伦敦地铁发展与人口密度分析

伦敦地下交通发展 - 与城市人口疏散

Development of London Underground (tube) System

Abstract：

The study aims to discover the development of underground

communication system and its impact to relieving urban population density.

Metropolitan Railway, Charles Yerkes, UERL, Population Density

Keyword：

Source : https://encrypted-tbn3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQRu6XOaw4MbvwUMED065mzniavTxaOyBkinQPtFT-GNm-G5ot3FA4JlAUj

对于城市规划发展来说交通是最重要的一个议题。近代城市由于人口大量增长，城市中心人口密度过高地下铁路系统的发明就是为了减轻市中心的压力。1863 1890 1900 1933 1968- 1971 1979

1st underground railway in the world

(now part of the Circle, Hammersmith & City and Metropolitan lines)The Northern line

(the first tunnels built just below the surface; later, circular tunnels (tubes) were dug through the London Clay at a deeper level)

The Central London Railway

(The lines were marketed as the UNDERGROUND in the early 20th century on maps and signs at central London stations)

Founded London Passenger Transport Board

(private companies that owned and ran the railways)

The Victoria LineThe Jubilee LineThe Travel Card

(was later extended in 1999)(later the Oyster Card in 2003)

Source : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDayReed20108-7

1983

096169 郑庭宇 城市建设史

Development of the London Underground System

第一条地下铁路 (1863–1905)

19世纪上半的伦敦由于利用火车的通勤人口大量增长，使得市区内的交通因为大量的公共马车与出租车堵塞 (当时平均每天有多达 200,000 人进入伦敦市)；到了1850年伦敦已经有 7 个围绕市中心的铁路总站。

铁路地下化的概念首先于1830年被人提出。伦敦市的事务律师查尔斯·皮尔逊 (Carles Pearson[1]， 曾提出数个联合各家铁路公司的地下化铁路的相关构想[2]

) 于1852年协助成立了City Terminus Company 并提出了第一条由Farringdon 到King's Cross 的地下铁路工程计画。

由于各种因素(see reference “Metropolitan Railway”) City Terminus Company Railway“L&NWR，并正式启动连接于1854 ”) 与King's Cross (owned by “Euston 更名为车站 Metropolitan (owned by GWR's ”)车站的第一条地下铁路工程。

铁路于1863年1月10日开幕，这条3.75 英里(6公里)长的铁路由as Paddington) Paddington (Bishop's Road, now known Street站开始、Edgware RoadPortland Street)站、Portland Road (now known as Great 站、Baker Euston Square)、Gower Street (now known as King's Cross St. Pancras) 站、King's Cross (now known as 站一直到Farringdon Street 站。开幕当天就有38,000名乘客乘坐，并于接下来的12个月中搭载了9,500,000名乘客。

电动化地下铁路 (1900–1908)

当时为了避开与地上建筑户主的许可争议，于1866年由土木工程师詹姆斯Greathead·亨利·格瑞特 (James Henry [3])领导的City and South London Railway工程；使用了当时先进的(Tunnelling shield) 成功的挖出两座Barlow's shield

3.1 公尺深的环型隧道。

工程当初计画使用电缆的方式拖动列车；但由于负责实施这项计画的电缆公司破产，因此改为使用当时属于实验性技术的电轨系统 rail, also known as “Third Rail System(Electric conductor ”)。

由于建设早期使用的蒸气火车而导致的车站内严重(District & Metropolitan Railway)

的空气污染以及不舒适的乘车环境，使当时仍属于

起步阶段的电轨列车被视为新的发展可能。

096169 郑庭宇 城市建设史

1863 Met Line

Pic1 Source : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Railway

1873 Met Line

Pic2 Source : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Railway

1871 The Inner Circle

Pic3 Source : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Railway

1884 Inner Circle Completing

Pic4 Source : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Railway

1906 Great Central Railway

Pic5 Source : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Railway

Development of the London Underground System

1901 年Metropolitan and District joint committee 建议system (Ganz Works(L&NWR & GWR's)将使用Ganz three-phase AC [4]wires)列车用于大都会区铁路上。这项建议由于查, Budapest)的电缆(overhead 尔斯・耶基斯(Charles Yerkes[5])的投资而改变为类似于London Railway City & South London Railway and Central 的DC电轨列车系统。

铁路于1863年1月10日开幕，这条3.75 英里(6公里)长的铁路由as Paddington) Paddington (Bishop's Road, now known Street站开始、Portland Street)站、Portland Road (now known as Great Edgware Road站、Baker Euston Square)、Gower Street (now known as King's Cross St. Pancras) 站、King's Cross (now known as 站一直到Farringdon Street 站。开幕当天就有38,000名乘客乘坐，并于接下来的12个月中搭载了9,500,000名乘客。

