考研英语长难句讲义
蒋军虎:中国顶级考研英语辅导专家,国家考研英语阅卷组成员,著名英语教学和语言测试专家,考研英语资深辅导名师,长期致力于考研教学辅导。既深谙英语教学理论,又熟稔考试之道,尤在语法原理、句型解析、英汉对比翻译、和篇章阅读分析等领域颇有建树,深受学员好评;在多年的课堂教学打拼中,摸索创造出一套快捷有效的学习方法——“三维立体学习法”,是英语语言教学和英语测试教学有机结合的杰出代表人物。
2002年—2010年全国硕士研究生入学考试阅卷组专家成员,9年考研英语辅导经验、11年大学英语教学经验、原新东方王牌培训老师,是将基础英语与应试辅导结合最紧密的老师,被学生授予“词汇王中王”、“京城语法大师”、“无敌阅读教主”、“作文魔王”等“雅号”。蒋老师的课堂深受学生的欢迎,不仅仅是因为他的课讲得好,还源自于一种说不清道不明能激发学生学习激情的魔法般的精神,大家从东城跑到西城,从外地赶到北京,学生觉得“只有跟随蒋老师,才能找到英语学习的动力”,往届生甚至说,“备考没听过蒋老师的课是最大的缺憾”。
搜狐、新浪教育频道特聘专家,出版图书《2011考研英语大纲词汇分类精读笔记》(人大出版社)、《考研英语长难句分类突破与句法速成 》(北航出版社)、《历年考研英语翻译真题老蒋笔记》(人大出版社)、《历年考研英语阅读真题老蒋笔记》(人大出版社),该系列图书是广大考生备考必备图书。
1.全国唯一的考研英语单科培训。英语的难度在上升,得英语者得统考。我们只培训英语,专注才专业,专业才会创造奇迹,全力打造真正的考研英语单科辅导。
2.“蒋氏”教学法是考研英语辅导一大创举。该方法是蒋老师潜心研究改革后的考研英语、综合十年英语考前培训辅导经验而创立的一套经典、实用的英语教学模式,从词汇、语法、长难句、阅读、写作、真题等多角度,以及词、句、篇、题全方位帮助考生构建英语基础及应试体系,让学生不仅学到英语知识,更具备应试能力。
3.方向正确,努力才有意义。蒋老师在授课过程中会更多地从出题者和阅卷老师的角度替学生把握方向,让学生不迷失不盲从。
蒋军虎英语考研丛书:
《考研英语长难句分类突破与句法速成 》(北航出版社)
《历年考研英语阅读真题精读笔记》(人大出版社)
《历年考研英语翻译真题精读笔记》(人大出版社)
《考研英语核心词汇精读笔记》(人大出版社)
I persist, therefore I am! 杭州文登专用 www.wdedu.org
一、
1. An invisible border divides those arguing for computers in the classroom on the behalf of
students’ career prospects and those arguing for computers in the classroom for broader reasons of radical educational reform.
2. This temptation to cover the distance between himself and the reader, to study his image in the
sight of those who do not know him, can be his undoing: he has begun to write to please.
3. Twenty or thirty pages of information handed to any of the major world powers around the
year 1925 would have been sufficient to change the course of world history.
4. An education that aims at getting a student a certain kind of job is a technical education,
justified for reasons radically different from why education is universally required by law.
5. But, for a small group of students, professional training might be the way to go since
well-developed skills, all other factors being equal, can be the difference between having a job and not.
6. His colleague, Michael Beer, says that far too many companies have applied re-engineering in
a mechanistic fashion, chopping out costs without giving sufficient thought to long-term profitability.
7. “I’m not afraid of dying from a spiritual point of view, but what I was afraid of was how I’d
go, because I’ve watched people die in the hospital fighting for oxygen and clawing at their masks ,” he says.
8. Robert Fulton once wrote, “The mechanic should sit down among levers, screws, wedges,
wheels, etc. , like a poet among the letters of the alphabet, considering them as an exhibition of his thoughts, in which a new arrangement transmits a new idea.”
9. Where to turn for expert information and how to determine which expert advice to accept are
questions facing many people today.
10. In thinking about the evolution of memory together with all its possible aspects, it is helpful to
consider what would happen if memories failed to fade.
11. In the American economy, the concept of private property embraces not only the ownership of
productive resources but also certain rights, including the right to determine the price of a product or to make a free contract with another private individual.
