中考语法专题复习 介词及介词短语

中考语法复习——介词及介词短语

【考点直击】

1. 常用介词及其词组的主要用法及意义

2. 介词表示时间、方位、方式别的基本用法

3. 一些易混介词的辨析

【语法讲解】

◆ 介词的功能

介词是一种虚词，用来表示名词或相当于名词的其它词语句中其它词的关系，不能单独使用。介词可与名词或相当于名词的其它词构成介词短语。介词短语可在句中作定语，状语，表语和宾语补足语。例如：

The boy over there is John’s brother. (定语)

The girl will be back in two hours. (状语)

Our English teacher is from Australia. (表语)

Help yourself to some fish. (宾语补足语)

◆ 介词和种类

(1) 简单介词，常用的有at, in, on, about, across, before, beside, for , to, without等。

(2) 复合介词，如by means of, along with, because of, in front of, instead of等。 ◆不同介词的用法

（1）表时间的介词

1）at, in on

表示时间点用at 。例如：at six o’clock, at noon, at midnight。表示在某个世纪，某年，某月，某个季节以及早晨，上午，下午，晚上时，用in 。例如：in the nineteenth century, in 2002, in may, in winter, in the morning, in the afternoon等。表示具体的某一天和某一天的上午，下午，晚上时，用on 。例如：on Monday, on July 1st, on Sunday morning等。

2） since, after

由since 和after 引导的词组都可表示从过去某一点开始的时段，但since 词组表示的时段一直延续到说话的时刻，因而往往要与现在完成时连用。而after 词组所表示的时段纯系过去，因而要与一般过去时连用。例如：

I haven’t heard from him since last summer.

After five days the boy came back.

3） in, after

in 与将来时态连用时，表示“过多长时间以后”的意思，后面跟表示一段时间的词语。After 与将来时态连用时，后面只能跟表示时间点的词语。After 与过去时态连用时，后面才能跟表示一段时间的词语。例如：

He will be back in two months.

He will arrive after four o’clock.

He returned after a month.

（2）表示地点的介词

1）at, in, on

at 一般指小地方；in 一般指大地方或某个范围之内；on 往往表示“在某个物体的表面”。例如：

He arrived in Shanghai yesterday.

They arrived at a small village before dark.

There is a big hole in the wall.

The teacher put up a picture on the wall.

2） over, above, on

over, on和above 都可表示“在……上面”，但具体含义不同。Over 表示位置高于某物，在某物的正上方，其反义词是under 。 above 也表示位置高于某物，但不一定在正上方，其反义词是below 。On 指两个物体表面接触，一个在另一的上面。例如：

There is a bridge over the river.

We flew above the clouds.

They put some flowers on the teacher’s desk.

3） across, through

across 和through 均可表示“从这一边到另一边”，但用法不同。Across 的含义与on 有关，表示动作在某一物体的表面进行。Through 的含义与in 有关，表示动作是在三维空间进行。例如：

The dog ran across the grass.

The boy swam across the river.

They walked through the forest.

I pushed through the crowds.

4) in front of, in the front of

in front of 表示“在某人或某物的前面”，在某个范围以外；in the front of 表示“在……的前部”，在某个范围以内。例如：

There are some tall trees in front of the building.

The teacher is sitting in the front of the classroom.

◆常用介词的用法辨析

一. at/ in /on .

1. 表示时间：

1). 表示某一具体时间点，某一时刻/ 年龄

at six o’clock at noon at that time at the moment at the age of at night

2)in 表示时间段, 一天的三个时间段以及月份, 年, 季节, 世纪, 人生的某个时期(某人几十岁时)

in the morning/afternoon /evening in spring /in 2007/in March in the twenty-first century in his fifties

3)on 表示星期几/某一具体的日子/具体某天的上午/下午/晚上, 表示一天中的三个时间段名词前有修饰语或后有修饰语时.

On Monday on New Year’s Day on Sunday morning on a rainy night on the evening of April 1st ,2007

2表地点:

1)at 一般指较小的地点或较具体的位置 at the station at the cinema

2)in 表示在较大的地点或一个有限空间里. in China in the classroom

3)on 指在某物体的表面上. on the desk

注意:写街道时, 若有门牌号用at , 否则用on / in 都可. He lives at 270 DongChang ’an Street.

