初中英语必须掌握语法(基础版)
初中英语必须掌握语法(基础版)
2017.1.20
目 录
1 词性 .................................................................................................................................................................................... 1
1.1 名词 .................................................................................................................................................................... 1
1.1.1 基本概念 .................................................................................................................................................... 1
1.1.2 名词分类 .................................................................................................................................................... 1
1.1.3 单复数构成规则 ........................................................................................................................................ 1
1.2 冠词 .................................................................................................................................................................... 2
1.3 代词 .................................................................................................................................................................... 3
1.3.1 人称代词 .................................................................................................................................................... 3
1.3.2 指示代词 .................................................................................................................................................... 4
1.3.3 不定代词 .................................................................................................................................................... 4
1.4 动词 .................................................................................................................................................................... 5
1.4.1 行为动词 .................................................................................................................................................... 5
1.4.1.1 及物动词 .................................................................................................................................... 5
1.4.1.2 不及物动词 ................................................................................................................................ 6
1.4.2 连系动词 .................................................................................................................................................... 6
1.4.2.1 be动词 ............................................................................................................................................... 6
1.4.2.2 表示感觉的系动词 .................................................................................................................... 6
1.4.2.3 表示变的系动词 ........................................................................................................................ 7
1.4.3 情态动词 .................................................................................................................................................... 7
1.4.4 助动词 ........................................................................................................................................................ 7
1.5 数词 .................................................................................................................................................................... 7
1.6 形容词 ................................................................................................................................................................ 8
1.6.1 形容词的比较级和最高级 ........................................................................................................................ 9
1.6.2 形容词的比较级和最高级: ..................................................................................................................... 10
1.7 副词 .................................................................................................................................................................. 11
1.7.1 例句 .......................................................................................................................................................... 11
1.7.2 常见副词 .................................................................................................................................................. 11
1.7.2.1 时间频率副词 .......................................................................................................................... 11
1.7.2.2 地点副词 .................................................................................................................................. 11
1.7.2.3 方式副词 .................................................................................................................................. 12
1.7.2.4 程度副词 .................................................................................................................................. 12
1.7.2.5 疑问副词 .................................................................................................................................. 12
1.7.2.6 关系副词 .................................................................................................................................. 12
1.7.2.7 连接副词 .................................................................................................................................. 12
1.7.2.8 表顺序的副词 .......................................................................................................................... 12
1.7.2.9 完成时的副词 .......................................................................................................................... 12
1.8 介词 .................................................................................................................................................................. 12
1.8.1 介词的种类 .............................................................................................................................................. 12
1.8.2 常见表示时间的介词用法 ...................................................................................................................... 13
句子结构 .......................................................................................................................................................................... 15
2.1 基本句型一:S V (主+谓) .................................................................................................................. 16
2.2 基本句型二: S V P (主+系+表) .................................................................................................. 16