12. At the same time these computers record which hours are busiest and which employees are the
most efficient, allowing personnel and staffing assignments to be made accordingly.
13. Some of these causes are completely reasonable consequences of particular advances in
science being to some extent self-accelerating.
14. The target is wrong, for in attacking the tests, critics divert attention from the fault that lies
with ill-informed or incompetent users.
15. To criticize it for such failure is roughly comparable to criticizing a thermometer for not
measuring wind velocity.
16. The fact that half of the known species are thought to inhabit the world’s rain forest does not
seem surprising, considering the huge number of insects that comprise the bulk of the species.
17. To appreciate fully the diversity and abundance of life in the sea, it helps to think small.
18. The consumers would be able to select their view of the match on a gigantic, flat screen
occupying the whole of one wall, with images of a clarity which cannot be foreseen at present.
19. The only meals regularly taken together in Britain these days are at the weekend, among rich
families struggling to retain something of the old symbol of togetherness.
二、
1. Or so the thinking has gone since the early 1980s, when juries began holding more companies
liable for their customers’ misfortunes.
2. As personal injury claims continue as before, some courts are beginning to side with
defendants, especially in cases where a warning label probably wouldn’t have changed anything.
3. I have known very few writers, but those I have known, and whom I respect, confess at once
that they have little idea where they are going.
4. In the first place, any scientific study requires that there be no preferential weighting of one or
another of the items in the series it selects for its consideration.
5. It was necessary first to arrive at that degree of sophistication where we longer set our own
belief against our neighbor’s superstition.
6. In this way, we have learned all that we know of the laws of astronomy, or of the habits of the
social insects, let us say.
7. Some companies are limiting the risk by conducting online transactions only with established
business partners who are given access to the company’s private intranet.
8. Very few writers on the subject have explored this distinction-indeed, contradiction-which
goes to the heart of what is wrong with the campaign to put computers in the classroom.
9. Besides, this is unlikely to produce the needed number of every kind of professional in a
country as large as ours and where the economy is spread over so many states and involves so many international corporations.
10. In a draft preface to the recommendations, discussed at the 17 May meeting, Shapiro
suggested that the panel had found a broad consensus that it would be“morally unacceptable to attempt to create a human child by adult nuclear cloning.”
11. New ways of organizing the workplace-all that re-engineering and downsizing –are only one
contribution to the overall productivity of an economy, which is driven by many other factors such as joint investment in equipment and machinery, new technology, and investment in education and training.
12. “They have in common only one thing that they tend to annoy or threaten those who regard
themselves as more enlightened.”
13. Indeed, there is evidence that the rate at which individuals forget is directly related to how
much they have learned.
14. If, on the other hand, producing more of a commodity results in reducing its cost, this will
tend to increase the supply offered by seller-producers, which in turn will lower the price and price and permit more consumers to buy the product. Thus, price is the regulating mechanism in the American economic system.
15. The greater interest in exceptional children shown in public education over the past three
decades indicates the strong feeling in our society that all citizens, whatever their special conditions, deserve the opportunity to fully develop their capabilities.
16. The innovator will search for alternate courses, which may prove easier in the long run and
are bound to be more interesting and challenging even if they lead to dead ends.
17. This trend began during the Second World War, when several governments came to the
conclusion that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific
establishment cannot generally be foreseen in detail.
18. Now since the assessment of intelligence is a comparative matter we must be sure that the
scale with which we are comparing our subjects provides a ‘valid ’or ‘fair ’ comparison.
19. Silicon Valley is a magnet to which numerous talented engineers, scientists and entrepreneurs
from overseas flock in search of fame, fast money and to participate in a technological revolution whose impact on mankind will surely surpass the epoch-making European Renaissance and Industrial Revolution of the bygone age.
20. I’m usually fairly skeptically about any research that concludes that people are either happier
or unhappier or more or less certain of themselves than they were 50 years ago.
三、
1. He has put forward unquestioned claims so consistently that he not only believes them himself,
but has convinced industrial and business management that they are true.
2. The process is not the road itself, but rather the attitudes and feelings people have: their
caution or courage, as they encounter new experiences and unexpected obstacles.
3. The first two must be equal for all who are being compared, if any comparison in terms of
intelligence is to be made.
4. Although perhaps only 1 percent of the life that has started somewhere will develop into
highly complex and intelligent patterns, so vast is the number of plants, that intelligent life is bound to be a natural part of the universe.
