英国文学史简单概述

1. Alliteration: The repetition of the initial consonant sounds in poetry. 头韵：诗歌中单词开头读音的重复。

2. Assonance: The repetition of similar vowel sounds, especially in poetry. Assonance is often employed to please the ear or emphasize certain sounds.类韵：在诗歌中相同或相似元音的重复，它的目的主要是用来使句子悦耳动听或用来强调某个音。

3. Autobiography: A person’s account of his or her own life. An autobiography is generally written in narrative form and includes some introspection.自传：一个人对他或她自己生活的描述，自传是一种叙述性的文体，多包含回忆性的描写。

4. Ballad: A story told in verse and usually meant to be sung. In many countries, the folk ballad was one of the earliest forms of literature. Folk ballads have no known authors. They were transmitted orally from generation to generation and were not set down in writing until centuries after they were first sung. The subject matter of folk ballads stems from the everyday life of the common people. Devices commonly used in ballads are the refrain, incremental repetition, and code language. A later form of ballad is the literary ballad, which imitates the style of the folk ballad.民谣：民谣是一种做诗配唱的故事。在很多国家，民谣是最早的文学形式之一，都是无名作家所写，它们从开始传唱到真正写下来要在口头流传好几代人。民谣中所采用的手法多为叠句、重复和暗语。后来民谣就变成了有文字的歌谣，其风格模仿民间歌谣。

5. Ballad stanza: A type of four-line stanza. The first and third lines have four stressed words or syllables; the second and fourth lines have three stresses. Ballad meter is usually iambic. The number of unstressed syllables in each line may vary. The second and fourth lines rhyme.

民谣体诗节：一种四行诗节，第一、三行由四个重读单词或音节组成，二、四行由三个重音组成。民谣的韵脚往往采用抑扬格的形式，每一行中非重度音节的数目不等，二、四行押韵。

6. Classicism: A movement or tendency in art, literature, or music that reflects the principles manifested in the art of ancient Greece and Rome. Classicism emphasizes the traditional and the universal, and places value on reason, clarity, balance, and order. Classicism, with its concern for reason and universal themes, is traditionally opposed to Romanticism, which is concerned with emotions and personal themes. 古典主义：在艺术、文学或音乐方面反映古希腊、罗马文学原理的运动。古典主义强调传统，追求理性、明晰、平衡和秩序。因为古典主义强调理性和普遍主题，在传统上反对强调感情和个人主题的浪漫主义。

7. Critical Realism: The critical realism of the 19th century flourished in the forties and in the beginning of fifties. The realists first and foremost set themselves the task of criticizing capitalist society from a

democratic viewpoint and delineated the crying contradictions of bourgeois reality. But they did not find a way to eradicate social evils.批判现实主义：批判现实主义在19世纪40年代达到高潮。批判现实主义作家们往往把从民主的角度批评和揭露资本主义社会的丑恶视为己任，但他们并没有找到治疗社会弊病的良方。8. Dramatic monologue: A kind of narrative poem in which one character speaks to one or more listeners whose replies are not given in the poem. The occasion is usually a crucial one in the speaker’s personality as well as the incident that is the subject of the poem.戏剧独白：在一种叙事诗里面，一个人物对其他的人物讲话但并没有交代他们的回答，这种场合往往对反映说话人的性格特征和诗歌的主题是至关重要的。9. Enlightenment: With the advent of the 18th century, in England, as in other European countries, there sprang into life a public movement known as the Enlightenment. The Enlightenment on the whole, was an expression of struggle of the then progressive class of bourgeois against feudalism. The social inequality, stagnation, prejudices and other survivals of feudalism. They attempted to place all branches of science at the service of mankind by connecting them with the actual deeds and

requirements of the people.启蒙主义：启蒙主义是在18世纪在英国发生的。总体上，启蒙主义是当时的资产阶级对封建主义，社会的不平等、死寂、偏见和其他的封建残余的一种反对。通过将科学的各个分支与人民的日常生活和需要联系起来，启蒙主义者们努力将他们变成为人民大众服务的工具

