《最后的莫西干人》Thanatopsis《死亡随想曲》ToaWaterfowl《致水鸟》

TheFalloftheHouseofUsher《厄舍古屋的刀塔》ToHelen《致海伦》TheRaven《乌鸦》

AnnabelLee《安娜贝尔·李》TheAmericanScholar《论美国学者》Nature《自然》

Self-Reliance《自持》Walden《瓦尔登湖》CivilDisobedience

TheScarletLetter《红字》

TheHouseoftheSevenGables《七个尖角阁的房子》

Darkromanticism

MobyDick《白鲸》Typee《泰比》

Outre-Mer

APsalmofLive《人生礼赞》TheSlave'sDream《奴隶的梦》TheSongofHiawathaLittleWomen.TheScarletLetter

1.Poetrywithoutafixedbeatofregularrhymescheme.

2.Mostofthepoemsinhisworksareaboutmanandnature.

3.Combinedtheidealofthedemocraticcommonmanandthatoftheruggedindividual.

firstofAmericanwriterstousenativethemesNaturalistPoet

TheinventorofthedetectivestoryThefatherofthemodernAmericanshortstoryAskillfulpoet

AnimportantliterarycriticwhohelpeddefineAmericanliterature,film,andotherarts

EdgarAllanPoe埃德加·爱伦·坡

Gothic

RalphWaldoEmerson拉尔夫·沃尔多·爱

默生HenryDavidThoreau

亨利·戴维·梭罗NathanielHawthorne纳撒尼尔·霍桑HermanMelville赫尔曼·梅尔维尔HenryWadsworthLongfellow亨利·沃兹沃斯·朗

费罗LouisaMayAlcott

NathanielHawthorne开始Realism了

transcendentali

sm

Waltwhitman（沃尔特·惠特曼）FreeVerse（自

由体）

SongofMyself《自我之歌》ISitandLookOut《我坐而眺望》Beat!Beat!Drums!《敲吧战鼓》

EmilyDickinson（艾米莉·狄金

森）

modernismpoem

Itastealiquorneverbrewed《我品尝未酿之酒》

IfeltaFuneral,inmyBrain《我觉得脑子里有一场葬礼》ABirdcamedowntheWalk

IdiedforBeauty-butwasscarce《我为美丽而死去》

1.Herpoetrycomesoutinbursts.2.Shewritesaboutloveandalover,writesaboutnature,successandfailure.

IheardaFlybuzz-whenIdied-《我听到苍蝇的嗡嗡声——当我死时》BecauseIcouldnotstopforDeath-《因为我不能停步等候死神》

Harrietbeecherstowe哈丽叶特·比切·斯托夫

人

Famousabolitionistwriters（废奴作

家）

1.Itwasanovernightsuccess.

UncleTom’sCabin《汤姆叔叔的小屋》2.Ithashugeinfluenceintheriseof

abolishingmovementofslaveryin1850.TheAdventuresofTomSawyer《汤姆·索亚历险记》

TheGildedAge《镀金时代》AdventuresofHuckleberryFinn《哈克贝利菲斯历险记》

TheManthatCorruptedHadleyburg《败坏了哈德莱堡的人》

TheCopandtheAnthem《警察与赞美诗》

TheFourMillion《四百万》

TheGiftoftheMagi《麦琪的礼物》AMunicipalReport《市政报告》

1.Extremeexaggerationinartimagination.

2.Narratedinfirstpersonversion.3.Satireandhumor.

MarkTwain（马克

吐温）

Criticalrealism

O.HENRY（欧亨

利）

modernshort

story

1.Hisstoriesareusuallyshort.

2.Manyofhisstoriestellaboutthelivesofpoorpeople.

3.Hisstoriesusuallyhavesurprisingending.

Henryjames（亨利·詹姆斯）

PsychologicalRealism

1.FictionsinInternationalsituation.

ThePortraitofAlady《一位女士的画像》2.ObscureandcostivestylewhichwasTheAmerican《一个美国人》abletoexpressthesubtlestmeaningsbutDaisyMiller《黛西米勒》wasbasedontheassumptionthattheTheGoldenBowl《金碗》readerwaswelleducated.