2.3 基本句型三: S V O (主+谓+宾) .................................................................................................. 16
2.4 基本句型四: S V o O (主+谓+间宾 +直宾) .......................................................................... 16
2.5 基本句型五:SVOC (主+谓+宾+宾补) ........................................................................................ 17
基本句型 .......................................................................................................................................................................... 17
3.1 肯定句、否定句、一般疑问句和特殊疑问句定义 ...................................................................................... 17
3.2 一般疑问句与特殊疑问句 .............................................................................................................................. 18
2 3
4 3.2.1 一般疑问句 .............................................................................................................................................. 18 3.2.2 特殊疑问句 .............................................................................................................................................. 19 3.2.3 一般疑问句&特殊疑问句练习................................................................................................................ 20 3.3 肯定句与一般疑问句相互转换 ...................................................................................................................... 24 3.4 肯定句、否定句、一般疑问句和特殊疑问句的相互转换 .......................................................................... 25 时态 .................................................................................................................................................................................. 27
4.1 1. 一般现在时 ................................................................................................................................................. 27
4.2 现在进行时 ...................................................................................................................................................... 27
4.3 一般将来时 ...................................................................................................................................................... 28
4.4 一般过去时 ...................................................................................................................................................... 28
4.5 【随堂练习】 .................................................................................................................................................. 29
4.6 不规则的动词过去式。 .................................................................................................................................. 31
4.7 常见句型 .......................................................................................................................................................... 31
4.7.1 There be句型 ........................................................................................................................................... 31
4.8 从句 .................................................................................................................................................................. 32
4.8.1 宾语从句 .................................................................................................................................................. 34
4.8.1.1 That引导 .......................................................................................................................................... 34
4.8.1.2 If或者 whether引导 ...................................................................................................................... 34
4.8.1.3 疑问词引导 .............................................................................................................................. 34
4.8.2 定语从句 .................................................................................................................................................. 34
4.8.3 状语从句 .................................................................................................................................................. 41
4.8.3.1 时间状语从句 .......................................................................................................................... 41
4.8.3.2 条件状语从句 .......................................................................................................................... 41
4.8.3.3 原因状语从句 .......................................................................................................................... 42
4.8.3.4 结果状语从句 .......................................................................................................................... 42
4.8.3.5 比较状语从句 .......................................................................................................................... 42
4.8.3.6 目的状语从句 .......................................................................................................................... 42
4.8.3.7 让步状语从句 .......................................................................................................................... 43
4.8.3.8 地点状语从句 .......................................................................................................................... 43
1 词性
1.1 名词
1.1.1 基本概念
名词是表示人,事物,地点或抽象概念的名称.
例如:
desk 桌子 time 时间 life 生活 book 书本 room 房间 honesty 诚实 worker 工人 pencil 铅笔 computer 计算机 city城市
1.1.2 名词分类
分为可数名词和不可数名词,可数名词有单、复数之分。
我们也可以在该词之前试着加一加基数词来进行判断.一般能用基数词数的名词,通常是可数名词,例如: a boy 一个男孩儿 three boys 三个男孩儿 some boys 一些男孩子
a desk 一张课桌 40 desls 40张课桌 many desks 很多课桌
a film 一部电影 some films 几部电影
a story 一个故事 two stories 两个故事
a song 一支歌 some songs 几首歌曲
an apple 一个苹果 9 apples 9个苹果 some apples 一些苹果
people(复)人,人们 police(总称)警务人员 Chinese(单复同)中国人
物质名词或抽象名词一般都是不可数的.不可数名词没有单数和复数的区别,例如:
water 水 ice 冰 tea 茶 meat 肉 milk 牛奶
age 年龄 time 时间 help 帮助 luck 运气 work 工作
1.1.3 单复数构成规则
名词的复数形式,一般在单数形式后面加-s或-es。
1.2 冠词
冠词(Article)是一种虚词,在句子中不重读,本身不能独立使用,只能放在名词前帮助说明名词所指的人或事物。
冠词分为不定冠词(a, an),定冠词(the),和零冠词。
定冠词(例如英语中的the)用来限定这个冠词后面的名词是某个特定的事物;
不定冠词(例如英语中的a/an)用来表示这个冠词后面的名词是指某一类特定事物中的一个,但具体是哪一个并不重要; 其中a在辅音发音开始前,而an在元音发音开始前。
零冠词指的是不需要冠词。
1.2 冠词
冠词(Article)是一种虚词,在句子中不重读,本身不能独立使用,只能放在名词前帮助说明名词所指的人或事物。
冠词分为不定冠词(a, an),定冠词(the),和零冠词。
定冠词(例如英语中的the)用来限定这个冠词后面的名词是某个特定的事物;
不定冠词(例如英语中的a/an)用来表示这个冠词后面的名词是指某一类特定事物中的一个,但具体是哪一个并不重要; 其中a在辅音发音开始前,而an在元音发音开始前。
零冠词指的是不需要冠词。
1.3 代词
代词是代替名词的一种词类。大多数代词具有名词和形容词的功能。
1.3.1 人称代词
表示“我”、“你”、“他”、“她”、“它”、“我们”、“你们”、“他们”的词,叫做人称代词。人称代词有人称、数和格的变化,见下表:
比如:
He is my friend.他是我的朋友。
It's me. 是我。
My dog likes him.我的狗喜欢他。
I like table tennis. 我喜欢打乒乓球。
He is a student. 他是个学生。
Do you know him? 你认识他吗?
