红花绿叶原则

两大原则，力保四分

第一：红花绿叶原则

每次出现，每次都选的单词为红花词。每次出现，每次都不选的词为绿叶词。

红花词（按排名）：

however,also,yet,while,because（一定背着，很重要）

绿叶词：是见到后不选的词：排名第一的是：since,而且谁跟since谁倒霉，since家族都不选，同义词：eversince,nowthat一次都没选过。

还有绿叶词：what，它是著名的说和关系词，不选。What不能跟在名词后，就不能引导定语从句和同谓语从句。而定语和同谓语是考试的大热门。所以它是个绿叶词。

还有两拨绿叶词，一个是涉及到虚拟语气的词。而在考研的历年考题中却出现得很少，是因为考研完型填空选材因素，完型填空都选于比较严肃的话题，而虚拟语气不能适应严肃的场景，故出现得很少。

排第一的是：If only；要想了解这个词，还有only if ，only if就是if；但if only却不是only，only if既不是红花也不是绿叶。

If only用英文来解释的话，相当于I wish，相当于要是，只要，要是什么什么多好呀。

If only的用法，它的后面跟从句，从句的时态，如果与过去的情况相反，从句用过去完成时。如果与现在情况相反，从句用一般过去时。如果从句与将来的情况相反，从句用过去将来时，用would/could+动词原形。

If only或者I wish后面跟句子，它后面的句子都是过去时态，这也是是否选此词的依据。如果不是过去时，直接排除！

例 44 its economy continues to recover,

44.[A] Even though [B] Now that [C] If only

[D] Provided that

所以不选C

A variety of activities should be organized 35 participants can

remain active as long as they want and then go on to 36 else without feeling guilty and without letting the other participants 37 .

35. [A] if only [B] now that

[C] so that [D] even if

所以不选

还有in case,它等于lest，是唯恐，以免，万一。它也是涉及到虚拟语气的词。表条件关系。通常情况下in case后面加句子，但是在这样的情况下加名词，in case of.

The resulting discontent may in 32 lead more youths into criminal behavior.

32. [A] case [B] short [C] turn

[D] essence

因为in case后面不是句子，所以不选它。

下面是最后一组绿叶词，几个表关于的词

第二原则：概率原则

研究这么多年，完型填空中a/b/c/d各有多少个。分别是4到6个之间，所以全蒙的话，能得2.5分，四舍五入，就是3分，加红花绿叶，就是4分！ 总结：

1、A,B,C,D个数在4到5个之间，5个是主流

2、完型中A最多，B最少，所以蒙的话，最好蒙A，别蒙B

把AS弄懂，选和不选，7比3

3、没有连续三个答案都一样的情况，连续两个都一样的答案是有的，连续两个答案都一样的概率为0到3个，相邻答案彼此都不一样的概率为17个到20个。比如，第6题确定是A，而且第7题我感觉是AC，则选C

4、在连续5个答案中，至少要出现3个不同的字母

4分到7分技巧

一、 同义原则

同义原则就是关于同义词辨析的题。同义词辨析是完型填空的重点和难点。

同义词辨析的内容：在四个选项中，有二个或三个实词互为同义词时，答案往往在其中。名词，动词，副词，形容词为实词。当两个或三个虚词互为同义词时，往往都不选。虚词包括介词，连词，主要是介词，连词；代词，感叹词不太考。当四个选项由一个共同的意思时，该意思往往不能入选。

24. [A] if [B] although [C] whereas

[D] because

BC同义，并为虚词，所以不选B，所以选D

__5__ everyone agrees on the numbers of Americans who are homeless. 5. [A] generally 大体上，一般而言 [B] almost 几

乎 [C] hardly 几乎不 [D] not 不 CD为副词，同义，所以在其中，hardly放句首，要倒装，所以不选。

2. ［A］above ［B］unlike 不

像 （dislike才是不喜欢） ［C］excluding 排除（分词介词化）［D］besides 在什么之外， beside才是在旁边

CD两介词同义，都不选，所以选AB,

The human nose is an underrated tool. Humans are often thought to be insensitive smellers compared with animals, __1__ this is largely because, __2__ animals, we stand upright. 可见选B

48.[A] search [B] save [C] offer [D] seek AD为动词,同义,在其中,

回原文

He must either sell some of his property or 48 extra funds in the form of loans. Search for所以不选A

46.[A] broadly广泛的 [B] thoroughly 彻底的

[C] generally [D] completely完全的

在BD之间，thoroughly 强调的是细节，

completely强调的是整体概念。

they saw in the preceding hundred years from 1650 to 1750, when England was still a 46 agricultural country, a period of great abundance and prosperity.