铁路整合 (1902–1933)

由于当时的几条主要地下铁路Charing Cross, Euston and Hampstead Railway (also known as

Hampstead tube(also known as )Piccadilly Circus Railway (also known as Bakerloo tube、Baker Street and Waterloo Railway )、Brompton and tube)都是各自属于不同所有者，相互之间并没有Piccadilly 固定的关系与政策。

在很多不同环境因素下，由查尔斯·耶基斯(Charles Yerkes) 1902将将上述几条铁路的所有权买下；并于 Company of London (UERL年4月成立 Underground Electric Railways [6])

。

1900 Hampstead tube由于没有稳定的资金支撑， 1902 将所有权转让给Charles YerkesCharles Yerkes 1902 Railways Company of London (UERL)成立 Underground Electric 。

Bakerloo tube年转让给由于1901年投资者破产，于隔。

1902 UERLCharles Yerkes。

Company将Metropolitan District Traction 所有权。

买下，同时获得了Piccadilly tube的 UERLCompany于1902买下，并在同年开始建设位于年将Metropolitan District Traction Lots Road 的供电站；Lots Road Power Station于1905年开始正式供电。UERL在购买下来的三条线路上使用电动车组列车District RaiwayElectric multiple unit (EMU) 上使用了独立的正极和负极的电轨，並在轨道(后来成为伦敦地下铁路的标准)。

096169 郑庭宇 城市建设史

Pic6 Source : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_and_South_London_Railway

Pic7 Source :

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charing_Cross,_Euston_and_Hampstead_Railwa

Pic8 Source : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baker_Street_and_Waterloo_Railway

Pic9 Source :

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brompton_and_Piccadilly_Circus_Railway

Development of the London Underground System

1906 1906 1907 Bakerloo从Baker Street到Lambeth North线路 启用，并于隔年到达Edgware Road。

Piccadilly从Finsbury Park到Hammersmith 线 路于该年12月启用，并于隔年启用Aldwych 支线。

Hampstead启用。从 Charing Cross 到 Camden Town 然后分成两条线路分别到达 Golders Green与Hampstead。

為了促进倫敦的地鐵交通 一系列如地图，通过联合宣传和票务開始發行。並在倫敦市中心的地鐵站外使用 UNDERGROUND的招牌。UERL於1912年將倫敦的公交車與路面電車合併City & South London and Central London Railway 則於隔年加入

公司。

Pic10 Source :

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underground_Electric_Railways_Compa

1908 The First Underground Map

地下铁路国有化 (1947–2000)

英国的铁路于1948年1月1日国有化，London Transport (LT[7]) 则被规划给英国运输委员会（British Transport Commission, BTC[8]）管理。于1977年Greater London Council投票表决将原本的Fleet Line改为Jubilee Line，并于1979年开放使用。60年代建成(1968年开放使用)是伦敦50年来第一座全新的地下铁线路，用于纾缓其他线路阻塞的交通

。

Jubilee Line :Victoria Line :

Footnotes :

Pic11 Source :

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underground_Electric_Railways_Company_of_London

[1]Carles Pearson : Charles Pearson (4 October 1793 – 14 September 1862) was Solicitor to the City of London. Pearson used his influence as City Solicitor to [2]promote improvements to transport communications. Initially, proposed a central railway station for the City, accessed by tunnel, that would be used by multiple railway

companies enabling workers to commute to the City from further away. When this plan was rejected, Pearson promoted an underground railway connecting the capital's northern termini. The resulting Metropolitan Railway was the first underground railway in the world and led to the development of the extensive London Underground network and the rapid expansion of the capital.[3]

James Henry Greathead : James Henry Greathead (6 August 1844 – 21 October 1896)[1] was a civil engineer renowned for his work on the London Underground railway. In 1873 Greathead became resident engineer on the Hammersmith extension railway and the Richmond extension of the Metropolitan District Railway; during which assisted in the preparation of the Regents Canal Railway (1880), the Metropolitan Outer Circle Railway (1881).

Ganz Works : The Ganz (Ganz vállalatok) electric works in Budapest is best known for the manufacture of tramcars, but was also a pioneer in the application of

three-phase alternating current to electric railways.

mass-transit systems in Chicago and London. In August 1900, Yerkes decided to become involved in the development of the London Underground railway system. He established the Underground Electric Railways Company of London to take control of the Metropolitan District Railway and the part built Baker Street & Waterloo

Railway; Charing Cross, Euston and Hampstead Railway; and Great Northern, Piccadilly and Brompton Railway. Yerkes employed complex financial arrangements similar to those that he had used in America to raise the funds necessary to construct the new lines and electrify the District railway.