Come with me. 跟我来。
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This is my father. 这是我父亲。
Is that bike yours?Yes,it's mine.
1.3.2 指示代词
表示“这个”、“那个”、“这些”、“那些”等指示概念的代词叫做指示代词。指示代词有this,that,these,those等。
this(复数形式是these),是指在时间上或空间上离说话人较近的人或物。
that(复数形式是those),是指在时间上或空间上离说话人较远的人或物。
例句:
This is my doll. That is Mary's。 这是我的洋娃娃,那是玛丽的。
That is a good idea. 那是个好主意。
你喜欢这个,而我喜欢那个。 You like this but I like that.
1.3.3 不定代词
常用不定代词有:
Some (something,somebody,someone),
Any (anything,anybody,anyone),
No (nothing,nobody,no one),
Every (everything,everybody,everyone),
all,each,both,much,many,(a)little,(a)few,other(s),another,none,one,either, neither等。 一般来讲,修饰不定代词的词要置于其后。
例句:
some are doctors,some are nurses.有些人是医生,有些人是护士。(作主语)
there isn’t any ink in my pen.我的钢笔没有墨水。(作定语)
all 全体,所有(指三者以上,包括三者)
All were present at the meeting.全都到会了。(作主语,代表可数名词)
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both 全部,都
we invited both to come to our farm.我们邀请两个人都来我们的农场?(作宾语)
none 无人或无
none of the problems is /are easy to solve.这些问题没有一个是容易解决的。(作主语, 代替可数名词) either 两者之中的任何一个,这个或那个。 either of them will agree to this arrangment.他们两人中会有人同意这样的安排的。(作主语) neither 两者都不
neither is interesting.两个都没有趣。(作主语)
each 每个,各自的
she gave the children two apples each.她给了每个小孩两个苹果。(作the children的同位语。)
every 每个,每一的,一切的
不定代词every有"全体"的意思,和all的意义相近,但只能作定语。 I believe either method will work.(作定语)
1.4 动词
动词是用来表示主语做什么(即行为动词),或表示主语是什么或怎么样(即状态动词)的词,例如:
The boy runs fast.(这个男孩跑得快。)runs表示主语的行为。
动词可以按照含义及它们在句中的作用分成四类,即行为动词(也称实义动词)、连系动词、助动词和情态动词。
1.4.1 行为动词
行为动词(实义动词)是表示行为、动作或状态的词。它的词义完整,可以单独作谓语。例如:
I live in Beijing with my mother.(我和我妈妈住在北京。)live,住
It has a round face.(它有一张圆脸。)has,有
目前我们学过的动词有:
listen read speak tell write talk sing hear find
walk run jump go come
eat drink play
make get put take
like love hate kiss kick bite want
show use wash brush touch do give
行为动词又可以分为及物动词和不及物物动词
1.4.1.1 及物动词
后面必须跟宾语,意思才完整,例如:
Give me some ink, please.(请给我一些墨水。)
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If you have any questions, you can raise your hands.(如果你们有问题,你们可以举手,。)
1.4.1.2 不及物动词
后面不能跟宾语,意思已完整。不及物动词有时可以加上副词或介词,构成短语动词,相当于一个及物动词。例如: He works hard.(他工作努力。)
Jack jruns faster than Mike.(杰克跑步比迈克要快些。)
Please look at the blackboard and listen to me.(请看黑板,听我说。)
1.4.2 连系动词 连系动词是表示主语“是什么”或“怎么样”的词,它虽有词义,但不完整,所以不能单独作谓语,必须跟表语一起构成合成谓语,例如:
We are in Grade Two this year.(今年我们在两年级。)are,是
are 这个词的词义“是”在句子中常常不译出。
1.4.2.1 be动词
表示“是”的动词be。这个词在不同的主语后面和不同的时态中有不同的形式,is,am,are,was,were,have/has been等要特别予以注意。例如:
He is a teacher.(他是个教师。)
He was a soldier two years ago.(两年前他是个士兵。)