二. 介词in /on / to 表方位:

1.in 表示A 地在B 地范围之内.(包含关系) Tanwan is ____ the southeast of China .

2.on 表示A,B 地接壤.(外切关系) Hubei is ____ the north of Hunan .

3.to 表示A,B 两地有一定的间距.(外离关系) Japan is _____ the east of China .

三. between / among 在„„之间

1.between :指两者之间. 在„„. 之间.

2.among :用于三者或三者以上人或物之间. 在„„之中.

You sit _____ him and me .

The song is popular ______ the students.

四.after / in 在„„之后

1. after

1)after + 时间段. 表示以过去某一时刻为起点的一段时间之后, 用于过去时.

2)after 作介词. after doing sth

2.in +一段时间. 表示说话时或以现在为起点的将来一段时间之后. 用于将来时.

He came back ______ two days .

He will go home___finishing his homework .

He will come back _____ two days . |||

五.with / in / by 表示 “用„„”

1.with 表示 “用„” 一般指有形的工具 / 手段 / 人体器官.

He cut the apple into halves ____ a knife .

注: with 表伴随, “带有, 含有”

He came in _____ a big smile on his face .

2.in 表示用某种语言, 方式, 途径. 或书写/绘画所用的材料. 也可表交通方式.

Can you say it _____English ?

He wrote a letter ____ blue ink .

3.by 表示乘坐交通工具, 表示方式, 方法

I study for a test _____ working with a group .

He makes a living ____ selling newspapers .

注意: 同义词组

1).by phone = on the phone

2).by car = in a car

3).in pen = with a pen = with pens

六.across / through / over / by 经过

1.across 指横穿, 穿过. 表示动作从某一物体表面上经过.

2.through 指穿过, 透过, 表示从某一物体空间内通过.

3.over 表示从某人或某物的上空经过或越过, 不与表面接触.

4.by 表示从某人/某物的旁边经过.

Can you swim ______ the river ?

the elephant is so big that it can’t go _____ the gate .

I don’t think anyone can jump ___ the fence.

I walked _____ the bank of China yesterday . |||

七.in front of / in the front of

1.in the front of 表示在„„. 内部的前面

2.in front of 表示在„„外面的前面

There is a desk in _____ front of our classroom .

There is a big tree in _____ front of our classroom.

八. 其它介词的用法：

1.at 的其它用法.

1). 表示 “从事或正在做某事”, 其后加的名词往往不加冠词.She is at work now = She is working now .

2)at 表示 “价格或速度” The train ran at 120 kilometres an hour .

2.in 的其它用法:

1)in 表示 “在„„方面” 词组:do well in = be good at be weak in

2)in 表示 “穿着”后接表颜色的词或衣服. 词组: be in +衣服 = be wearing +衣服

3)in 作副词, “在家” = at home

3.like 的用法:

1). 像/和„„一样. 常与系动词连用. 词组: look like sound like

2). 与what 连用, “是什么样子, 怎样”.What is he like ? He is kind .

4.off 的用法:

1). 从„„下来, 脱离某物体. 词组: fall off

2). “休假”通常放在时间名词之后. 词组: have +时间+ off

He hasn’t had a night off for two hours .

5.except / besides

1).except 除了„„. 之外, 都„„. . 不包括在范围之内. 注: nothing but „ 除了„„之外, 什么也没有.

2).besdies 除了„„之外, 还有„„ . 包括在范围之内.

We all went swimming ______ Lucy .

There is _______ a letter in the box .

We study Japanese and French____ English .

6.with / without

1).with 具有, 含有 -----反义词: without 没有 词组: with the help of = with one’s help =because of = thanks to

without one’s help

2).without 的用法:

A).without + sb./ sth. 没有某人或某物

B).without + doing sth .

He left here without____(say ) “Goodbye ”to us

C). without sth 常与if 引导的否定的条件句.

If there is no water , we can’t live .= We can’t live ______ _______ . |||

7.on the tree /in the tree

on the tree 表示 “树上本身长的东西” 在树上. 而in the tree 表示 “外界的物体进入树中” 人或物在树上.

There are some apples _____ the tree .

There is a boy ____ the tree.

8.since / for注: since / for 用于现在完成时.

