树木学检索表

一、裸子植物

松科：常绿或落叶乔木，稀灌木，叶条形，锥形或者针形，螺旋状排列，或在短枝上簇生，或成束着生于退化短枝顶端。雌雄同株，种子具翅，稀无翅。10属230余种，多产于温亚热带山地森林，具有树脂。

衫科：乔木，树干端直，树皮富长纤维，裂成长条状脱落。叶螺旋状排列，散生，稀交互对生，披针形，锥形，鳞形或条形，通常下延。雌雄同株。球果成熟时种鳞（或发育的苞鳞）张开，发育的种鳞或者苞鳞具2~9种子，子叶2~9.

柏科：常绿乔木或灌木，叶交互对生或3~4轮生，鳞形或刺形，或二者兼有，基部下延或有关节。球花雌雄同株或异株，雄蕊及株鳞均交互对生或3枚轮生，苞鳞与株鳞合生，仅尖头分离，胚珠直立，球果小，种鳞革质，木质或肉质结合，子叶2，稀5~6.

三尖杉科：常绿乔木或灌木。小枝对生，呈三叉分枝，基部有宿存芽鳞。叶条形或条状披针形，螺旋状排成2列，两面中脉隆起。雌雄异株，稀同珠，雌球花6~9集生成头状，有总柄，腋生，花粉无气囊；雌球花具长柄，生于小枝基部的苞腋，稀生枝顶，柄上部有数对交互对生的苞片，每苞片腋部生2胚珠，胚珠生于珠托上。种子全部包于由珠托发育而成的肉质种皮内，常数个生于梗端，翌年成熟，子叶2.