We are Chinese.(我们是中国人。)
1.4.2.2 表示感觉的系动词
表示“感觉”的词,如look(看起来),feel(觉得,摸起来),smell(闻起来),sound(听起来),taste(尝起来)等,例如:
She looked tired.(她看一去很疲劳。)
I feel ill.(我觉得不舒服。)
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Cotton feels soft.(棉花摸起来很软。)
The story sounds interesting.(这个故事听起来很有趣。)
The flowers smell sweet.(这些花闻起来很香。)
The mixture tasted horrible.(这药水太难喝了。)
1.4.2.3 表示变的系动词
表示“变”、“变成”的意思的词,如become, get, grow, turn, 都解释为“变”、“变得”,例如:
She became a college student.(她成了一名大学生。)
He feels sick. His face turns white.(他感到不舒服,他的脸色变苍白了。)
The weather gets warmer and the days get longer when spring comes.(春天来了,天气变得暖和些了,白天也变得较长些了。)
He grew old.(他老了)。
1.4.3 情态动词
这类词本身虽有意义,但不完整。它们表示说话人的能力、说话人的语气或情态,如“可能”、“应当”等。这类动词有can, may, must, need, dare, could, might等。它们不能单独作谓语,必须与行为动词(原形)一起作谓语,表示完整的意思,例如:
I can dance.(我会跳舞。)can, 能, 会
He can’t walk because he is a baby.(因为他是个婴儿,不会走路。)can’t, 不必
May I come in?(我可以进来吗?)may, 可以
1.4.4 助动词
这类词本身无词义,do did does不能单独作谓语,只能与主要动词一起构成谓语,表示不同的时态、语态、表示句子的否定和疑问,例如:
句中的does是助动词,既表示一般现在时,又与not一起构成否定形式。
Do you love me? Do是助动词,是疑问句的引导词。
1.5 数词
表示数目多少的数词叫基数词;表示顺序的数词叫序数词。
基础词:
One two three four five six seven eight nine ten eleven twelve
thirteen fourteen fifteen sixteen seventeen eighteen nineteen twenty
twenty-one twenty-two twenty-three
thirty-one thirty-two thirty-three
fourty-one fourty-two fourty-three
fifty-one fifty-two fifty-three
ninty-nine one hundred one thousand
序数词
first 第一 second 第二 third 第三 fourth 第四 fifth 第五 sixth 第六
seventh 第七 eighth 第八 ninth 第九 tenth 第十 eleventh 第十一
twelfth 第十二 thirteenth 第十三
口诀:
基变序,有规律,词尾加上th;
1、2、3特殊记,词尾字母t、d、d;
八去t,九去e;
f来把ve替;
单词ty做结尾,ty变成tie;
若是碰上几十几,只变个位就可以.
1.6 形容词
形容词用来修饰名词或代词, 表示人或事物的性质, 状态,和特征。形容词作定语一般放在被修饰的名词之前。
例句:
She is a good student
她是一个好学生。
This bike is expensive.
这辆自行车很贵。
I am sorry, I'm busy now.
对不起,我现在很忙。
小学中常用的有:
good(好的) ; bad(坏的); small(小的 ; big(大的 ; hugry(饿的)
;full(饱的); little(少的; high(高的); short(矮的,短的);
tall(高的);long(长的); old(老的,旧的); new(新的);
young(年轻的); many(许多的); much (许多的);
beautiful(漂亮的);nice(美好的); early(早的); late(迟的);
right(正确的) ; wrong(错误的); busy(忙的); free(空闲的);
lazy(懒的); bored(无聊的); heavy(重的); light(轻的);
blind(盲的) ;special(特别的); kind(善良的);
happy(高兴的); sad(伤心的); fast(快的); fun(有趣的);
scary(吓人的);different(不同的); same(同样的);
round (圆的); great(伟大的);
颜色:
black(黑的) ; white(白的) ; blue(蓝的) ; purple(紫的);
pink(粉的) ; yellow(黄的);orange(桔黄的) ;
green(绿的) ; brown (棕钯的); grey (灰的);gold(金色的)
天气:
sunny(晴朗的) ; windy(多风的); cloudy(多云的); rainy(多雨的); snowy(多雪的);
1.6.1 形容词的比较级和最高级
quiet—quieter, loudly—more loudly, quietly—more quietly.