46.[A] approach 方法[B] flow流，流动

[C] fashion流行，趋势 （与小我有关的，个人）

[D] trend趋势（与大我有关，政治经济等） 从C看，是名词，所以全是名词，

This

所以选D

42.[A] For [B] Because [C] As [D] Since ABCD都是因为，所以因为这个意思不选，所以虽然B是红花，但不选，D是绿叶，所以不选D，而AS的意思比A多，而更爱选，所以选AS

同义原则

使用过程中的两大问题：一ABCD四个答案不认识，认出哪两个互为同义词，二虽然是同义词，但是区别不是很清楚。

逻辑关系原则

逻辑关系原则对应的就是逻辑关系题。逻辑关系都是要通过虚词来表明的，所以逻辑关系题就是虚词题。 我们重点学虚词题。

逻辑关系题定义：基本上所有的连词题以及部分介词、副词、动词题是逻辑关系题。逻辑关系题应该较先做，在红花绿叶题完成后即可做逻辑关系题。 例：51页9. ［A］when ［B］since ［C］for［D］whereas

10.［A］unusual ［B］particular ［C］unique ［D］typical

8.［A］diluted ［B］dissolved ［C］determining ［D］diffused

6. ［A］even if ［B］if only ［C］only if ［D］as if

1. ［A］although ［B］as ［C］but ［D］while

2. ［A］above ［B］unlike ［C］excluding［D］besides

内容：主要考察五大逻辑关系。第一个也是最重要的一个是对立关系。 排名第二的是因果关系。排名第三的是并列关系。排名第四的是总分关系。排名第五的是递进关系。

例题：49页

27.[A] on [B] in [C] for [D] with The latter may commit crimes 27 lack of adequate parental control. 因果关系，选C

34. [A] contrarily 相反的（对

立） [B] consequently [C]similarly 相似的 （并列）[D] simultaneously 同时的（并列）

More families consist of one parent households or two working parents; 34 , children are likely to have less supervision at home 35 was common in the traditional family 36 .

因果关系

三、逻辑关系题，优先做的理由： 1、选项都认识；

2、范围确定；3、往往不需要通读全文，只需阅读前后句就可以；

完型填空题的特征：1、首段首句不出题； 例题：42

页 If a farmer wishes to succeed, he must try to keep a wide gap between his consumption and his production.

例题：43页

The government is to ban payments to witnesses by newspapers seeking to buy up people involved in prominent cases 31 the trial of Rosemary West.

逻辑关系题：往往不需要通读全文。

四、具体内容：

1、对立关系，转折、让步都表示对立关系。 例题：49页

25.[A] or [B] but rather [C] but [D] or else

全是否则，要不然，所以不选这个意思，所以选A，或者

让步词汇：although, though ,eventhough(即使）,evenif，while，as，much as， 让步都翻译成：虽然，尽管，然而。

例题：51页1. ［A］although［B］as［C］but［D］while

ABC三虚同义，都不选

还有些其它的词汇也表示对立关系。如介词和副词。如against（反对防止），instead（代替）or（然而），instand of (代替）（而不是），rather than

（而不是），by contrast（相反或相对比而言的）等词。

考点：1、instand of 和rather than的区别。

都能翻译成“而不是”但是前者是介词，后者是连词。instand of后面加名词，动名词，代词的宾格，他的后面不加句子。

rather than是连词，其后面加句子。叫作省略句。相对比的对等成分。就是说其后面的是省略句，可以省略一些成分，但是不能把向对比的对等成分省略掉。 rather than中than是核心词，保留着than的基本用法。例：我喜欢你而不是他喜欢你。I love you rather than he 。（love you） 我喜欢的是你而不是他。是宾格的对比：

I like you rather than i like him.

