初二下英语语法

新课标8年级下英语语法重点

Unit 1 Will people have robots?

重点语法：一般将来时态的应用

Unit 2 What should I do?

重点语法：过去将来时态（将来时态的委婉说法）

Unit 3 What were you doing when the UFO arrived?

重点语法：过去进行时态

Unit 4 He said I was hard-working.

重点语法：宾语从句

Unit 5 If you go to the party, you'll have a great time!

重点语法：if 引导的条件状语从句

Unit 6 How long have you been collecting shells?

重点语法：现在完成进行时态

Unit 7 Would you mind turning down the music?

重点语法：mind [one's] doing sth. 介意（某人）做某事

Unit 8 Why don't you get her a scarf?

重点语法：询问别人为什么要做或者不做某事

Unit 9 Have you ever been to an amusement?

重点语法：现在完成时态

Unit 10 It's a nice day, isn't it?

重点语法：反意疑问句

一般将来时态的应用

1. 一般将来时的定义

一般将来时表示在现在看来即将要发生的动作或存在的状态。常用时间副词tomorrow, soon或短语next year / week / month, in a few days, in the future, sometime 做状语。如：

What will you do this afternoon. 你今天下午干什么？

We will have a meeting tomorrow. 我们明天要开会。

He is going to study abroad next year. 明年他要出国学习。

2. 一般将来时的结构及应用

(1) shall / will + 动词原形。表示即将发生的动作或存在的状态。特别是表示客观性的事情或在某条件下要发生的事情，只能用此结构。如：

What shall we do if he doesn’t come? 如果他不来，我们该怎么办？

Will you be free this evening? 今天晚上有空吗？

I think he will tell us the truth. 我想他会告诉我们真实情况的。(from www.yygrammar.com)

(2) be going to + 动词原形。表示已经计划或安排好了的事情，也可表示有迹象表明肯定要发生的事情。如：

We are going to have a meeting to discuss the matter this evening. 今天晚上开会讨论这件事情。

Look at the black clouds over there. I think it is going to rain soon. 看一看那边的乌云，我想天要下雨了。 There is going to be an English evening this week. 本周要举行一个英语晚会。

(3) be to + 动词原形。表示一种常规性的活动或注定要做的事情。如：

Who is to clean the classroom today? 今天该谁打扫教室了？

When are you to return your library book? 你什么时候要还图书？

The bridge is to be completed by the end of this year. 这渡桥该在今年年底前完工。

(4) be about to + 动词原形。表示就要做或正好要做的事情。往往暗含一种时间上的巧合，因此，句子不能再用时间状语。如：

Don’t leave. Li Lei is about to come. 不要走了，李蕾就要来了。

Be quiet. The concert is about to start. 安静下来，音乐演唱会就要开始了。

(5) be +现在分词。表示即将发生的动作或存在的状态。这个句型中动词主要是瞬间动词：come, go, leave, arrive, begin, start, stop, close, open, die, join, borrow, buy等。如：

Go ahead, and I’m coming. 走前面一点吧，我就来。

The dog is dying. 那条狗要死了。

Hurry up. The shop is closing. 快点，商店就要关门了。

(6) 一般现在时。表示一种严格按照计划进行的动作。比方说，上课、飞机起飞、火车离站等。如： Don’t hurry. The meeting starts at a quarter past eight. 不要匆忙，回忆八点过一刻开始。

The bus goes back at four thirty. 汽车四点返回。

过去将来时态

A基本用法：

过去将来时表示从过去的某一时间看将要发生的动作或存在的状态。过去将来时常用在宾语从句中，且主句必须是一般过去时。例如：

We asked him where we should go to work next week．

我们问他我们下周上哪儿去劳动。又如：

They wanted to know when you would finish the article．

他们想知道你什么时候写完这篇文章。

B过去将来时的标志：

1）判断过去将来时一定要有一个用于表示“过去”的参照物。这个参照物往往不是时间，而是一个发生在过去的动作。因而过去将来时常用于主句是一般过去时的宾语从句中。例如：

I rang up to tell my aunt that I should leave for Japan next Monday．

我打电话告诉我姑妈下星期一我要上日本去。

2）通过上下文来判断：

例如：The students were getting ready for the exam at that moment．They would take part in an English exam． 学生们那时正在为考试做准备。他们将参加一次英语考试。