1).since :

a).since +时间点

b). 现在完成时+ since +一般过去时

c).since +一段时间+ ago.

2)for: for +一段时间= since +一段时间+ ago

9.be made +介词的区别:

be made of 由„制成 (看得见原材料)

be made from由„制成 (看不见原材料)

be made in +地点 由哪儿生产

be made by sb. 由某人制造

10. 表示 “数量的介词”about , round around over

1). about , round around表示 “大约„„”

2).over 表示 “超过”= more than.

11.inside / outside

Inside 在„„里面 ------反义词:outside在„. 外面

12.in the wall /on the wall

in the wall 表示“门窗在墙上” on the wall 表示“某东西张贴或挂在墙上”

九. 不用介词的情况:

1). 当时间状为: tonight, today, yesterday, tomorrow 等时, 不用介词.

What are you going to do tonight ?

2). 含有this, that, these, those, last, next, every, each等时间状语.

He went to Wuhan last week .

3). 以all 开头的时间状语前面不用介词.

He has worked all day .4).以some ,any, one 等构成的时间状语前不用介词.

◆介词短语

介词和动词、形容词或名词相结合后，形成复合词，有特定的意思。如下：

（1） 动词+介词（如：talk about，look at）

（2） Be 动词+形容词+介词（如：be kind of）

（3） 介词+名词（如：at home，on foot，in time）

① 动词+介词

look up查看，查（字典）；

play with sth.玩某物（玩耍）Don ’t play with fire.别玩火。

think of想起，想到；hear from sb.收到某人的信；

talk about sth.谈论某事；talk to/with sb.和某人谈论；

look at注视；listen to倾听；call on sb.拜访某人；

arrive at/in 到达；take care of照顾；wait for等待；look for寻找。

add „to 加到„„上 agree with 同意(某人)

arrive at(in) 到达 ask for 询问

begin „with 从„„开始 believe in 相信

break into 闯入 break off 打断 break out 爆发 bring down 降低

bring in 引进 bring up 教育，培养

build up 建起 burn down 烧光

call back 回电话 call for 要求约请

call in 召来 call on 拜访 访问

care for 喜欢 carry on 继续开展

carry out 实行开展 check out 查明 结帐

clear up 整理，收拾 come about 发生，产生

come across (偶然) 遇见 come out 出来

come to 共计 达到 compare „with 与„„比较

compare to 比作 cut off 切断

date from 始于 depend on 依靠

devote to 献于 die out 灭亡

divide up 分配 dream of 梦想

fall off 下降 fall over 跌倒

feed on 以„„为食 get down to 专心于

get through 通过 give in 让步，屈服

give out 分发 give up 放弃

go abroad 出国 go against 反对

go on with 继续 go through 浏览

grow up 生长 hand down 传下来

hear about 听说 hold out 伸出

join up 连接起来 keep off 让开，不接近

keep on 继续 lead to 导致

live on 靠„„为生 look down upon 看不起

look forward to 盼望 look into 调查

look out 当心 look(a) round 仔细查看

set off 动身 set up 建立

show off 炫耀 shut up 住口

speed up 加速 stand for 代表，象征

stick to 坚持 suffer from 遭受

talk of 谈论 think of 考虑，想起

try out 试验 turn down 调低

turn off 关掉 worry about 担心

② Be 动词+形容词+介词

be kind to对（某人）亲切；be good at在„„做得好；擅长于„„

be late for迟到；be afraid of害怕；be sorry for sth.为„„抱歉；

be absent from缺席；be proud of以„„为自豪；

be found of 喜欢 be full of 充满

be interested in 对„有兴趣 be keen on 热衷于

be confident in 对„有信心 be short of 缺乏

be sick of 厌恶 be proud of 对„感到骄傲

be loyal to 对„忠诚 be ashamed of 为„感到羞耻

be worried about 为„担心 be aware of 意识到

be busy with 忙于(某事) be different from 和„不同

be famous for 因„而出名

③ 介词+名词

1) 英语中有大量成语由介词构成，单是一些常用介词就可构成大量成语：

at:

at a stretch 一连，连续地 at a time 一次，每次

at ease 稍息，安心 at first sight 一见(钟情)