5. While black conductors were often motivated by their own painful experiences, whites were
commonly driven by religious convictions.
6. They had almost reached shore when a watchman spotted them and raced off to spread the
news.
7. Economy is one powerful motive for camping, since after the initial outlay upon equipment,
or through hiring it, the total expense can be far less than the cost of hotels.
8. As the boat slid across the river, Parker watched carelessly as the pursuers closed in around
the men he was forced to leave behind.
9. Until we are intelligent as to its laws and varieties, the main complicating facts of human life
must remain unintelligible.
10. Until these issues are resolved, a technology of behavior will continue to be rejected and with
it possibly the only way to solve our problem.
四、
1. While warnings are often appropriate and necessary – the dangers of drug interactions, for
example – and many are required by state or federal regulations, it isn’t clear that they actually protect the manufacturers and sellers from liability if a customer is injured.
2. Granted, a snobbery of camping itself, based upon equipment and techniques, already exists;
but it is of a kind that, if he meets it, he can readily understand and deal with.
3. I am sure that, without modern weapons, I would make a very poor show of disputing the
ownership of a cave with a bear, and in this I do not think that I stand alone.
4. Each day is a holiday, and ordinary holidays, when they come, are grudged as enforced
interruptions in an absorbing vocation.
5. The long hours in the office or the factory bring with them as their reward, not only the means
of sustenance, but a keen appetite for pleasure even in its simplest and most modest forms.
6. It is no use offering the manual labourer, tired out with a hard week’s sweat and effort, the
chance of playing a game of football or baseball on Saturday afternoon.
7. It is no use inviting the politician or the professional or business man, who has been working
or worrying about serious things for six days, to work or worry about trifling things at the weekend.
8. We must conclude from the work of those who have studied the origin of life, that given a
planet only approximately like our own, life is almost certain to start.
9. I do not doubt that it would be possible to inject ideas into the modern world that would
utterly destroy us.
10. Declaring that he was opposed to using this unusual animal husbandry technique to clone
humans, he ordered that federal funds not be used for such an experiment – although no one had proposed to do so – and asked an independent panel of experts chaired by Princeton President Harold Shapiro report back to the White House in 90 days with recommendations
for a national policy on human cloning.
11. The debate was launched by the Government, which invited anyone with an opinion of the
BBC – including ordinary listeners and viewers – to say what was good or bad about the Corporation, and even whether they thought it was worth keeping.
12. A young man sees a sunset and , unable to understand or to express the emotion it rouses in
him, concludes that it must be the gateway to a world that lie beyond.
13. Make sure you include in the examination paper whatever questions they didn’t know the
answers to last time.
14. The sense is growing that the Americans need to turn things round fast, militarily and
politically, if they are to ensure that events do not spin out control.
15. The present question is that many people consider impossible what is really possible if effort
is made.
16. The Victorians, realizing that the greatest happiness accorded to man is that provided by a
happy marriage, endeavoured to pretend that all their marriages were happy.
17. And we are so accustomed to reading almost every week newspaper reports about new
discoveries being made by man that we tend to take the progress and benefit of scientific research for granted.
五、
1. It applies equally to traditional historians who view history as only external and internal
criticism of sources and to social science historians who equate their activity with specific techniques.
2. Morocco and California are bits of the Earth in very similar latitudes, both on the west coasts
of continents with similar climates, and probably with rather similar natural resources.
3. The fact of first-rate importance is the predominant role that custom plays in experience and
in belief, and the very great varieties it may manifest.
4. The casual friendliness of many Americans should be interpreted neither as superficial nor as
artificial, but as the result of a historically developed cultural tradition.
5. Dependence is marked first by an increased tolerance, with more and more of the substance
required to produce the desired effect, and then by the appearance of unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the substance is discontinued.
6. “The test of any democratic society, ” he wrote in a Wall Street Journal column, “lies not in
how well it can control expression but in whether it gives freedom of thought and expression the widest possible latitude, however disputable or irritating the results may sometimes be.”
7. While talking to you ,your could – be employer is deciding whether your education, your
experience, and other qualifications will pay him to employ you and your “wares ” and abilities must be displayed in an orderly and reasonably connected manner.
8. The change met the technical requirements of the new age by engaging a large professional
element and prevented the decline in efficiency that so commonly spoiled the fortunes of family firms in the second and third generation after the energetic founders.