1.Involvingtheprimitivestruggleof

strongandweakindividualsinthecontextofirresistiblenaturalforces2.Litterconcernforstylisticandformalrefinementandsubtletyofcharacterization.

1.Hisstyleisponderousandhisnarrativesenseisweak.

2.Tortuousplotandintensivepsychologicaldescription

JackLondon（杰克·伦敦）

commercialmagazinefiction

TheSeaWolf《海狼》

MartinEden《马丁·伊登》

TheCalloftheWild《野性的呼唤》TheSonoftheWolf《狼子》TheIronHeel《铁蹄》

SisterCarrie《嘉莉妹妹》

AnAmericanTragedy《美国悲剧》JennieGerhardt《珍妮姑娘》TheFinancier《金融家》TheTitan《巨人》

IcebergTheoryTheSunAlsoRises1926

AFarewelltoArms《永别了，武器》ForWhomtheBellTolls《丧钟为谁而鸣》

TheOldManandtheSea

TheodoreDreiser（西奥多·德莱

塞）

ErnestHemingway

F.ScottFitzgerald

TheliteraryspokesmanofJazzAge

ThisSideofParadise人间天堂

→TheBeautifulandDamned漂亮冤家→TheGreatGatsby了不起的盖茨比(TheAmericanDreamisdead)

→TenderIsTheNight夜色温柔

→TheLastTycoon最后的巨头

stream-of-consciousnessandmultiplepointof

view.

TheSoundandtheFury《喧嚣与骚动》AsILayDying《我弥留之际》Sanctuary《圣堂》

LightinAugust《八月之光》

Absalom,Absalom!《押沙龙，押沙龙》GoDown,Moses《去吧，摩西》Winesburg,Ohio1919《俄亥俄州的温斯堡》

PoorWhite1920《穷白人》DeathintheWoods1933

最后一本重要短篇集《林中之死及其它》

ThefirstAmericanwritertogetNobelPrizeforLiteraturein

1930Imagism意象派

WilliamFaulkner

SherwoodAnderson舍伍德·安德森

SinclairLewis辛·刘易斯

MainStreet1920大街Babbitt1922巴比特

EzraPound艾兹拉·庞德EDWINARLINGTONROBINSON埃德温·阿林顿·罗宾逊

Cantos诗章

InaStationoftheMetro在巴黎地铁站RICHARDCORY

THEHOUSEONTHEHILLMINIVERCHEEVY

ThemostpopularAmericanpoetofthe20thcentury

TheRoadNotTaken没有走过的道路StoppingbyWoodsonaSnowyEvening雪夜林畔小驻MendingWall修墙

Irony

RobertFrost罗伯特·弗罗斯特

CarlSandburg卡尔·桑德堡ThomasStearns

Eliot

FreeverseChicagoPoems《芝加哥诗集》TheWasteLand

TheEmperorJones琼斯皇TheHairyApe1922毛猿BeyondtheHorizon天边外

Desireundertheelms榆树下的欲望Theicemancometh(1946)送冰的人来了;LongDay’sJourneyintonight(1955);长夜漫漫路迢迢DeathofaSalesman《推销员之死》

TheGrapeofWrath《愤怒的葡萄》OfMiceandMen《鼠与人》TortillaFlat《煎饼坪》1935InDubiousBattle《胜负未决》ManhattanTransfer

themostdominantfigureinpoetryandliterarycriticismintheEnglish-speakingworld

EugeneO’Neill尤金·奥尼尔

TheAmerica’sgreatestplaywright

ArthurMiller阿瑟·米勒JohnSteinbeck约翰·斯坦贝克JohnDosPassos

HisUSAtrilogy:

The42ndParallel(1930),1919(1932)

TheBigMoney(1936).ThebigTime最好的岁月

TheGrandDesign伟大的设想

JackKerouac杰克·凯鲁亚克JohnUpdikeEdwardAlbeeTrumanCapoteHarperLeeJamesDickeyArthurHaleyAliceWalker

《在路上》ontheroad《兔子，跑吧》(Rabbit,Run,Who’sAfraidofVirginiaWoolfInColdBloodToKillaMockingbirdDeliveranceRoots

TheColorPurple

《如果我死在战区》IfIDieinaCombatZone,BoxMeUpandShipMeHome(1973)