罗汉松科：常绿乔木或灌木，叶螺旋状排列，条形，披针形，稀对生，全缘。球花单生，雌雄异株，稀同株，雄球花具多数雄蕊。

红豆杉科：常绿乔木或灌木，叶带状条形，螺旋状排列或交互对生。雌雄异株，稀同株，雌雄异株稀同株。

松科

1、球果成熟后种鳞自中轴脱落，球果腋生，直立·····················2

1、球果成熟后种鳞宿存···········································3

2、幼枝密被毛，叶长2.5~3.5厘米··································日本冷杉

2、幼枝疏被毛，叶长1.5~3厘米····································欧洲冷杉

3、具长枝和发达的短枝，叶条形扁平或针形··························4

3、具长枝和不发达的短枝，叶针形，成束着生，种鳞宿存··············5

4、叶长4~5.5厘米，宽2~4毫米，在短枝上平展成圆盘状··············金钱松

4、叶长3~5厘米··················································雪松

5、叶鞘和鳞叶早落，鳞叶不下延····································8

5、叶鞘和鳞叶宿存，鳞叶下延······································

6、种鳞的鳞脐顶生，无刺，针叶常5针一束··························7

6、种鳞的鳞脐背生，针叶3针一束··································白皮松

7、种子无翅或有极短的翅··········································赤松

7、种子具结合的长翅··············································8

8、针叶长4~8厘米，边生··········································日本五针松

8、幼枝无毛，针叶长10~18厘米····································海南五针松

9、针叶2针一束，稀3针一束······································马尾松

9、针叶3针一束，稀3,2针并存·····································10

10、针叶3针，径约1.5mm ·········································火炬松

10、针叶3,2针并存，径约2mm ·····································11

11、针叶细短，长5~12cm，树干有不定芽萌发的枝叶··················萌芽松

11、针叶粗长，长18~25cm，树干无不定芽萌发的枝叶·················湿地松

三尖杉科

1、叶披针状条形，微弯，长5~10厘米，宽3.5~4.5毫米···············三尖杉

2、叶条形，长2~5厘米，宽约3毫米·······························粗榧

柏科

1、小枝扁平，排成一平面，多为鳞叶·······························2

1、小枝不扁平，不排成一平面·····································6

2、鳞叶薄，先端尖···············································3

2、鳞叶厚，先端钝···············································4

3、两面的鳞叶异色···············································5

3、两面的鳞叶同色···············································7

4、多为鳞叶·····················································8

4、多为刺叶·····················································刺柏

5、鳞叶较大，侧生鳞叶长4~7毫米·································福建柏

5、鳞叶较小，侧生鳞叶长1~2（稀至4）毫米························日本扁柏

6、生鳞叶小枝蓝绿色·············································干香柏

6、生鳞叶小枝绿色···············································7

7、树冠圆锥形，老则开阔·········································圆柏

7、树冠窄圆柱形或窄尖塔形·······································龙柏

8、生鳞叶的小枝细长下垂或微下垂·································柏木

8、生鳞叶的小枝不下垂···········································侧柏

红豆杉科

1、叶上面中脉隆起，披针状条形或条形，下面有黄绿色气孔带·········红豆杉

2、叶先端有刺状短尖头，长1.1~2.5厘米····························榧树

衫科

1、叶和种鳞均为螺旋状排列·······································2

1、叶和种鳞均对生···············································水杉

2、球果的种鳞或苞鳞扁平·········································杉木

2、球果的种鳞盾形，木质·········································柳杉

二、木兰科

木兰科：常绿或落叶，乔木或灌木。顶芽大，由大型托叶包被，脱落后在小枝上留有环状托叶痕。单叶，互生，全缘，稀缺裂，羽状脉。花大，单生，常两性；花被、雄蕊、雌蕊均分离，自上而下依次着生于柱状花托上；花被片2至数轮，每轮3；雄蕊多数，花丝短，花药长条形，纵列，雌蕊群具多数单心皮雌蕊，花柱短，柱头反曲。聚合蓇葖果，稀为聚合翅果；种子常悬垂于丝状珠柄上，胚小，

胚乳富油质。

1、叶全缘，聚合蓇葖果···········································2

1、叶叶缘具分裂，聚合翅果·······································鹅掌楸

2、花顶生，雌蕊群无柄或具短柄···································3

2、花腋生，雌蕊群具显著的柄·····································5

3、幼叶在芽内对折，叶柄具托叶痕，花两性·························4

3、幼叶在芽内平贴，叶柄无托叶痕，雄花与两性花并存···············乐东拟单性木兰属

4、每心皮具有4胚珠或更多，聚合果常为球形或者近球形·············木莲

4、每心皮具2胚珠，聚合果常为长圆柱形···························6

5、叶柄短，长2~4mm，叶倒卵形或倒卵状椭圆形····················含笑

5、叶椭圆状矩圆形，长10~17cm，无托叶痕，枝叶无毛··············深山含笑

6、为乔木，较高················································7

6、为灌木······················································紫玉兰

7、叶厚革质，椭圆形或长圆状椭圆形······························广玉兰

7、叶倒卵形，宽倒卵形或倒卵状长圆形····························白玉兰

三、樟科

樟科：乔木或灌木（除无根藤属）；具油细胞，各部有香气。小枝黄绿色。单叶互生，稀对生或轮生，全缘，偶有腺体；无托叶。花两性，少单性，形小，黄绿色，形成各种花序；有苞片或聚为总苞；花被基部连合为筒（花被筒），裂片6（稀4），2轮；雄蕊3~12，每轮3，花丝基部具2粒状腺体或无，最内轮雄蕊常退化，花药4或2瓣裂；子房上位，稀下位，1室，1胚珠。浆果或核果，常具宿存花被；种子无胚乳。

1、花两性，多为圆锥花序，不具总苞，稀总状花序，具花苞··········2

1、花单性，多为伞形花序，具总苞································3

2、果实花被叶片脱落············································4

2、果实花被叶片宿存············································5

3、花各部3数，花被裂片6······································6

3、花各部2数，花被裂片4······································新木姜子

4、叶为互生···················································7

4、叶为对生···················································7

5、果下花被叶片质硬，紧贴果实基部·····························8

5、果下花被叶片质薄，直展或向下反曲···························红楠

6、常绿，果椭圆形，叶下面淡粉绿色，无毛·······················黑壳楠

6、落叶，果实成熟黑色·········································9

7、离基三出脉·················································樟树

7、侧脉羽状脉，上部每边有侧脉1—3条························大叶樟

8、叶倒卵形，长12~18cm，下面密被黄褐色或锈褐色长柔毛·····紫楠

8、叶宽椭圆形或倒卵状椭圆形，长8~13cm，下面被灰褐色柔毛··浙江楠

9、叶宽椭圆形至倒卵状椭圆形································山胡椒

9、叶椭圆状披针形···········································狭叶山胡椒

四、蔷薇科

蔷薇科：落叶或常绿，草本、灌木、乔木或藤本；多具刺。单叶或复叶，互生；有托叶，稀无托叶。花两性，稀单性，整齐；萼筒显著且多样，萼片和花瓣5（4）；雄蕊5至多数，花丝分离；心皮1至多数，离生至合生，子房上位至下位。蓇葖果、瘦果、核果、稀蒴果，有时聚为聚合果；种子常无胚乳。