9. Such large, impersonal manipulation of capital and industry greatly increased the numbers and
importance of shareholders as a class, an element in national life representing irresponsible wealth detached from the land and the duties of the landowners; and almost equally detached from the responsible management of business.
10. Towns like Bournemouth and Eastbourne sprang up to house large “comfortable ” classes
who had retired on their incomes, and who had no relation to the rest of the community except that of drawing dividends and occasionally attending a shareholders’ meeting to dictate their orders to the management.
11. As families move away from their stable community, their friends of many years, their
extended family relationships, the informal flow of information is cut off, and with it the confidence that information will be available when needed and will be trustworthy and reliable.
12. Until these issues are resolved, a technology of behavior will continue to be rejected and with
it possibly the only way to solve our problem.
13. The study of custom can be profitable only after certain preliminary propositions have been
accepted, and some of these propositions have been violently opposed.
14. This seems mostly effectively done by supporting a certain amount of research not related to
immediate goals but of possible consequence in the future.
15. How well the prediction will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount,
reliability, and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is always interpreted.
16. Whether to use tests, other kinds of information, or both in a particular situation depends,
therefore, upon the evidence from experience concerning comparative validity and upon such factors as cost and availability.
17. And it is imagined by many that the operations of the common mind can be by no means
compared with these processes, and that they have to be acquired by a sort of special training.
18. On the whole such a conclusion can be drawn with a certain degree of confidence, but only if
the child can be assumed to have the same attitude towards the test as the other with whom he is being compared, and only if he was not punished by lack of relevant information which they possessed.
19. But judging from recent studies of crying behavior, links between illness and crying and the
chemical composition of tears, both those responses to tears are often inappropriate and may even be counterproductive.
20. Very few people, no matter how intelligent or experienced, can take inventory of the many
branching possibilities, possible outcomes, side effects, and undesired consequences of a policy or a course of action in a matter of seconds.
六、
1. Nor, if regularity and conformity to a standard pattern are as desirable to the scientist as the
writing of his papers would appear to reflect, is management to be blamed for discriminating against the “odd balls ” among researchers .
2. Emerging from the 1980 census in the picture of a nation developing more and more regional
competition, as population growth in the Northeast and Midwest reaches a near standstill.
3. Nonstop waves of immigrants played a role, too – and so did bigger crops of babies as
yesterday’s “baby boom ” generation reached its childbearing years.
4. Nowhere do 1980 census statistics dramatize more the American search for spacious living
than in the Far West.
5. Coupled with the growing quantity of information is the development of technologies which
enable the storage and delivery of more information with greater speed to more locations than has ever been possible before.
6. For example, they do not compensate for gross social inequality, and thus do not tell how able
an underprivileged youngster might have been had he grown up under more favorable circumstances.
7. The inner workings of our own brains we feel to be uniquely worthy of investigation, but
custom, we have a way of thinking, is behaviour at its most commonplace.
8. From the shore-line out to a distance which may be anywhere from a few miles to a few
hundred miles runs the gentle slope of the continental shelf, geologically part of the continents.
9. The ability to acquire habits can be conceivably inherited just as much as can definite
responses to narrow situations.
10. Coincident with concerns about the acceleration loss of species and habitats has been a
growing appreciation of the importance of biological diversity, the number of species in a particular ecosystem, to the health of the Earth and human well-being.
七、
1. Perhaps it is humankind’s long suffering at the mercy of flood and drought that makes the
idea of forcing the waters to do our bidding so fascinating.
2. Thus, in the American economic system it is the demand of individual consumers, coupled
with the desire of businessmen to maximize profits and the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes, that together determine what shall be produced and how resources are used to produce it.
3. Nor is it only the ignorant and ill-educated person who has such faith in the bottle of medicine,
especially if it be wrapped in white paper by a clever chemist?
4. The implications of all this were that it was not the disturbance of sleep that mattered, but the
disturbance of dreaming.
5. It is only in the study of man himself that the major social sciences have substituted the study
of one local variation, that of Western civilization.
6. It was the training that he had as a young man that made him such a good engineer.
八、
1. Levi Coffin, a teacher raised in North Carolina, explained, “The Bible, in bidding us to feed
the hungry and clothe the naked, said nothing about color. ”
2. Henson is but one name on a long list of courageous men and women who together forged the
Underground Railroad, a secret web of escape routes and safe houses that they used to liberate slaves from the American South.