10. Epic: A long narrative poem telling about the deeds of a great hero and reflecting the values of the society from which it originated. Many epics were drawn from an oral tradition and were transmitted by song and recitation before they were written down.史诗：讲述英雄事迹并反映出这些英雄事迹的社会价值观的长篇叙事诗。在成为之前，很多史诗都来自于口头传统并通过歌唱和背诵流传。

11. Era of Modernism: The years from 1910 to 1930 are often called the Era of Modernism, for there seems to have been in both Europe and America a strong awareness of some sort of “break” with the past. The new artists shared a desire to capture the complexity of modern life, to focus on the variety and confusion of the 20th century by reshaping and sometimes discarding the ideas and habits of the 19th century. The Era of Modernism was indeed the era of the New.现代主义时期：从1910到1930年这一段时间被称作现代主义时期，因为在这一时期，不论是在美国还是在欧洲人们都认识到一种强烈的与过去的“决裂”，新艺术家们都渴望反映现代生活的复杂性，都渴望通过重新构建，有时候甚至放弃19世纪的思想和习惯来聚焦于20世纪的多样性和困惑之上。

12. Flashback: A scene in a short story, novel, play, or narrative poem that interrupts the action to show an event that happened earlier.倒叙在短篇小说、小说、戏剧或叙事诗中穿插在叙述中讲述更早的一件事。

13. Lyric: A poem, usually a short one, that expresses a speaker’s personal thoughts or feelings. The elegy, ode, and sonnet are all forms of the lyric.抒情诗：一种比较短小的用来表达作者个人思想或感情的诗。挽歌、颂歌、和十四行诗都是抒情诗。

14. Myth: A story, often about immortals and sometimes connected with religious rituals, that is intended to give meaning to the mysteries of the world. Myths make it possible for people to understand and deal with things that they cannot control and often cannot see.神话赋予世界上神秘事物意义的故事，神话通常是关于神的故事，有时和宗教仪式是紧密相连的，它使得人们能够理解他们无法控制也通常看不见的事物

15. Narrative poem: A poem that tells a story. One kind of narrative poem is the epic, a long poem that sets forth the heroic ideals of a particular society.叙事诗：讲故事的诗被称作是叙事诗，史诗就是叙事诗的一种。

16. Novel: A book-length fictional prose narrative, having many characters and often a complex plot. 长篇小说

17. Pastoral: A type of poem that deals in an idealized way with shepherds and rustic life.

田园诗：以理想化的方式来描写牧人或田园生活的诗。

18. Poetry: The most distinctive characteristic of poetry is form and music. Poetry is concerned with not only what is said but how it is said. Poetry evokes emotions rather than express facts. Poetry means having a poetic experience. Imagination is also an essential quality of poetry. Poetry often leads us to new perceptions, new feelings and experiences of which we have not previously been aware.

诗歌：诗歌最突出的特质是形式与音乐性；诗歌所关心的不仅是说了什么，而且关系说的方式；诗歌在读者心中会激起情感而不是表述事实；诗歌就意味着有着诗的体验；想象也是诗歌的一个重要特征；诗歌通常会让我们经历未曾有过的体验和感受。

19. Pre-Romanticism: It originated among the conservative groups of men and letters as a reaction against Enlightenment and found its most manifest expression in the “Gothic novel”.

前浪漫主义：前浪漫主义来源于保守的文人中间以反对启蒙主义的沉闷，在“哥特小说”中体现的最多。

20. Psalm: A song or lyric poem in praise of God. 诗篇：赞美上帝的歌或抒情诗。

21. Quatrain: Usually a stanza or poem of four lines. A quatrain may also be any group of four lines unified by a rhyme scheme. Quatrains usually follow an abab, abba, or abcb rhyme scheme.