at first 最初，开始时 at heart 在内心

at home 在家，随便 at last 最后

at least 至少 at length 最后, 详细地

at most 至多 at once 立即，同时

at peace(war) 处于和平(战争) 状态 at play(work) 在玩耍(工作)

at present 现在，目前 at random 随意地，胡乱地

at the risk of 冒„的风险 at the same time (与此) 同时

at the start 一开头 at the time 此刻，这时

at times 有时候 at will 任意地

by:

by accident 偶然 by air 航空

by all means 想一切办法 by bus (plane, etc) 坐巴士(飞机等)

by chance 偶然 by cheque 用支票

by choice 出于自愿 by daylight 在大白天

by day(night) 白天(夜间) by force 靠武力

by mistake 错误地，误把„ by turns 轮流

by surprise 突然，出其不意 by the way 顺便说一句

in:

in a sense 从某种意义上说 in addition(to) 此外(除„之外)

in advance 事前 in all 总共

in any case (event) 不管怎样，反正 in brief 简而言之

in case 要是，如果 in case of 在„情况下

in comparison 比较起来 in danger 处于危险中

in debt 负债 in demand 有需求

in detail 详细地 in fact 实际上

in general 一般说来 in one’s opinion 在(某人) 看来

in order to (that) 以便，为了 in other words 换句话说

in part(s) 部分地 in person 亲自

in practice 实际上 in public(private) 公开(私下) 地

in regard to 关于 in short 总之

in the end 最后 in the middle of 在„中间

in time 及时地，经过一段时间 in vain 白白地，没有结果

on:

on account of 由于 on behalf of 代表(某人)

on board 在船(飞机) 上 on condition 在„条件下

on duty 值班 on fire 着火

on foot 步行 on guard 有警惕，值班

on hand 在身边 on holiday 在休假

on purpose 故意地 on sale 在出售

on strike 罢工 on the contrary 相反

on the way 在路上 on time 准时

on the top of 在„上面 on the run 正在逃窜

out of:

out of action 失灵 out of breath 气喘吁吁

out of control 失去控制 out of danger 脱离危险

out of doors 在户外 out of fashion 不时新

out of hand 失去控制 out of order 坏了

out of reach 无法得到(拿到) out of sight 看不见

out of temper 发脾气 out of question 不可能

out of touch(with) 和„失去联系 out of tune 走调

out of use 不再使用 out of work 失业

2) 有些介词夹在名词之间构成成语：

day after day 日复一日地 year after year 年复一年

one after another 一个接一个地 one by one 一个接一个

little by little 一点一点地 side by side 并肩

step by step 一步步地 face to face 面对面

arm in arm 手挽手地 hand in hand 手牵手地

day to day 日常的 day by day 一天一天地

day before yesterday 前天 day after tomorrow 后天

heart to heart 互相交心的

3) 还有一些成语包含两个介词：

from beginning to end 从头至尾 from bad to worse 越来越糟

from time to time 不时地 from head to foot 浑身

from morning to night 从早到晚 from start to finish 从头至尾

from door to door 挨门挨户地 from place to place 到各地

from generation to generation 一代一代地 from cover to cover (书面) 全部地，从头至尾

【实例分析】

1．He has been late for school three times _____ the morning of last Friday.

A. in B. on C. since D. until

分析：本题介词的选择取决于谓语动词所用的时态。谓语动词用了现在完成时，与之相对应的介词应当是since 。答案 C

2．I forgot to bring the key ______ my office.

A. of B. for C. with D. to

分析：在英语中，表达“门的钥匙”、“练习的答案”要用key 这个词，它需要用介词to 与后面的名词连用，这是习惯用法。其他的例子还有：an answer to the question 问题的答案，a reply to our letter 对我们信的答复，the entrance to the building 大楼入口处，the monument to the heroes 英雄纪念碑，等等。答案 D

3. You’ll get one thousand dollars _____.

A after all B at all C in all D all together

分析： “after all”意为“到底”、“毕竟”、“终于”；“at all”通常与“not”连用，意为“完全不”、“一点也不”；“in all”通常用于数量词后面，意为“总共”，同义词是“altogether”。所以本题答案应该选“C”。

【课堂作业】

I. 用适当的介词填空。

1.I’m sorry I can’t say it ______ Chinese.