3. Word spread that fleeing slaves could always find refuge at the Coffin home.
4. If you see an article consistently advertised, it is the surest proof I know that the article does
what is claimed of it , and that it represents good value.
5. Rather, we have a certain conception of the American citizen, a character who is incomplete if
he cannot competently assess how his livelihood and happiness are affected by things outside of himself.
6. In talking to some scientists, particularly younger ones, you might gather the impression that
they find the “scientific method ” a substitute for imaginative thought.
7. Alongside me was a slender woman in a black dress, my guide back to a time when the
surrounding settlement in Dresden, Ontario, was home to a hero in American history.
8. The irony of the historian’s craft is that its practitioners always know that their efforts are but
contributions to an unending process.
9. What is harder to establish is whether the productivity revolution that businessmen assume
they are presiding over is for real.
10. Whether the remarkable growth of organized camping means the eventual death of the more
independent kind is hard to say.
11. It is a strange thought, but I believe a correct one, that twenty or thirty pages of ideas and
information would be capable of turning the present-day world upside down, or even destroying it.
13. While it’s true that we all need a career, it is equally true that our civilization has accumulated an
incredible amount of knowledge in fields far removed from our own and that we are better for our understanding of these other contributions—be they scientific or artistic.
九、
1. It doesn’t seem that we can get the money back.
2. It is not my belief that you can make something out of nothing.
3. Spiders are not insects as many people imagine.
4. He was not ready to believe something just because the ancients said so.
5. Even people who take no interest in art cannot have failed to notice examples of modern
sculpture.
6. There is no sky in June so blue that it does not point forward to a bluer.
7. The contemporary phenomenon of car worship is to be explained not least by the sense of
independence and freedom that ownership entails.
8. With the introduction of electric computer, there is no complicated problem but can be solved
in a few hours.
9. One’s true feelings cannot but come through in what one says and does.
10. None but the brave deserve the fair.
11. The aim of the repetitions of the same commercial on television is nothing but to brainwash
consumers into compulsive consumption.
12. The importance of studying English cannot be overemphasized.
13. He would be the last man to do such foolish things.
14. Hardly a week goes by without some advance in technology that would have seemed
incredible 50 years ago.
15. Yet there are few people who feel anything but a mild interest in the discoveries that are being
made by scientists.
十
1. Yet their present development is wholly different, not so much because of different people
even, but because of the different thoughts that exist in the minds of their inhabitants.
2. If experiments are planned and carried out carried out according to plan as faithfully as the
reports in the science journals indicate, then it is perfectly logical for management to expect research to produce results measurable in dollars and cents.
3. Interest in historical methods has arisen less through external challenge to the validity of
history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves.
4. And since 1991, productivity has increased by about 2% a year, which is more than twice the
1978-1987 averages.
5. As a result, California’s growth rate dropped during the 1970s, to 18.5 percent-little more than
two thirds the 1960s’ growth figure and considerably below that of Western states.
6. Thus, just as earlier theories have explained the mobility of the continents. So hot spots may
explain their mutability (inconstancy).
7. As is true of any developed society, in America a complex set of cultural signals, assumptions,
and conventions underlies all social interrelationships.
8. Sir Alexander Fleming did not, as legend would have it, look at the mold (霉) on a piece of
cheese and get the idea for penicillin there and then.
9. New forms of thought as well as new subjects for thought must arise in the future as they have
in the past, giving rise to new standards of elegance.
10. Science moves forward, they say, not so much through the insights of great men of genius as
because of more ordinary things like improved techniques and tools.
11. Probably there is not one here who has not in the course of the day had occasion to set in
motion a complex train of reasoning, of the very same kind, though differing in degree, as that which a scientific man goes through in tracing the causes of natural phenomena.
12. There is more agreement on the kinds of behavior referred to by the term than there is on how
to interpret or classify them.
13. There is no spectacle on earth more appealing than that of a beautiful woman in the act of
cooking dinner for someone she loves.
14. Could any spectacle, for instance, be more grimly whimsical than that of gunners using
science to shatter men’s bodies while, close at hand, surgeons use it to restore them?
15. Nothing is less instructive than a machine.
16. The Robert has no more emotion than the car.
17. Old books that have ceased to be of service should no more be abandoned than should old
friends who have ceased to give pleasure.
18. Language is a part of our organism and no less complicated than it.
19. She knew better than to go out alone on such a night.
20. The hardship of the work was more than an ordinary man can bear.
摘自《考研英语长难句分类突破与语法速成》