《北极光》NorthernLights(1975)《追寻卡西艾托》GoingAfterCacciato(1978)

《原子时代》TheNuclearAge(1985)《他们携带之物》TheThingsTheyCarried(1990)

《林中湖》IntheLakeoftheWoods(1994)Them

《她们》

TimO’Brien

BestwriteronVietnam

JoyceCarolOates

欧茨StephenKingVladimirNabokov伏拉狄米·纳博科

夫

TheShawkshankRedemptionLolita

DanglingMan;TheVictimTheAdventuresofAugieMarchHendersonTheRainKing;HerzogMr.Sammler’sPlanet;Humboldt’sGift;

TheNakedAndTheDead《裸者与死者》InvisibleMan《隐形人》《土生子》(NativeSon)；《向苍天呼吁》(GoTellItontheMountain)1953；

TheBluestEye《最蓝的眼睛》Sula;SongofSolomonTarBaby《柏油孩子》Beloved《宠儿）JoyLuckClub《喜福会》TheWomanWarrior

TheonlyAfrican-AmericanwriterwhowontheNobelPrizeforliteraturein1993黑人作家首部黑人小说

SaulBellow

NormanMailerRalphEllison莱特(RichardWright)包德温(JamesBaldwin)ToniMorrisonAmyTan谭恩美汤亭亭（ＭaxineHongKingston

五、问答题

1.WhatistheinfluenceoftheNormanConquestuponEnglishlanguageandliterature?

TheinfluenceoftheNormanConquestuponEnglishlanguageandliterature:AftertheConquest,thebodyofcustomsandidealsknownaschivalrywasintroducedbytheNormansintoEngland.Theknightlycode(q骑士法则),theromanticinterestinwomen,tenderness(温柔礼貌)andreverencepaidtoVirginMary(圣母玛利亚)werereflectedintheliterature.

WiththecomingoftheNormans,theAnglo-Saxonsanktoapositionofabjectness(绝望).Theirlanguagewasmadea

despised(被鄙视的)thing.Frenchwordsofwarfareandchivalry,artandluxury,scienceandlaw,begantocomeintotheEnglishlanguage.ThusthreelanguagescoexistedinEnglandatthattime.TheNormansspokeFrench,thelowerclassspokeEnglishandthescholarsandclergymen(牧师)usedLatin.

Theliteraturewasvariedininterestandextensiveinrange.TheNormansbegantowritehistoriesorchronicles(编年史).MostofthemwerewritteninLatinorFrench.TheprevailingformofliteratureinthefeudalEnglandwastheRomance.2.WhataretheessentialfeaturesofromanceinthemedievalEnglishliterature?

Itsessentialfeaturesare:1).Itlacksgeneralresemblance(相似？)totruthorreality;2).Itexaggeratesthevicesofhumannatureandidealizesthevirtues;3).Itcontainsperilousadventuresmoreorlessremotefromordinarylife;4).Itlaysemphasisonsupremedevotiontoafairlady;5).Thecentralcharacteroftheromanceistheknight,amanofnoblebirth,skilledintheuseofweapons.Heiscommonlydescribedasridingforthtoseekadventures,takingpartintournaments(骑士比武),orfightingforhislordinbattle.Heisdevotedtothechurchandtheking.

3.MakecommentsontheromanceSirGawainandtheGreenKnight.

ThestoryofSirGawainandtheGreenKnightistheculminationoftheArthurianromances.Theword“romance”herereferstosomeversenarrativethatsingsofknightlyadventuresorheroicdeeds,andusuallyemphasizesthechivalriclove,faithandcourageoftheMiddleAgesinEurope.

Theromancecontains4sections,2,530lines,derivedfromCeltic(凯尔特)legend.Itisoneofthemostdelightfuloldromancesinanylanguage.Inform,itisaninterestingcombinationofFrenchandSaxonelements.Itiswritteninanelaboratestanza(诗节)combiningmeter(?)andalliteration（头韵）.Attheendofeachstanza,thereisarimedrefrain.Ithastwomainmotifs(主题)inthestory,oneisthetestoffaith,courageandpurity,theotheristheprovingofhumanweaknessfor

self-preservation(自卫).Thetwomotifsprovidethepoemwithunmistakable（清楚明白的）traitsofchivalricromances,plusstrongChristiancoloring.