用instead来描述：我喜欢你而不是他。

I like you instead of him.这句有两意思，不明确

例题：42页

41.[A] other than [B] as well as 相当于and，并列关系 [C] instead of [D] more than He must store a large quantity of grain 41 consuming all his grain immediately.

42.[A]better than [B] other than [C] rather than [D] sooner than

39 of the letter came two days after Lord Irvine caused a 40 of media protest when he said the 41 of privacy controls contained in European legislation would be left to judges 42 to Parliament.

AD都是比较级，比较级表递进，不表对立关系 ，C表对立，从原文可以看出，不是并列就是对立，所以选C 而B是除了的意思，基本用法是一定要和否定词一起用。

He is not other than my best friend. 意思就是说他谁也不是，除了我最好的朋友以外。他就是我最好的朋友

这个书包里除了一本书以外什么都没有。

there is nothing other than a book in the bag. 用法太苛刻，所以不爱选，选得少。

对立关系是重要的考点。上面已经讲了第一个考点，下面我们讲第二个考点。 第二考点：

although 与but的区别。这两个选项在同一个句子中不能同时出现。although 是让步，but是转折，我们现在从另外的角度把握它们两个。although 是一个从属连词，but是一个并列连词。所以从属连词就是体现两个句子的地位不一样，一个主句一个从句。有了从属连词，这句子一定要变为从句，依附于主句才能存在。but是并列连词，并列连词就是指两个句子的地位是一样的；而从属连词表现的是两个句子的地位不一样。but是表示转折的并列连词，其前后的句子是一样重要的。并列连词还有一组是because和for。 because和for的区别：because是引导从句的从属连词，而for是并列连词。从属连词和并列连词的区别：

1、它们在一个句子中不能同时出现。

2、从属连词即可以放句首又可以放句中；并列连词往往只能放句中。

3、标点上的区别。从属连词放句中时前面往往不用加逗号，而并列连词放句中时前面逗号可加可不加。 for：for除了当连词以外还可以当介词。判断for能否放句首主要是看它的词性。如果for后面跟的是句子就不能放句首，若后面跟的是名词，则可以放句首。For为连词时不能放句首，但为介词时可以 例：39

页 42.[A] For [B] Because [C] As [D] Since

42 industrial giants like General Motors and IBM struggle to survive 43 reducing the number of employees, Manpower, based in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, is booming. although 与but 的区别：

1、在同一句子中不能同时出现

2、although 即可以放句首，也可以放句中；而but只能放句中。 3、

although 放句中时前面的句号不加，而but放句中时逗号可加可不加。 它们最大的区别就是放句中的区别。although 放句中时前面的句号不加，而but放句中时逗号可加可不加。逻辑关系 对立关系是重要的考点。

例：51页 1. ［A］although ［B］as ［C］but［D］while

Humans are often thought to be insensitive smellers compared with animals, __1__ this is largely because, __2__ animals, we stand upright

ABD全是从属连词，所以因为有逗号，所以都不选。 but还可以当介词，副词，这时就可以放句首。although 与but 的区别时，区别从属连词和并列连词区别的时候，需要特别关注逗号的存在。

逻辑关系第三个考点：though的用法： though作副词“然而”讲的时候，在句中作插入状语。而且在前面和后面都加逗号。

插入状语都用逗号隔开，可有可无。

例：51页 5. ［A］anyway 不管怎么样 ［B］though［C］instead［D］therefore 因此 BC副词，同义，在其中，

In fact, __5__, we are extremely sensitive to smells, __6__ we do not generally realize it. .例：He was ill,i would be on duty instead，区别，instead不能作插入，在句中重要。

总之，though 作副词，放句中前后要加逗号，但是他还可以当连词，其后面加句子，不能用逗号将句子隔开。

第四个考点： while

while的意思：当.......时候，相当于when；它们的区别在于while是表示时间段，而when是表示时间点。

第二个意思：虽然、尽管，表示让步对立关系。 第三个意思：而、而且，表示并列关系

while的用法：最大的用法就是可以引导省略的状语从句。 条件：1、从句主

语和主句主语相一致；2、从句是主系表结构。在同时满足以上两个条件之后，省去从句中的主语和系动词。 例：他要去上学，尽管他病了。 可以写成：He would go to schoole while ill.