2) 部分双音节单词(friendly有好的,clever,funny有趣的„„)其比较级可以是(friendlier, cleverer, funnier), 也可以是(more friendly, more clever, more funny)。
1. 比较级的用法
1.6.2 形容词的比较级和最高级:
绝大多数形容词有三种形式,原级,比较级和最高级, 以表示形容词说明的性质在程度上的不同。 形容词的原级: 形容词的原级形式就是词典中出现的形容词的原形。 例如:
poor tall great glad bad
形容词的比较级和最高级: 形容词的比较级和最高级形式是在形容词的原级形式的基础上变化的。 分为规则变化和不规则变化。
规则变化如下:
1) 单音节形容词的比较级和最高级形式是在词尾加 -er 和 -est 构成。
great (原级) greater(比较级) greatest(最高级)
2) 以 -e 结尾的单音节形容词的比较级和最高级是在词尾加 -r 和 -st 构成。
wide (原级) wider (比较级) widest (最高级)
3)少数以-y, -er, -ow, -ble结尾的双音节形容词的比较级和最高级是在词尾加 -er 和 -est 构成。 clever(原级) cleverer(比较级) cleverest(最高级)
4) 以 -y 结尾,但 -y 前是辅音字母的形容词的比较级和最高级是把 -y 去掉,加上 -ier 和-est 构成. happy (原形) happier (比较级) happiest (最高级)
5) 以一个辅音字母结尾其前面的元音字母发短元音的形容词的比较级和最高级是双写该辅音字母然后再加 -er和-est。
big (原级) bigger (比较级) biggest (最高级)
6) 双音节和多音节形容词的比较级和最高级需用more 和 most 加在形容词前面来构成。 beautiful (原级)? difficult (原级)
more beautiful (比较级) more difficult (比较级)
most beautiful (最高级) most difficult (最高级)
常用的不规则变化的形容词的比较级和最高级:
原级 比较级 最高级
good better best
many more most
much more most
bad worse worst
little less least
ill worse worst
far farther(further) farthest(furthest)
形容词前如加 less 和 lest 则表示"较不"和"最不"
important 重要
less important 较不重要
lest important 最不重要
1.7 副词
副词(Adverb)是指在句子中表示行为或状态特征的词,用以修饰动词、形容词、其他副词或全句,表示时间、地点、程度、方式等概念。副词可分为:时间副词、频率副词、地点副词、方式副词、程度副词、疑问副词、连接副词、关系副词、表顺序的副词。
1.7.1 例句 副词在句中可作状语,表语,补语,定语。
He works hard. (作状语) 他工作努力。
You speak English very well. (作状语) 你英语讲得相当好。
Does she stay home? (作表语) 她呆在家吗?
[she stay home是主系表结构,stay 此处是[linking verb 连系动词], home 是[adv.],作stay的表语]
[PS: 至于she stays at home...此处stay是实义动词,整个句子是主谓结构,at home是介词短语做地点状语] Let's be out. (作表语) 让我们出去吧。
Food here is hard to get. (here作定语,hard作状语) 这儿很难弄到食物。
Let him out!(作补语) 让他出去!