Besides,theromancegivesthereaderanengrossing（引人入胜的）talewelltold,vested（赋予）inbeautifulpoetryandcontainingmanyartisticmerits.Fromtheromance,wecanseethecarefulinterweaving（交织）ofoneepisodewithanother.Wecanseethevarioussuspense（悬疑）andsurpriseasthestoryunfoldsitself.ThepsychologicalanalysisofSirGawainasheencountersonestrangeafteranotherisworthyofnotice.Thedescriptionsoftheseasonsaswellastheplacesandthingsseenbytheheroinhisadventuresareelaborate（精心制作）.Itslanguageissimpleandstraightforward.Thatiswhythepoemenjoysgreatpopularityoverandabovemostotherromancesoftheperiod.Ofcourse,ithassuperstitionandsupernaturalelements.AndtheheroicadventuresofSirGawainaresoughtafterandcarriedoutratherforadventures'sakethanforanyotherworthycause.4.WhatisChaucer'scontributiontotheEnglishlanguage?

Chaucer'slanguageisvividandexact.Hisverseissmooth.Hiswordsareeasytounderstand.HeintroducedfromFrancetherhymed(押韵的)stanzasofvarioustypes,esp.therhymedcoupletiambic（抑扬格）pentameter（五步格诗）whichwaslatercalledthe“heroiccouplet”toEnglishpoetry,insteadoftheoldAnglo-Saxonalliterative（头韵）verse.ThoughdrawinginfluencefromFrench,ItalianandLatinmodels,heisthefirstimportantpoettowriteinthecurrentEnglishlanguage.HisproductionofsomuchexcellentpoetrywasanimportantfactorinestablishingEnglishastheliterarylanguageofthecountry.ChaucerdidmuchinmakingthedialectofLondonthefoundationforthemodernEnglishlanguage.

5.WhatisthesocialsignificanceofTheCanterburyTales?

InhismasterpieceTheCanterburyTales,Chaucergivesusatrue-to-lifepictureofthesocietyofhistime.Takingthestandoftherisingbourgeoisie,heaffirmsmenandopposesthedogmaofasceticism（禁欲主义）preachedbythechurch.Asaforerunnerofhumanism,hepraisesman'senergy,intellect,quickwitandloveoflife.Histalesexposeandsatirizetheevilsofhistime.Theyattackthedegenerationofthenoble,theheartlessnessofthejudge,thecorruptionoftheChurchandsoon.

Livinginthetransitionalperiod,Chaucerisnotentirelydevoidofmedievalprejudices.Heisreligioushimself.Thereis

nothingrevolutionaryinhiswriting,thoughhelivedinaperiodofpeasantuprisings（农民起义）.Whilepraisingman'srightto

earthlyhappiness,hesometimeslikestocrackaroughjokeandpaintanaturalisticpictureofsexuallife.

TheseareChaucer'sweakpoints.Buttheseare,however,ofsecondaryimportancecomparedwithhisachievementasagreatpoetandstoryteller.

6.SummarizethepoemofTheCanterburyTales.

AsChaucer'smasterpieceandoneofthemonumentalworksinEnglishliterature,thewholepoemofTheCanterburyTalesisacollectionofstoriesstrungtogetherwithasimpleplan.Onaspringevening,thepoet,movedbythepassionforwandering,dropshimselfatthesouthendofLondonBridge.Herehemeets29otherpilgrims（旅行者）readyforajourneyof60milesonhorsebacktoCanterbury.Chaucerjoinsthisjourney.AtthesuggestionofthehostoftheTabardInn,theyagreetobeguile（消磨）thejourneybystory-telling.Eachistotelltwostoriesgoingandtworeturning.Thebeststory-tellershallbetreatedwithafinesupperatthegeneralexpenseattheend.Thehostistobethejudgeofthecontest.Accordingtothenumberofthepersonsinthecompany,itshouldbeanimmenseworkof124stories.Actually24werewritten.Thesetalescoverallthemaintypesof

medievalliterature:courtlyromance,folktale,beastfable,storyoftravelandadventure,saint'slife,allegoricaltale,sermon,alchemical(炼金术)accountandothers.Allthesetalesarewritteninverse.