1、蓇葖果，心皮1~5（12）······································2

1、梨果，瘦果或核果，有托叶···································3

2、叶子有褶皱·················································紫叶风箱果

2、叶子无褶皱·················································菱叶绣线菊

3、子房下位，半下位···········································4

3、子房上位···················································15

4、心皮成熟时坚硬骨质·········································山楂

4、心皮成熟时革质或纸质·······································6

5、复伞房或圆锥花序，花多数···································6

5、伞形或总状花序，有时花单生·································9

6、心皮部分离生，子房半下位···································7

6、心皮3~5，合生，子房下位···································枇杷

7、幼叶红色，老叶绿色········································红叶石楠

7、幼叶为绿色················································8

8、叶柄长2~4cm，叶长椭圆形或倒卵状长椭圆形··················石楠

8、叶柄长0.8~1.5cm，叶倒披针形或长圆形，具枝刺···············椤木石楠

9、子房每室1~2胚珠··········································10

9、每室具胚珠多数，花单生或簇生······························13

10、花药红色或紫红色，花柱离生·······························豆梨

10、花药黄色，花柱基部合生···································11

11、花萼宿存，果实大于1cm ···································苹果

11、花萼脱落，果实小于1cm ···································12

12、叶缘锯齿细尖，果椭圆形或球形·····························湖北海棠

12、叶缘锯齿细钝，果梨形·····································垂丝海棠

13、叶缘锯齿无芒状···········································14

13、叶片有毛，叶缘具芒状锯齿·································木瓜

14、叶缘尖锯齿···············································贴梗海棠

14、叶缘钝锯齿···············································倭海棠

15、单心皮雌蕊多数，常形成聚合果·····························16

15、单心皮雌蕊，核果·········································21

16、花托凹入为坛状···········································17

16、花托突起为圆锥形或头状···································20

17、茎上无刺·················································18

17、茎上有刺·················································19

18、叶为羽状复叶·············································木香

18、叶为单叶·················································隶棠

19、小叶5~9，倒卵形或椭圆形，落叶···························野蔷薇

19、小叶3~7，宽卵状或卵状椭圆形，常绿·······················月季

20、小叶3，不规则粗锯齿，下面被白色柔毛·····················芽莓

20、小叶3~5，不规则复锯齿，下面被白色柔毛···················蓬藟

21、芽内幼叶多为席卷式，果有沟·······························22

21、芽内幼叶为对折式，果无沟·································25

22、芽3个并生，具顶芽·······································桃

22、芽单生，顶芽缺···········································23

23、花无梗，先叶开花·········································24

23、花有梗，花叶同放·········································红叶李

24、小枝淡褐色或红色·········································杏

24、小枝光绿无毛·············································梅

25、萼筒钟状·················································26

25、萼筒壶状，管状···········································28

26、花萼上疏被柔毛，萼片反卷·································樱桃

26、花梗及萼筒无毛···········································27

27、叶缘具芒状锯齿···········································日本晚樱

27、叶缘具粗锯齿·············································钟花樱

28、花叶同放·················································29

28、先花后叶，尖锐有锯齿·····································日本樱花

29、花梗及花萼有毛···········································野生早樱

29、花梗及花萼无毛···········································30

30、幼叶为红色···············································红山樱

30、幼叶为绿色···············································山樱花

五、豆目

1、苏木科：木本，稀草本。叶互生，一回或二回羽状复叶，稀单叶；托叶早落或无。花两性，稀单性。花不整齐，常两侧对称；萼片4~5，离生或基部合生，覆瓦状排列，稀镊合状；花瓣5或更少，稀无花瓣，近轴1片在内，余覆瓦状排列；雄蕊10或较少，稀多数，分离或部分连合，花药2室，纵裂或孔裂；单心皮雌蕊，子房上位，1室，边缘胎座。荚果。

2、含羞草科：乔木或灌木，偶有藤本。二回、稀一回羽状复叶，或退化为叶状柄或鳞片状；叶轴或叶柄上常具腺体；具托叶或成刺状或无。花小，两性，辐射对称；头状、穗状或总状花序，或再组成复花序；萼管状，齿裂，裂片镊合状排列；花瓣与萼齿同数，镊合状排列，分离或合生成束，花药小，2室纵裂，顶端常具腺体，花丝细长；单心皮雌蕊，子房上位，1室，边缘胎座，花柱细长，柱头小。荚果，不裂或开裂；种子有少量胚乳或无胚乳。

3、蝶形花科：乔木、灌木或草本，直立或为藤本。常一回奇数羽状复叶，稀单叶；常具托叶。花常两性，两侧对称；蝶形花冠；花序各式；萼片5，分离或连

合成管；花瓣5，覆瓦状排列，上部1枚在外，名旗瓣，两侧2枚多少平行，名翼瓣，下部2枚在内，名龙骨瓣，或仅具旗瓣，余均退化；雄蕊10，单体或两体或全部分离；单心皮雌蕊，子房上位，1室，边缘胎座。荚果开裂或不裂。种子无胚乳或有少量胚乳。