例：39

页 48.[A] but [B] while [C] and [D] whereas

The phenomenon provides a way for companies to remain globally competitive 48 avoiding market cycles and the growing burdens 49 by employment rules, healthcare costs and pension plans.

无转折，所以不选AD，C的话，要严格并列，要改avoids

And作为答案的机会很小

例：54

页 12.[A] lodging [B] shelter [C] dwelling [D] house

作业：53页14

题 14.[A] when [B] once [C] while [D] whereas

在英语中除了while还有其他的词能引导省略状语从句，排在第一位的是when，还有although ,它们使用的条件都一样，与上述的条件是一样的。

逻辑关系原则第五个考点: 判断对立关系的方法：

1、根据意思来判断

2、根据词的情感色彩来判断（情感色彩包括褒义词，贬义词，中性词三种）

例：42页

43.[A] for [B] against [C] of [D] towards He must use this surplus in three ways: as seed for sowing, as an insurance 43 the unpredictable effects of bad weather and as a commodity which he must sell in order to 44 old agricultural implements and obtain chemical fertilizers to 45 the soil.

表对立

例：45页

40.[A] above [B] upon [C] against [D] with

Benefits 利益、好处harmful 坏处、害处

例：49页

26.[A] considering [B] ignoring [C] highlighting [D] discarding

Most theories of juvenile delinquency have focused on children from disadvantaged families, 26 the fact that children from wealthy homes also commit crimes.

3、根据句式结构判断对立关系。

not题的特征：1、他考查的是一个肯定句与一个否定句之间的逻辑关系，出题的位置往往是在两个句

子之间或第二个句子开头，不应出在一个句子的中间或末尾。2、选项中必须要有表示对立关系的词。 例：47

页 In these activities, it is important to remember that young teens have 34 atten?tion spans. A variety of activities should be organized 35 participants can remain active as long as they want and then go on to 36 else without feeling guilty and without letting the other participants 37 . This does not mean that adults must accept irresponsibility. 38 they can help students acquire a sense of commitment by 39 for roles that are within their 40 and their attention spans and by having clearly stated rules

38. [A] on the contrary [B] on the average [C] on the whole [D] on the other hand

前否后肯，对立，选A

例：57页

10.[A] normal [B] common [C] mean [D] total This group generally do well in IQ test, 9 12-15 points above the 10 value of 100, and have contributed 11 to the intellectual and cultural life of the West, as the 12 of their elites, including several world-renowned scientists, 13 .

例：51

页 In fact, __5__, we are extremely sensitive to smells, __6__ we do not generally realize it.

6. ［A］even if ［B］if only ［C］

only if ［D］as if

例：51

页 Strangely, some people find that they can smell one type of flower but not another, __9__ others are sensitive to the smells of both flowers.

9. ［A］when ［B］since ［C］for［D］whereas

B绿叶，BC为连词，同义，不选

例：59页

These workers must be trained, 8 many nations do not have the necessary training institutions.

8.[A] since [B] so [C] and [D] yet

例：49页

Theories 21 on the individual suggest that children engage in criminal behavior 22 they were not sufficiently penalized for previous misdeeds or that they have learned criminal behavior through 23 with others.

22.[A] before [B] unless [C] until [D] because

因果关系

我们需要分清楚哪些词后面跟原因,哪些词后面跟结果.跟原因的词基本上都翻译为因为,有

because,in that ,since,now that ,as for,considery, in response to(对...做出反应。）。 还有些词的后面跟的结果：so that，

except that.......

例：38页

46.[A]in that [B]so that [C]such that [D]except that

They are different 46 their elements are arranged differently, and each vitamin 47 one or more specific functions in the body.

例：53页

1.[A]Indeed [B]Likewise [C]Therefore [D] Furthermore

The homeless make up a growing percentage of America’s population. __1__ homelessness has reached such proportions that local government can’t possibly __2__.

并列关系

表达并列关系的词：and,as well as,while(而且）,or（或者），mean while（同时）,similaly(类似、相似) ikewise(同样的)simultaneous（同时的，同时发生的）..........

and 题

例：47页

And they also need to give serious 21 to how they can best 22 such changes. and题的做题方法：1、and前后选同义词

例：47

页 23. [A] care [B] nutrition [C] exercise [D] leisure And they also need to give serious 21 to how they can best 22 such changes. Growing bodies need movement and 23 .