Variousinkindathesestoriesare,thepoetsucceededinlinkingthemtogetherthroughtwodays.Thepersonalityofthehostaffordsaclearstringofconnectionfromthefirsttaletothelast;hegivesaunitytothewholework,inviting,criticizing,admiring,denouncing,butalwayskeepinghimselfinevidence.ThenthereisanintimateconnectionbetweenthetalesandthePrologue,bothcomplementingeachother.ItisofgreatimportancetoreadthecorrespondingportionoftheProloguewitheachtaleinordertogetafulldramatic,narrativeandpictorial（形象化的）effectofthework.

7.WhenwereShakespeare'smaintragedieswritten?Whatdidhewriteaboutinhistragedies?

Shakespeare'smaintragedieswerewrittenduringtheperiodofgloomanddepressionwhichdatedfrom1600to1607.Shakespeare'smaintragediesareassociatedwithaperiodofgloomandsorrowinhislife.Duringthisperiod,Englandwitnessedageneralunrest（动荡）andsocialcontradictionsbecameverysharp.Whatcausedthewriter'spersonalsadnessisunknowntous.Itisgenerallyattributedtothepoliticalmisfortuneofhisfriendandpatron（主顾）,EarlofEssex,whowaskilledbytheQueen.Hismaintragediesare:Hamlet,Othello,KingLear,andMacbeth.Alloftheseplaysexpressaprofound

dissatisfactionwithlife.Theyshowthestrugglebetweengoodandevilofthetime,betweenjusticeandinjustice.Intheseplays,thewriterShakespearecondemnsthedarkandevilsociety.

8.WhatarethedifferentaspectsbetweentheliteratureofElizabethanPeriodandthatoftheRevolutionPeriod?

TheRevolutionPeriodwasofconfusioninliterature.EnglishliteratureofthePeriodwitnessedadeclineanddegeneration.WecanseethatitisdifferentfromtheliteratureofElizabethanPeriodin3aspects.

1)Elizabethanliteraturehadamarkedunityandthefeelingofpatriotism（爱国主义）anddevotiontotheQueen,butintheRevolutionPeriod,allthiswaschanged,thekingbecametheopenenemiesofthepeople,andthecountrywasdividedbythestruggleforpoliticalandreligiousliberty.Soliteraturewasasdividedinspiritaswerethestrugglingparties.2)Elizabethanliteraturewasgenerallyinspiring.Itthrobbed（跳动）withyouthandhopeandvitality.LiteratureinthePuritanAgeexpressedsadness.Evenitsbrightesthourswerefollowedbygloomandpessimism.

3)Elizabethanliteraturewasintenselyromantic.Theromancesprangfromtheheartofyouth.Peoplebelievedallthings,eventheimpossible.ButinliteratureofthePuritanPeriod,wecannotfindromanticardor.

9.Inyouropinion,whyisThePilgrim'sProgresssuccessful?

ThePilgrim'sProgressisthemostsuccessfulreligiousallegoryinEnglishlanguage.Itspredominantmetaphor–lifeasajourney,issimpleandfamiliar.TheobjectsthatChristianmeetsarehomelyandcommonplace,andthescenespresentedaretypicalEnglishscenes,butthroughouttheallegoryaspiritualsignificanceisaddedtothecommonplacedetails.Herethestrangeiscombinedwiththefamiliarandthetrivialjoinedtothedivine,and,atthesametime,everythingisbasedonuniversalexperiences.

Besides,arichimaginationandanaturaltalentforstory-tellingalsocontributetothesuccessoftheworkwhichisatonceentertainingandmorallyinstructive.

10.WhatisNeoclassicism新古典主义?WhoaretherepresentativesoftheNeoclassicisminliterature?

Thetermmainlyappliestotheclassicaltendencywhichdominatedtheliteratureoftheearlyperiod.Itwas,atleastinart,theresultofareactionagainstthefiresofpassionwhichhadblazed（发光闪耀）inthelateRenaissance,especiallyinthe

metaphysicalpoet.ItfounditsartisticmodelsintheclassicalliteratureoftheancientGreekandRomanwriterslikeHomer,Virgil维吉尔,Horace贺瑞斯,Ovid奥维德,etc.,andinthecontemporaryFrenchwriterssuchasVoltaire伏尔泰andDiderot狄德罗.Itputthestressontheclassicalartisticidealsoforder,proportion,restrainedemotion,accuracy,goodtasteanddecorum(端庄得体).