1、雄蕊10，分离，总状圆锥花序·································2

1、雄蕊5~10或多数，头状穗状花序······························合欢

2、花瓣排列为上升覆瓦状········································3

2、花瓣排列为下降覆瓦状········································6

3、羽状复叶····················································皂荚

3、单叶全缘或先端2裂，或2裂至基部成2小叶····················4

4、叶下面基部有簇生毛··········································巨紫荆

4、叶下无毛或者被微毛··········································5

5、花紫红色····················································紫荆

5、花白色······················································白花紫荆

6、雄蕊花丝分离，稀基部合生····································7

6、雄蕊花丝联合成单体或两体····································8

7、无托叶刺····················································国槐

7、有托叶刺····················································龙爪槐

8、乔木或灌木，托叶变为刺······································刺槐

8、藤本或直立木本，托叶不变为刺································紫藤

六、山茱萸科、金缕梅科、胡桃科

山茱萸科：乔木或灌木，稀草本。单叶，对生或互生，无托叶。花两性，稀单性；花萼4~5裂或不裂；花瓣3~5，雄蕊3~5；花盘内生；子房下位，2（1~4）室，每室1下垂倒生胚珠。核果或浆果状核果；种子具胚乳。

金缕梅科：乔木或灌木。单叶，互生，掌状脉或羽状脉；托叶线形或为苞片状。头状、穗状或总状花序，两性或单性同珠，稀异珠，有时杂性；萼筒与子房分离或多少合生，萼片4~5；花瓣与萼片同数，或缺，稀无花被；雄蕊4~5，或更多，花药2室，直裂或瓣裂，药隔突出；子房半下位或下位，稀上位，2室，上部分离；花柱2，中轴胎座，胚珠多数或1枚垂生。蒴果，常室间或室背裂开成4片；种子多数。

胡桃科：落叶乔木，稀常绿；植物体具芳香油脂，各部有腺鳞。一回羽状复叶，互生；无托叶。花单性，雌雄同株；柔荑花序，雌雄花有1苞片或2小苞片，花被小，1~4裂或无花被；雄蕊3至多数，花丝短；雌花花萼与子房合生，顶端4裂；子房下位，1室或基部2~4室，胚珠1，基生。果核果状，外果皮由苞片或花被衍生而成，或为坚果；种子1，无胚乳；子叶肉质，含油脂。

1、托叶线形或为苞片状···········································2

1、没有托叶·····················································6

2、叶3~7掌状分裂，掌状脉，叶柄细长·····························枫香

2、叶不分裂，全缘或有锯齿，羽状脉·······························3

3、叶革质，全缘或上部具数齿，常绿·······························4

3、叶纸质，有锯齿，新枝及芽被柔毛，落叶·························蜡瓣花

4、枝全缘，椭圆形或倒卵状椭圆···································蚊母树

4、枝叶被星状毛，下面灰白色·····································5

5、花白色，小乔木···············································白花檵木

5、花紫红色，灌木··············································红花檵木

6、单叶，花两性，稀单性·······································7

6、一回羽状复叶，花单性·······································10

7、叶全缘，有丁字毛···········································8

7、叶有锯齿，无毛，叶有粗锯齿，散生黄色斑点，常绿·············洒金桃叶珊瑚

8、叶对生，花叶下面谈绿色，侧脉5~8对·························9

8、叶互生，下面有白粉，侧脉6~9对·····························灯台树

9、树皮纵裂，叶两面疏生毛·····································毛梾

9、树皮光滑，叶两面密生毛·····································斑皮毛梾

10、小枝髓心充实，鳞芽，小叶7枚以上··························美国山核桃

10、小枝髓心片状分隔··········································11

11、裸芽具柄，密被盾状鳞·······································12

11、为鳞芽····················································13

12、叶轴具窄翅，偶数羽状复叶··································枫杨

12、叶轴无刺，奇数羽状复叶····································青钱柳

13、小叶5~11，近无毛，全缘，幼苗有锯齿·······················胡桃

13、小叶9~23，有毛后无毛，有锯齿·····························14

14、小叶卵形或卵状披针形，基部歪斜，下面被绒毛················美国黑胡桃

14、小叶被星状毛，下面密被短绒毛，脉上被腺毛··················野核桃

七、壳斗科

壳斗科：常绿或者落叶乔木，单叶互生，侧脉羽状，直出，托叶早落，花单性，雌雄同株，再聚为穗状花或单生雄花序下方，子房下位，坚果，种子1，无胚乳，子叶肉质。

1、叶具芒状锯齿，果实翌年成熟·································2

1、叶具粗锯齿，波状钝锯齿或波状裂片···························

2、老叶下面无毛，树皮木栓层不发达·····························3

2、老叶下面密被灰白色星状毛，树皮木栓层发达···················栓皮栎

3、壳斗苞片钻形，反曲，果径1.5~2cm···························麻栎

3、壳斗中下部的苞片长三角形，上部的苞片线形，果径小于1.5cm ···小叶栎