四行诗：四行诗通常是四行成段的诗或诗节。四行诗通常是通过押韵组合成的四行诗节的诗，亚运形式一般为abab, abba,或abcb 。

22. Realism: The attempt in literature and art to represent life as it really is, without sentimentalizing or idealizing it. Realistic writing often depicts the everyday life and speech of ordinary people. This has led, sometimes, to an emphasis on sordid details.

现实主义：在文学和艺术中按照生活的本来面目去反映生活，不把它感伤化也不把它完美化，现实主义文学作品往往展现日常生活和普通大众，这就会导致了现实主义文学通常会反映社会的阴暗面。

23. Refrain: A word phrase, line or group of lines repeated regularly in a poem, usually at the end of each stanza. Refrains are often used in ballads and narrative poems to create a songlike rhythm and to help build suspense. Refrains can also serve to emphasize a particular idea.

叠句：在一首诗中，通常是每行的末尾很有规律的重复出现的一个短语、一行或几行叫叠句。叠句经常在民谣和叙事诗里面出现，以产生一种音乐效果并产生悬念。叠句也可以用来强调某个观点。

24. Rhyme: It’s one of the three basic elements of traditional poetry. It is the repetition of sounds in two or more words or phrases that appear close to each other in a poem. If the rhyme occurs at the ends of lines, it is called end rhyme. If the rhyme occurs within a line, it is called internal rhyme. Approximate rhyme is rhyme in which only the final consonant sounds of the words are identical. A rhyme scheme is the pattern of rhymes in a poem. Interlocking rhyme is a rhyme scheme in which an unrhymed line in one stanza rhymes with a line in the following stanza. Interlocking rhyme occurs in an Italian verse form called terza rima.

韵：是传统诗歌三大元素之一，它是指两个或两个以上的音在相邻的两个词或短语中重复的现象。如果韵在每行的末尾出现，这叫尾韵；在一行的中间出现叫中间韵；近似韵是指单词末尾最后的辅音是相同的。韵律是诗中的押韵方式。连环韵指一行诗在前一节中没有押韵句，而在后一节中其中的一句押韵，连环韵通常出现在三行体诗中（象旦丁《神曲》中所用的诗体，三行为一节，每节的第二行与下一节的第一、三行押韵，如：aba, bcb, cdc)。

25. Romance: Any imagination literature that is set in an idealized world and that deals with a heroic adventures and battles between good characters and villains or monsters.

传奇故事：指以理想化的世界为背景并且描写主人公的英雄冒险事迹和善与恶的斗争的想象文学作品。

26. Septet: the seven-line stanza. Chaucerian stanza: ababbcc.

七行诗节：一种七行诗体，乔叟的诗就是，韵律为ababbcc

27. Sestet: the six-line stanza. 3couplets/ a quatrain + a couplet/ 2 triplets.

六行诗节：三个对句或一个四行诗节加一个对句，或两个三联对。

28. Spenserian stanza: A nine-line stanza with the following rhyme scheme: ababbabcc. The first eight lines are written in iambic pentameter. The ninth line is written in iambic hexameter and is called an alexandrine. 斯宾塞诗节：斯宾塞诗节是有九行组成的诗节，其押韵形式通常为ababbabcc 。前八行通常是抑扬格五音步，第九行是抑扬格六音步，有称作亚历山大诗行。

29. Terza rima: An Italian verse form consisting of a series of three-line stanzas in which the middle line of each stanza rhymes with the first and third lines of the following stanza.

三行体：一种由三行组成一节的一种意大利诗，诗中每前一节的中间一行和后一节的第一行和第三行押韵。

30. Triplet: The three-line stanza. Tercet: aaa, bbb, ccc, and so on; terza rima: aba, bcb cdc, and so on. 三行连韵诗节：三行为一节的诗。其中Tercet （三行连韵诗节）为: aaa, bbb, ccc等; terza rima（三行连环韵诗）为: aba, bcb cdc等。