Suchelegantstyleswerefoundinalmostallthewritingsoftheperiod,especiallyinthoseofJohnDryden德莱顿,

AlexanderPope蒲柏,JonathanSwift,JosephAddison约瑟夫艾迪生,RichardSteele斯蒂尔,HenryFielding,SamuelJohnson,OliverGoldsmith戈德史密斯,EdwardGibbon,themanwhowrotethefamoushistoryTheDeclineandFalloftheRomanEmpire(1776-1788),andotherneoclassicistwriters.Theywerecarefulimitators.Theirapproachwasthoroughlyprofessional.Theirworks,mostlyrefinedandperfect,areconscientiouscraftsmanshipandoftenhighlydidactic（教导的，学究的）.

Neoclassicalpoetry,asrepresentedbyDryden,Pope,andJohnson,reacheditsstylisticperfectionduringtheperiod,althoughtothemodemreadersitseemstolackimaginationandenergy.Theneoclassicalpoetryisoneofthemostsignificantphenomenaintheliteratureoftheage,towhichithasgivenitsname.

11.WhatarethefeaturesoftheRomanticpoetry?

TheRomanticperiodisanageofpoetry.Romanticpoetsstartedarebellionagainsttheneoclassicalliterature,whichwaslaterregardedasthepoeticrevolution.WordsworthandColeridgewerethemajorrepresentativesofthismovement.Wordsworth'stheoryofpoetryiscallingforsimplethemesdrawnfromhumblelifeexpressedinthelanguageofordinarypeople.Imagination,definedbyColeridge,isthevitalfacultythatcreatesnewwholesoutofdisparate(完全不同的)elements.Thenaturalworldcomestotheforefrontofthepoeticimagination.Natureisnotonlythemajorsourceofpoeticimagery,butalsoprovidesthedominantsubjectmatter.TheRomanticswouldturntoothertimesandplacestoescapefromaworldthathadbecomeexcessivelyrational,aswellasexcessivelymaterialisticandugly.

Romanticsalsotendedtobenationalistic,defendingthegreatpoetsanddramatistsoftheirownnationalheritageagainsttheadvocatesofclassicalruleswhotendedtoglorifyRomeandrationalItalianandFrenchneoclassicartassuperiortothenativetraditions.ToRomantics,poetryshouldbefreefromallrules.Theywouldtumtothehumblepeopleandthecommoneverydaylifeforsubjects.RomanticwritersarealwaysseekingfortheAbsolute,theidealthroughthetranscendenceoftheactualreality.Theyhavealsomadeboldexperimentsinpoeticlanguage,versification(作诗)anddesign,andconstructedavarietyofformsonoriginalprinciplesoforganizationandstyle.

12.Whatisthemajorcontributionmadebycriticalrealistsinthe19thcentury?

Themajorcontributionmadebythe19thcenturycriticalrealistsistheirperfectionofthenovel.Liketherealists,theymadeuseoftheformofnovelforfullanddetailedrepresentationsofsocialandpoliticalevents,andofthefateofindividualsandofwholesocialclasses.However,therealisticnovelsofthe19thcenturywentastepfurtherthanthoseofthe18thcenturyinthattheynotonlypicturedtheconflictsbetweenindividualswhostoodfordefinitesocialstrata（社会阶层）,butalsoshowedthebroadsocialconflictsoverandabovethefateofmeremovementssuchasChartism,andtheirvividdescriptionofthedramaticconflictsofthetimemakethe19thcenturyrealisticnovel“theepicofthebourgeoissociety”.

13.WhatisthesignificanceofAmericanPuritanism清教主义inAmericanliterature?

TheAmericanPuritanswereidealists,believingthattheChurchshouldberestoredtothe“Purity”.TheybelievedthattheywereGod'schosenpeople,enjoyinghisblessingsonthisearthasinheaven.ThePuritansdreamedoflivingunderaperfectorderandworkedwithindomitable(不屈服的)courageandconfidenthopetowardbuildinganewGardenofEdeninAmerica.Firedwithsuchasenseofmission,thePuritanslookedateventheworstoflifeinthefacewithatremendousamountofoptimism.Allthiswent,induetime,intothemalting（萌芽）ofAmericanliterature.TheoptimisticPuritanhasexertedagreatinfluenceonAmericanliterature.

