否定句结构
一、全部否定
全部否定通常由含有全部否定意义的词,如 no, none, nobody, nowhere, no one, never, neither, nor 等加上表示肯定意义的谓语动词构成。例如:
1. We couldn't eat in a restaurant because ____ of us had ___ money on us.(MET1991)
A. all; no B. any; no C. none; any D. on one; any
析:根据句意“我们不能在餐馆吃饭”,可推测后句为“因为我们谁也没带钱”。 no one 虽能表示全部否定,但其后不能跟 of 短语。所以该题选 C 。类似试题:
(1)They were all tired, but ____ of them would stop to take a rest.(NMET1995)
A. any B. some C. none D. neither
(2)Both teams were in hard training; ____ was willing to lose the game. (上海 2001 )
A. either B. neither C. another D. the other
注意:“否定谓语 + 不定代词 any/either 等”也可构成全部否定。例如:
We won't buy any of the books. 我们不会买任何一本书。
二、部分否定
部分否定是由表示总括意义的词如 all, both, every, each, everything, everybody 以及 always, completely, entirely, wholly 等加上否定词 not, never 等构成的,含有“不全是、并非都”等意思。例如:
I agree with most of what you said, but I don't agree with___. (NMET1997)
A. everything B. anything C. something D. nothing
析:由前一句“你说的我绝大部分同意”可推知后半句应为“但我并不是每一个细节都同意”。在所给的四个选项中只有 everything 与 not 连用才能构成部分否定。故选 A 。再如:
All that glitters is not gold. (莎士比亚语) =Not all that glitters is gold. 闪闪发光的未必都是金子。
三、延续否定
延续否定是在前文否定的基础上,再追加一个或数个否定的句子或结构,以补充说明已经否定的人或物的情况。其结构为“否定句 +neither/nor+ 助动词 + 主语 + ……”,或者是“ not … or …”等。例如:
1. — Do you know Jim quarreled with his brother?
— I don't know and ____. (MET1991)
A. nor don't I care B. nor do I care C. I don't care, neither D. I don't care also
析: I don't know 已是一个否定句,而后面又紧跟一个否定句,进一步说明主语的态度,整句意为:我不知道,也不关心。答案为 B 。
2. — I don't like chicken____ fish.
— I don't like chicken, _____ I like fish very much.(MET1993)
A. and; and B. and; but C. or; and D. or; but
析:当同时否定两者时,若重复否定词,则用 and 连接,如: I like no chicken and no fish. 若只在前边加否定词,则用 or 连接。由于后一句不是延续否定,故使用 but 表示转折。答案为 D 。
四、半(部分)否定
当句中出现含有否定意义的词,如 little, few, seldom, rarely, scarcely, hardly, barely 等时,该句就构成半否定句;当这些半否定词置于句首时要采取部分倒装。例如:
• Little____ about his own safety, though he was in great danger. (上海 1994 )
A. does he care B. did he care C. he cares D. he cared
析:表否定意义的词 little, never, seldom, hardly 等用于句首时句子要倒装。根据语境,此处应该用过去时态。答案为 B 。
2.____ got into the room, ____ the telephone rang. (MET1988)
A. He hardly had; then B. Hardly had he; when
C. He had not; than D. Not had he; when
析: hardly … when …是个常见句型,意为“一……就……”。当 hardly 位
于句首时句子也应倒装,但 hardly 也可放在句中,这时不倒装,即: He had hardly got into the room when the telephone rang. 答案为 B 。
五、否定转移
当主句中含有动词 think, believe, expect, feel, guess, imagine, suppose 等时,其后宾语从句的否定词往往转移到主句的谓语动词上。如: I don't think he is right. (我认为他不对。)从近年高考试题来看重点在于考查一些简略答语中的否定转移问题。例如:
1. — Do you think it's going to rain over the weekend?
— ______.(NMET1994)
A. I don't believe B. I don't believe it C. I believe not so D. I believe not
析:此题考查的是表达个人看法时的日常交际用语,肯定回答为: I believe so 否定回答有两种: I believe not. 或 I don't believe so. 答案为 D 。
2. — The boys are not doing a good job at all, are they?
— ____. (北京 2003 春招)
A. I guess not so B. I don't guess C. I don't guess so D. I guess not
析:根据习惯, guess, hope, be afraid 的否定答语只有一种形式,即: I guess/hope/am afraid not. 而不能说: I don't guess/hope so. 也就是说这几个词不能否定转移。答案为 D 。
六、特指否定
含有非谓语动词否定形式的句子,叫作特指否定句,其否定形式是在其前加 not/never. 例如:
1. Tom kept quiet about the accident _____ lose the job.(MET1990)
A. so not as to B. so as not to
C. so as to not D. not so as to
析: so as to do sth. 表目的时相当于 in order to do sth,其否定式为 so as not to do sth. 。答案为 B 。
2. Mrs. Smith warned her daughter _____ after drinking.(MET1991)
A. never to drive B. to never drive
C. never driving D. never drive
析: warn 后接不定式作补语,“警告某人不要干某事”应说: warn sb. not to do sth.。答案为 A 。
3.______ a reply, he decided to write again. (MET1992)
A. Not receiving B. Receiving not
C. Not having received D. Having not received
析:根据语境可知,“没收到答复”先于谓语“决定再写”,故排除 A 。答案为 C 。
另外,还有双重否定句等。例如:
______ he comes, we won't be able to go.
A. Without B. Unless
C. Except D. Even
析:此题选择 B 构成双重否定,全句意为“除非他来,否则我们不能走。”当然,高考涉及否定的题目还有很多,限于篇幅,在此不再一一赘述。