2.Do you usually go to school ______bike?

3.Look, the farmer is carrying apples _____ a truck.

4.Is anyone _____ home?

5.Please look ______my bird when I’m away.

6.Are Jim and Li Lei ______ the same class?

7.There is a hole ______ the wall.

8. _______ the beginning of this term, I met my new friend, Jim .

9.There are a few leaves _______the tree.

10.The girl ______ the red coat is my sister.

11.Could you give an orange ______ me?

12.It’s time to go ______bed.

13.I can see a bottle ______ orange.

14.Put the basket _______ there.

15.What’s wrong ______ your watch?

16.One ______ the students is in the classroom.

17.I think the shop is closed ______ this time of day.

18.My father teaches English _______ a school.

19.We have lunch _______ the middle of the day.

20.You can buy some school things ______ your way home.

21.I was born _______ July 1st, 1982 .

22.May I borrow a pencil _____ you?

23.Don’t sleep ____ the open air.

24.I often help my mother ______ the housework.

25.It’s time ____ school.

26.I have quite a lot _____homework to do.

27.What’s the time ? It’s half _____ five.

28.Ducks are good ______ swimming.

29.What are you talking _______?

30.He is sitting _____ the front of the car.

31.The eraser was passed _____ one student _____ another.

32.Did you live _____Beijing in 1997?

33.When did you arrive _____ the village?

34.I think Mary is _____ duty today.

35.Eating too much isn’t good ______ your health.

36.I’m afraid he is _____ the cinema _____ the moment.

37.Thanks _____ asking me to your party.

38.My watch is very different ______ yours.

39.What’s the weather ______ today?

40.The student is asking his teacher ______the sports meeting.

II. 选择填空。

( )41. ______ the money, she bought a new coat ______ her father.

A. With, for B. With, to C. For, with D. To, with

( )42. The beautiful bottle was made ______ glass.

A. from B. in C. of D. by

( )43. This is a map_______China.

A. in B. at C. of D. on

( )44. A group______ boys and girls are dancing in the park.

A. with B. of C. for D. to

( )45. Tom always comes late_______school.

A. at B. inside C. to D. for

( )46. Mr. Smith caught hold______ Bob and said, "This is a good lesson_______ you.

A. of, for B. for, of C. of, of D. for; for

( )47. The shop______ clothes is _______the right side _______ the street.

A. of, at, beside B. for, on, at C. for, on, of D. of, in, of

( )48 .It’s hot ____summer in Beijing .

A .by B .on C .at D .in

( )49 .China is famous ______ her Great Wall .

A .as B .for C .to D .of

( )50 .These knives are made ____ metal and wood .

A .from B .of C .by D .in

( )51 .My father returned at 10 o’clock _____ of June 15.

A .in the night B .by the night C .on the night D .at night

( )52 . _______ your help, we finished the work on time.

A .Thanks B .Thanks of C .Thank for D .Thanks to

( )53. China built a Great Wall ___ the northern part _____the country.

A. to, in B. across, of C. across, on D. at, of

( )54. He often mistakes me ______my brother.

A .to B .as C .for D .with

( )55. The woman _____a red dress is my aunt.

A .in B .at C .of D .on

( )56. I remember Susan left _____a very cold morning of January.

A .in B .on C .at D .from

( )57. Thank you very much ______lending the eraser _____ me.

A. for, at B. to, to C. for, to D. to, for

( )58. Don’t tell anybody about it .Keep it ______ you and me.

A .among B .between C .in D .with

( )59. I enjoy reading, but I can’t _____much time _____ it.

A. spend, on B. pay, in C. take, in D. cost, on

( )60. No one can stop her _____ leaving for Shanghai.

A .of B .from C .to D .for

参考答案

介 词

1 .in 2 .by 3 .with 4 .at 5 .after 6 .in 7 .in 8 .At 9 .on 10 .in 11 .to 12 .to 13 .of 14 .over 15 .With 16 .of 17 .at 18 .in 19 .in 20 .on 21 .on 22 .from 23 .in 24 .with 25 .for 26 .of 27 .past 28 .at 29 .about 30 .in 31 .from ,to 32 .in 33 .at 34 .on 35 .for 36 .at ,at 37 .for 38 .from 39 .like 40 .about 41-45 ACCBC 46-50 ACDBB 51-55 CDBCA 56-60 BCBAB

【家庭作业】

一、用适当的介词填空：

1. You can find the post office ________ a fruit shop and a book shop.

2. We have friends all ________ the world.

3. You have to write a line ________ the last name ________ the book.

4. The answer ________ the question was quite difficult.

5. The children are not allowed to look ________ ________ the window in class.

6. They have stayed in the hotel ________ nearly ten days.

7. The teacher is standing ________ ________ ________ the students.

8. ________ the time the firemen arrived, the big fire had been put out.