C过去将来时的构成：

过去将来时构成大致有五种形式，常见的有三种形式，另两种可以作一般了解。

1由“助动词would ＋动词原形”构成。 would常可缩写为：I'd，you'd，she'd，they'd等； would not常缩略为wouldn't。例如：

The foreigners said they'd go to the Great Wall the next day．

这些外国人说第二天他们要去长城。

2．由“助动词should ＋动词原形”构成， should常可缩写为'd。例如：

I wasn't sure if it would rain．我不敢肯定是否要下雨。

3．由“was ／were going to ＋动词原形”构成。例如：

I thought it was going to rain．我以为天要下雨了。

He didn't say when she was coming．他没说她什么时候来。

4．由“was ／were ＋to ＋动词原形”构成。例如：

The teacher said he was going to tell us a story about the Long March．

老师说他要给我们讲一个长征的故事。

5．由“was／were about to ＋动词原形”构成。例如：

I was about to go out when a friend dropped in．

我刚要出去，这时一个朋友来了。

D几点注意问题：

1should一般只用于第一人称单复数。作情态动词时表示“应该”，可用于各种人称，而would可用于所有人称。

2．表示过去准备、打算或即将发生的动作，一般要用“was／were going to ＋动词原形”形式。

3．表示即将发生的事受条件或环境的制约时，常用would／should，而不用was ／were going to．．．形式。

4．能用过去进行时表示过去将要发生的动作的动词一般只限于表示位置移动的动词，如：arrive，come，go，leave，start等。

5．过去将来时主要用于宾语从句中，主句的谓语动词通常是said，asked，thought， knew，told等。 实战过关练习：用括号内所给动词的适当形式填空。

1．The weatherman said it ____ （rain）the next day．

2．They were sure they ____ （finish）the work on time．

3．I had no idea when they ____ （come）again．

4．I didn't know if he ____ （come）．

5．She ____ （help）her mother do housework after school，but she came home late．

6．I didn't know that they ____ （tell）you about it．

Key:

过去将来时须知：

1．would rain 2．would finish 3．would come 4．would come 5．was going to help 6．would tell

过去进行时

１过去进行时的定义

过去进行时常表示过去某一时刻或过去某一阶段内正在进行的动作。

２过去进行时的构成

过去进行时是由“be动词的过去式was/were＋现在分词”构成。

３过去进行时的基本句型

肯定式 I was working He / She / it was working. You were working

We were working. They were working

疑问式 Were you working? Were we working? Were you working?

Was he / she / it working? Yes, he / she / it was. No, he / she / it wasn't.

Were they working?

否定式 I was not working He / she / it was not working. We were not working

You were not working They were not working

４过去进行时的基本用法

a.过去进行时表示过去某一时间正在进行的动作，常和表过去的时间状语连用，如：

I was doing my homework at this time yesterday.昨天的这个时候我正在做作业。

They were expecting you yesterday.他们昨天一直在等待。

b.过去进行时可与soon, the next moment, in minutes, minutes later等时间状语连用，表示一个新的动作刚刚开始。如：

Soon the whole town was talking about it.不久镇上的人就都谈论起这种事了。

c.过去进行时可用来申述原因或用作借口，这种用法常用在口语中。如：

-- Have you finished your homework, Mary?玛丽，你作业做完了吗？

-- No, I was helping my mother is the kitchen all day yesterday.还没呢，我昨天一天都帮妈妈在厨房干活。

d.过去进行时可用来为一个后一系列动作的发生提供背景。如：

I hurt my leg when I was riding a bike.我在骑车时把腿摔坏了。

e.过去进行时可表示过去未曾实现的愿望或打算，这时be动词was/were要重读。如：

I was writing him a letter this morning and forgot all about it .我本该今天早上给他写信的，后来全给忘了。

I was seeing her tomorrow. 我本来打算明天会见她。

He was watching the play yesterday, but he was too busy. 他昨天本来要看那场戏的，可是太忙了。 5 一般过去时和过去进行时的区别

（1）一般过去式常表示在过去某时发生的动作或存在的状态（包括过去习惯动作），常与一般过去时连用的时间状语有just now, a moment ago, yesterday, last week(month, year), the day before yesterday及表示过去的时间状语从句。如：