例：59

页 7.[A] keep [B] maintain [C] retain [D] protect

It provides fewer jobs than labor-intensive industrial processes, and highly 6 workers are needed to 7 and repair the equipment.

例：41页42.[A] alive 活跃

的 [B] vivid [C] mobile移动的 [D] diverse Companies 41 low accident rates plan their safety programs, work hard to organize them, and continue working to keep them 42 and active.

2、and前后选同一个范围的词；

例：47

页 25. [A] assistance [B] guidance [C] confidence自信 [D] tolerance容

忍 26. [A] claimed 主张, 需要

[B] admired [C] ignored [D] surpassed 超过 Growing bodies need movement and 23 . but not just in ways that emphasize competition. 24 they are adjusting to their new bodies and a whole host of new intellectual and emotional

challenges, teenagers are especially self-conscious and need the 25 that comes from achieving success and knowing that their accomplishments are 26 by others.

3、句子对应成分分析法；

37. [A] off [B] down [C] out [D] alone

A variety of activities should be organized 35 participants can remain active as long as they want and then go on to 36 else without feeling guilty and without letting the other participants 37 . let alone 不用去管，更不用说

let off 泄露

let down 失望、失落、沮丧 let out 淘汰 总分关系

考点：for example; for instance作插入状语。标点符号放句中前后加逗号。

例：43页 31.[A] as to 关于，至

于 [B] for instance 例

如 [C] in particular in particular 彻底，尤其，表递进关系而不是总分关

系 [D] such as

The government is to ban payments to witnesses by newspapers seeking to buy up people involved in prominent cases 31 the trial of Rosemary West. prominent cases 重大案子

例：47页

28. [A] in effect [B] as a result

[C] for example [D] in a sense However, the typical teenage lifestyle is already filled with so much competition that it would be 27 to plan activities in which there are more winners than losers， 28 ， publishing newsletters with many student-written book reviews, 29 student artwork, and sponsoring book discussion clubs.总分关系

publishing newsletters 出版了一些小册子 递进关系

递进关系有：still.....moreover(而且、此外）；further more （进一步讲）；indeed(确实、的确）； 递进关系的几个考点：1、递进是并列的一种；

2、still和aslo 的区别：still仅指同一件事情的递进，aslo即可以指一件也可以指两件事情的递进；

3、further more 和indeed的区别：

further more 仅指同一件事情的递进，而indeed是在肯定前一个事情的基础之上，引出另外一件事。 目前为止的做题步骤：

1、红花绿叶；

2、逻辑关系题；

3、not题；

4、and题；

5、as题；

6、同义原则；

7、概率原则；

at length=at last 最终，最后

on average 它的平均一定要有数字

be immune to 对...具有免疫力

be sensitive to 敏感

be resistant to 抗......,耐....

be subject to 易遭到，易受到

第三原则：复现原则

复现原则基本概念：当某一个概念在文章中重复出现二次或二次以上时，它们的提法应该是一致的，也就是说相对应的成分彼此互为答案。

例：49页

29. [A]affect [B]reduce [C] check [D] reflect

Changes in the social structure may indirectly 29 juvenile crime rates.

This lack of parental supervision is thought to be an influence on juvenile crime rates

例：53

页 10.[A] assist [B] track [C] sustain [D] dismiss Finding ways to __10__ this growing homeless population has become increasingly difficult.

To help homeless people __3__ independence, the federal government must support job training programs, __4__ the minimum wage, and fund more low-cost housing.

例：51页19. ［A］availabe ［B］reliable ［C］identifiable ［D］suitable

14. ［A］ineffective ［B］incompetent ［C］inefficient ［D］insufficient

The brain finds it best to keep smell receptors __19__ for unfamiliar and emergency signals __20__ the smell of smoke, which might indicate the danger of fire.

The explanation for insensitivity to smell seems to be that brain finds it __14__ to keep all smell receptors working all the time but can __15__ new receptors if necessary. 例：42

页 47.[A] self-confident [B] self-sufficient [C] self-satisfied [D] self-restrained

If no surplus is available, a farmer cannot be 47 .He must either sell some of his property or 48 extra funds in the form of loans.

He can continue to support himself and his family 42 he produces a surplus.