9. My house is _____ the other side _____ river, so I have to go _____ the bridge.

10. They all went to sleep ___ young Tom. He was listening to music ___ the radio.

11. The students go to school ________ Monday ________ Friday.

12. My office is ________ ________ theirs.

13. Do not throw any litter ________ the river.

14. What do you think ________ the movie? — Wonderful!

15. The dead leaves on the ground also keep the water ________ running away.

16. The trees can be planted ________ the lake.

17. We got on together just ________ old friends.

18. I was told that we could do that ________ different ways.

19. What do you want to do after you graduate ________ school?

20. Can you see the broom ________ the door?

二、单项选择

1、 He has poor eyesight _______computer work.

A. because too many B. because too many

C. because of too much D. because of much too

2、---Lucy likes sports very much.

---Yes, she is good ________ playing badminton.

A. at B. for C. in D. to

3、--- Is Jack at school now?

--- No. He is at home ________ his illness.

A. because B. because of C. for D. when

4、 John arrived _________ London _________ a cold morning.

A. on; at B. at; at C. in; on D. at; in

5、— Do you like your English teacher?

— Yes. He is very friendly to us, and he is also strict ______ us ______ our lessons.

A. with; in B. with; with C. in; with D. in; in

6、 Children in China start school ________ 6 years old.

A. in B. on C. to D. at

7、— I think drinking milk is good _____ our health.

— Yes. I agree _____ you.

A. for; with B. to; to C. with to D. at; with

8、It ’s dangerous ______ with the wild animal.

A. for us to play B. of us playing C. for us playing D. of us to play

9、 People from different parts of the world will go to London ____the Olympic Games this summer .

A.in B. from C. to D. for

10、—Would you please show me the way _________ the bank?

—Yes, go straight ahead. It’s opposite a school.

A. in B. for C. with D. to

11、 Tony and I are good friends. We usually learn a lot ____ each other.

A. of B. from C. across

12、 Our teachers are very strict ______ us.

A. with B. to C. on

13、______ an Englishman, John is looking forwards ______the 2012 Olympic Games.

A. Of; in B. With; for C. For; at D. As; to

14、 Bill has made great progress ______ the help of his teachers.

A. for B. with C. under

15、 His grade in the exam put him ________ the top students in his class.

A. between B. over C. among D. above

16、Project Hope has built many schools ____ big classrooms and libraries.

A.in B.of C.for D.with

17、 The 2012 London Olympic Games will soon start ____ the coming July.

A. on B. in C. at D. to

18、 The 30th London Olympic Games will begin________27th July 2012.

A. in B. on C. at D. for

19、 — The charity walk begins________9.00 a. m. Don’t be late.

—No problem.

A. in B. at C. on D. to

20、 Yesterday I downloaded a new program ______the Internet. Now I can watch TV and movies ______ my computer. A. fromon B. within C, inwith D. onfrom

21、 On the way _______ the mountain village, we found the local houses different from ours.

A. to B. by C. at D. on 22When was David born? He was born ______June 121989.

A.At B.in C.on D.for

23、

I like going to school _____my bike A in B on C by Dat

24、 Don ’t waste water. Water is very important and no one can live __________it.

A. without B. with C. except D. besides

25、 Bill has made great progress _____________the help of his teachers.

A. for B. with C. under

参考答案:

一、1. between 2. over 3. under, in 4. to 5. out of 6. for 7. in front of 8. By 9. on, of, across 10.

except, on 11. from, to 12. next to 13. into 14. of 15. from 16. around 17. like 18. in 19. from 20. behind

二、1-5、D ABCA 6-10 DAADD 11-15 BADBC 16-20 DBBBA 21-25 ACBAB