TheAmericanPuritan'smetaphorical（隐喻性的）modeofperceptionwaschieflyinstrumental（起作用的）incallingintobeingaLiterarysymbolismwhichisdistinctlyAmerican.Puritandoctrineandliterarypracticecontributedtonosmallextenttothedevelopmentofanindigenous（本地的，local）symbolism.

Withregardtotechnique,onenaturallythinksofthesimplicity,whichcharacterizesthePuritanstyleofwriting.Thestyleistherhetoricisplainandhonest,withoutatouchofnobilityoftentraceable（起源于）tothedirectinfluenceoftheBible.

Allthishasleftanindelible（不可磨灭的）imprint（痕迹）onAmericanwriting.ThusAmericanPuritanismhasbeen,byandlarge,ahealthylegacytotheAmericans.

14.ComparethesimilaritiesanddifferencesbetweenHowells豪厄尔斯,M,TwainandHenryJames,intermsoftheirliteraryorientation.

Thoughthethreeprominentwriterswrotemoreorlessatthesametime,theydifferedintheirunderstandingofthemoreattentiontothe“life”oftheAmericans.HenryJameshadapparentlylaidagreateremphasisonthe“innerworld”ofman.Hecametobelieveattheliteraryartistshouldnotsimplyholdamirrortothesurfaceofsociallifeinparticulartimesanddeepest.Inaddition,thewritershoulduselanguagetoprobethebeings.Heisarealistoftheinnerlife.

ThoughTwainandHowellsbothsharedthesameconcerninpresentingthetruthoftheAmericansociety,theyhadeachofthemdifferentemphasis.Howellsfocusedhisdiscussionontherisingmiddle-classandthewaytheylived,whileTwainpreferredtohavehisownregionandthepeopleattheforefrontofhisstories.Thisparticularconcernaboutthelocalcharacterofaregioncameaboutas“colorism”,auniquevariationofAmericanliteraryrealism.

15.ThebackgroundofModernism:

1）Socialbackground.The20thcenturybeganwithastrongsenseofsocialbreakdown.AseriesofwarssoughtontheinternationalsceneduringthefirstpartofthecenturyweretoaffectthelifeofAmericansandtheirliterarywritings.Withallthesewarsthewholeworldhadundergoneadramaticsocialchange,atransformationfromordertodisorder.AndsohadtheUnitedStates.Despiteitsboomingindustryandmaterialprosperity,therewasasenseofuneaseandrestlessness（坐立不安）underneath.

2)Alongwiththechangesinthemateriallandscapecamethechangesinthenon-materialsystemofbeliefandbehavior.TheFirstWorldWarhadmadeagreatimpactonthelifeoftheAmericanpeople.Inword,therewasadeclineinmoralstandardandthefirstfewdecadesofthe20thcenturywasbestdescribedasaspiritualwasteland.TheFirstWorldWarbroughtfeelingsoffear,loss,disorient（迷失方向）anddisillusionment（梦想幻灭）totheAmericans.

3）Betweenthemid-19thcenturyandthefirstdecadeofthe20thcentury,therehadbeenabigflushofnewtheoriesandnewideasin,bothsocialandnaturalsciences,aswellasinthefieldofartinEurope,whichplayedanindispensableroleinbringingaboutmodernismandthemodernisticwritingsintheUnitedStates.TheimplicationsofmodemEuropeanartstomodemAmericanwritingscanalsobestronglyfeltintheAmericanliteraturebetweenthewars,eventhereafter.

4)Conclusion:Therewasaspiritualcrisisinthisperiod,butafullblossomingofliterarywritings.Themostrecognizableliterarymovementthatgaverisetothe20thcenturyAmericanliterature,orwemaysay,thesecondAmericanRenaissance,istheexpatriate（移居国外）movement.

16.Pleaselistthenewtheoriesorideasbetweenthemid-19thandthefirstdecadeofthe20thcenturythathelpedbringaboutAmericanmodernism.

Transcendentalism&Realism?