I was sixteen yesterday old last year.我去年16岁。

He worked in a factory in 1986.他1986年在一家工厂工作。

I met her in the street the day before yesterday.前天我在街上遇见了她。

He often swam in the river when he was young.他小时侯常在河里游泳。

（2）过去进行时表示过去某一段时间或某一时刻正在进行的动作。常与之连用的时间状语有，at that time/moment, (at) this time yesterday (last night/Sunday/week„), at+点钟+yesterday (last night / Sunday„)，when sb. did sth等时间状语从句。

What were you doing at seven p.m. yesterday?昨天晚上七点你在干什么？

I first met Mary three years ago. She was working at a radio shop at the time.我第一次遇到玛丽是在三年前，当时她在一家无线电商店工作。

I was cooking when she knocked at the door.她敲门时我正在做饭。

（3）一般过去时往往表示某一动作已经完成，而过去进行时却表示动作在持续或未完成。如：

I saw you while you were speaking to the teacher.你在和老师谈话时我看见了你。

注意：有的过去时间状语既可用于一般过去时，也可用于过去进行时，但含义不同。如：

She wrote a letter to her friend last night.她昨晚给她的朋友写了封信。（信写完了）

She was writing a letter to her friend last night.她昨晚一直在给她的朋友写信。（信不一定写完）

6. 过去进行时的时间状语

1.when 和while引导的状语从句中，强调某个动作正在进行的过程中时要用进行时态，while表示一段时间，因此它所引导的状语从句中，谓语动词常用进行时态，如：

When/While we were having supper, the light went out.我们正在吃饭时灯熄灭了。

2.when用作并列连词时，主句常用进行时态，从句则用一般过去时，表示主句动作发生的过程中，另一个意想不到的动作发生了。如：

I was walking in the street when someone called me.我正在街上走时突然有人喊我。

7. 下面几种情况不用一般过去时而要用过去进行时：

(1). 表示过去某一阶段暂时性的习惯动作时。如：

Tom was getting up at six o’clock every day that week.汤姆那一周里每天都是六点钟起床。

(2). 与always连用表示赞美，厌烦等感情色彩时。如：

John was always coming to school late.约翰上学总是迟到。

Lei Feng was always doing good deeds for the people.雷锋总是为人民做好事。

(3). 用来描写故事发生的情景时。如：

It was a dark night. The wind was blowing hard and the rain was falling heavily. A PLA man suddenly appeared on the river bank. He wanted to cross the river.那是一个漆黑的夜晚，风刮得很厉害，雨下得很大，一个解放军战士突然出现在河岸上，他想过河去。

(4). when作并列连词，表示“（这时）突然”之意时，第一个并列分句用过去进行时，when引导的并列分句用一般过去时。如：

I was taking a walk when I met him.我正在散步，突然遇见了他。

We were playing outside when it began to rain.我们正在外边玩，这时下起雨来了。

5go, come, leave, start, arrive等动词可用过去进行时表示过去将来的含义。如：

I was leaving for Wuhan that day.那天我正要去武汉。

She was coming later.她随后就来。

8. 过去进行时表示婉转语气（只限于want, hope, wonder 等动词），用以提出请求。如：

I was wondering if you could help me.

I was hoping you could send me home.

练习题:

1.My brother ___ while he ___ his bicycle and hurt himself.

A. fell, was riding B. fell, were riding C. had fallen, rode D. had fallen, was riding

2. Tom ___ into the house when no one ___.

A. slipped, was looking B. had slipped, looked C. slipped, had looked D. was slipping, looked

3.The last time I __ Jane she ___ cotton in the fields.

A. had seen, was picking B. saw, picked C. had seen, picked D. saw, was picking

4.I don't think Jim saw me; he ___ into space.

A. just stared B. was just staring C. has just stared D. had just stared

5.I first met Lisa three years ago. She ___ at a radio shop at the time.

A. has worked B. was working C. had been working D. had worked

6.---Hey, look where you are going! ---Oh, I'm terribly sorry.________.

A. I'm not noticing B. I wasn't noticing C. I haven't noticed D. I don't notice

7. The reporter said that the UFO ___ east to west when he saw it.

A. was traveling B. traveled C. had been traveling D. was to travel

8. I ___ my breakfast when the morning post came.

A. had B. had been having C. have been having D. was having

9.When I arrived at his office, he ___ on the phone.

A. was speaking B. spoke C. had been speaking D. had spoken

10.

A. just thought B. have just been thinking C. was just thinking D. have just thought