[4][5]

Charles Yerkes : Charles Tyson Yerkes (June 25, 1837 – December 29, 1905) was an American financier, born in Philadelphia. He played a major part in developing

[6]

UERL : The Underground Electric Railways Company of London Limited (UERL), known operationally as The Underground for much of its existence, was established

in 1902. It was the holding company for the three deep-level "tube" underground railway lines opened in London during 1906 and 1907: the Baker Street and Waterloo Railway, the Charing Cross, Euston and Hampstead Railway and the Great Northern, Piccadilly and Brompton Railway. It was also the parent company from 1902 of the Metropolitan District Railway, which it electrified between 1903 and 1905. The UERL is the main precursor of today's London Underground; its three tube lines form the central sections of today's Bakerloo, Piccadilly and Northern lines.

[7]

London Transport : London Transport (LT) was the public name and brand used by a series of public transport authorities in London, England, from 1933. With its

origins in the Underground Electric Railways Company of London (UERL), the brand was first used by the London Passenger Transport Board (LPTB) to unify the identity of the previously separately owned and managed London Underground, Metropolitan Railway, bus and tram services.

[8]

British Transport Commission : The British Transport Commission (BTC) was created by Clement Attlee's post-war Labour government as a part of its

nationalisation programme, to oversee railways, canals and road freight transport in Great Britain (Northern Ireland had the separate Ulster Transport Authority). Its general duty under the Transport Act 1947 was to provide "an efficient, adequate, economical and properly integrated system of public inland transport and port facilities within Great Britain for passengers and goods", excluding transport by air.

096169 郑庭宇 城市建设史

Development of the London Underground System

Statistic source from: http://spatial.ly/2011/02/mapping-londons-population-change-2011-2030/

World War I

World War I

1921年

Great Depression

1931年

World War II 年

>;

1941年

Great London Plan

>

Post War rebuild

1951年

1971年

Jubilee Line

1981年

1991年

Hampstead Line

2001年

Development of the London Underground System

Pic12 Source : http://www.makingthemodernworld.org.uk/learning_modules/geography/04.TU.01/illustrations/04.IL.24.gif

Summary :

从前一页的资料来看，我们可以很清楚的看出地下铁路系统对市中心人口疏散的作用。从1860以后开始，可以看得出人流会随着不同时期建设设的线路方向移动； 然而有意思的是，在比较后面这张图表(Pic 12)会发现虽然由于地下铁路的发展使人口密度均化，但是在40年代以前的是中心人口密度并没有减少反而有一度上升的趋势。然而到了60年代以后却可以发现伦敦地区人口密度，渐渐的往全面均值化方向发展；在2001年的图表中，伦敦大部分地区的人口密度已经没有太大的区别了。

如果比对历史事件表来看的话，我们可以发现真正舒缓市中心人口密度的不再于交通网路的发展，而更可能是由于新的城市规划理论与政策(如卫星城、多中心发展等)；使得都市机能分散达到确实疏散中心人口密度的效果。因此我们可以大胆的假设的是，市区内交通网路的发展虽然对于人口流动有所影响；但是对于城市人口密度的舒缓不但没有帮助(短期会有些许效果)，反而会更加刺激中心区人口增长。

Reference :

1. Metropolitan Railway - Wikipedia, 2. L&NWR- Wikipedia, 3. GWR-Wikipedia, 4. Tunneling Shield-Wikipedia, 5. Third Rail-Wikipedia, 6. District & Metropolitan Railway-Wikipedia, 7. Charing Cross, Euston and Hampstead Railway-Wikipedia,

8. Baker Street and Waterloo Railway-Wikipedia,

9. Great Northern, Piccadilly and Brompton Railway-Wikipedia,

10. City and South London Railway - Wikipedia,

11. Peter W. Barlow - Wikipedia,

12. James Henry Greathead -Wikipedia, 13. Charles Pearson - Wikipedia, 14. Circle line (London Underground) - Wikipedia,

15. Charles Yerkes - Wikipedia, 16. Charles Yerkes - University of Illinois Press,

17. Charles Yerkes -ChicagoHistoryJournal,

18. Railway electrification system -BromsgroveAdvertiser,

19. Ganz vállalatok - Ganz-Škoda Electric Ltd.,

096169 郑庭宇 城市建设史

Development of the London Underground System