1.7.2 常见副词
1.7.2.1 时间频率副词
now, then, often, always, usually,next,lastday,already(已经),generally(一般地),
frequently(频繁),seldom(很少地),ever,never,yet,soon,too, immediately(立即),
finally,shortly(很快), before, ago,sometimes, yesterday. once,twice,
lately,recently,personally,today……yet
1.7.2.2 地点副词
here, there, everywhere, anywhere,somewhere, in, out, inside, outside,
above, below, up,down, back, forward(向前地), home,
upstairs(楼上地), downstairs, across, along, round , around,
near, off, past, up, away, on.……
1.7.2.3 方式副词 carefully, properly(适当地), anxiously(焦虑地), suddenly, normally(正常地),
fast, well, calmly(冷静地), politely(有礼貌地), proudly(自豪地), softly,
warmly ,slowly,badly,hard,bravely……
1.7.2.4 程度副词
much,little, very,rather(相当),so,too,still, quite, perfectly(完美地),
enough, extremely(非常), entirely(整个),almost, slightly(细小地), hardly.……
1.7.2.5 疑问副词 how, when, where, why……
1.7.2.6 关系副词
when, where, why……
1.7.2.7 连接副词
therefore(因此),moreover(此外),however,otherwise(另外的),
then,when ,where,how,why……
1.7.2.8 表顺序的副词
first,then,next,finally,afterwards,primarily……
1.7.2.9 完成时的副词
already,ever,just,never,since,yet,recently……
1.8 介词
介词是一类虚词,不能独立作句子成分,必须与名词或代词等词类一起构成介词短语,才可以充当句子成分。介词在句子中一般不重读。
1.8.1 介词的种类
l.简单介词
例如:at,in,on,under,of,after,before ,over,past,by等。
2.复合介词
例如:into,onto,throughout,without,within, nearby等。
3.短语介词
例如:in front of,because of,instead of, according to,out of等。
1.8.2 常见表示时间的介词用法 (1)表示时间的(
at 、on、in、at、before ,after、by、until、through、from、since、within)
1)at:用于表示时刻,时间的某一点。at noon 在午时at night 在夜间at present 目前
2)on:用于星期,某天,某一天的上午、下午、晚上(指具体的某一天时,一律用)
on sunday 在星期天on sunday morning 在星期天的上午on march 8 在3 月8 日
3)in:用于表示周、月、季节、年、泛指上午、下午、晚上。
in 1999 在1999 年in november 在11 月份
in summer 在夏季in the afternoon 在下午
过„„后(未来时间)
I think he will be back in an hour. 我想他一小时后就会回来。
I heard that she would be back in a month. 我听说她一个月后回来的。
4)before:在„„之前
Wei hua got up before 7 o‘clock this morning 。今天早晨,魏华在7 点之前起床了。
5)after:在„„之后
After that ,no noe should ever kill a seagull 。 从那时起,任何人不得捕杀海鸥。
6)by:在„„前(时间),截止(到)„„
By the time i arrived ,she had already gone.
在我到达之前,她已经走了。
7)for:达„„之久(表示过了多少时间),可以和一般现在时,过去时,将来时连用,但是经常和完成时连用。
Florence often worked for twenty-four hours without rest.
弗洛沦斯常常工作24 小时而不休息。
8)during:在„„期间
During the lifetime of one man ,north america and europe will more further apart by nearly two metres 。
在一个人的一生期间,北美洲和欧洲由于漂移,其间的距离将要增加差不多两米。
9)through:一直„„(从开始到结束)
He ,who led the united states through these years ,was shot on april 14, 1865 ,at a theater in washington.
领导美国度过了这些年代的他,于1865 年4 月14 日在美国华盛顿一家戏院里被人枪杀。
10)from:从„„起(时间)
The tworders were made to work from 7 in the morning to 7 in the evening.
工人们被迫从早7 点工作到晚7 点。
11)since:自从„„以来(表示从以前某时一直到现在仍在继续)
Since that time ,my eyes had never been very good.
从那时起,我的眼睛一直不是很好。
12)within:不„„超过的范围
He will arrive within an hour.他一小时内就人到。
2 句子结构
英语句子的基本结构可以归纳成五种基本句型及其扩大、组合、省略或倒装。掌握这五种基本句型,是掌握各种英语句子结构的基础。
英语五种基本句型结构如下:
主语 谓语
用符号表示为:
① S V (主+谓)
② S V O (主+谓+宾)
③ S V o O (主+谓+间宾+直宾)
④ S V O C (主+谓+宾+宾补)
⑤ S V P (主+系+表)
2.1 基本句型一:S V (主+谓)
这类句子的谓语动词都是不及物动词,都不带宾语,但可以带状语。如:
S V) S V) S V)
2.2 基本句型二: S V P (主+系+表)
系动词主要是be,但还有一些动词有些时候也可作系动词,有人称之为半系动词。
He is a teacher. 他是一名教师。
This flower smells very sweet. 这朵花闻起来很香。
2.3 基本句型三: S V O (主+谓+宾)
此结构是由“主语+及物动词(词组)+宾语”构成。如: 1. 用下画线画出下列句中的宾语。
练习1. People all over the world speak English.
练习2. Jim cannot dress himself.
练习3. All of us believe that Jack is an honest boy.
练习4. He did not know what to say.
练习5. He just wanted to stay at home.
练习6. He practices speaking English every day.
2.4 基本句型四: S V o O (主+谓+间宾 +直宾)
有些及物动词可以有两个宾语,如:give“给”,pass“递”,bring“带”,show“显示”。这两个宾语通常一个指人,为间接宾语;一个指物,为直接宾语。间接宾语一般位于直接宾语之前。
一般的顺序为:动词 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语。
如: S V o O)
强调间接宾语顺序为:
动词 + 直接宾语 + 介词 + 间接宾语。如:
Show this house to Mr. Smith.
若直接宾语为人称代词:动词 + 代词直接宾语 + 介词 + 间接宾语。如:
Bring it to me, please. (不能说 Bring me it, please.)
常跟双宾语的及物动词有:
(需借助to的)allow, bring, deny, give, grant, hand, leave, lend, offer, owe, pass, pay, permit, promise, read, refuse, sell, send, show, teach, tell, wish, write等。
(需借助for 的) buy, choose, fetch, get, make, order, paint, play(演奏), save, sing, spare等。
一般用to多些,用for的记住常用的三个就行:get, buy, make。
He sent me an English-Chinese Dictionary.
= He sent an English-Chinese Dictionary to me.
She bought John a book. = She bought a book for John.
2.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7. 分析下列句子成分,口头说出间接宾语和直接宾语。 She ordered herself a new dress. She cooked her husband a delicious meal. He brought you a dictionary. He denies her nothing. I showed him my pictures. I gave my car a wash. I told him that the bus was late.
He showed me how to run the machine.
2.5 基本句型五:SVOC (主+谓+宾+宾补)
此句型的句子特点是:动词虽然是及物动词,但是只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思,必须加上一个补充成分来补足宾语,才能使意思完整。
宾语补足语:位于宾语之后对宾语做出说明的成分。宾语与其补足语有逻辑上的主谓关系,它们一起构成复合宾语。 (SVOC“他成为一个士兵”,构成逻辑上的主谓关系) (SVOC)
(SVOC)
(SVOC)
8. 分析下列句子并划分成分,在后面的括号内标明是什么充当句子的宾语补足语。
1. They appointed him manager. ( )
2. They painted the door green. ( )
3. He pushed the door open. ( )
4. They found the house deserted. ( )
5. What makes him think so? ( )
6. We saw him out. ( )
7. He asked me to come back soon. ( )
8. I saw them getting on the bus. ( )
9. We all think it a pity that she didn’t come here. ( )
10. I’ll have my bike repaired. ( )
11. We elected him monitor. ( )
12. Don’t keep the lights burning. ( )
3 基本句型
3.1 肯定句、否定句、一般疑问句和特殊疑问句定义
1.肯定句:表示肯定的意思, 即不含有否定词“不”。
比如:我是一个学生 I am a student.
他去上学 He goes to school.
2.否定句:表示否定的意思。
比如:我不是一个男孩。 I am not a boy
他不去上学 He does not go to school.
3. 一般疑问句:回答为“是yes”或者“否no”的问句。
比如:你是一个学生吗? Are you a student?
你喜欢英语吗? Do you like English?
4. 特殊疑问句:回答不是“是yes”或者“否no”的问句,根据提问内容具体回答。
比如:现在几点了? What’s the time?
哪一支笔是你的? Which is your pen?
3.2 一般疑问句与特殊疑问句
3.2.1 一般疑问句
一、什么是一般疑问句
1、 用Yes或No作答的疑问句叫一般疑问句。
2、译成汉语,都可以带上“吗”,例如:你父亲是老师吗?凯瑟琳喜欢动物吗?詹妮会说法语吗?
二、例何将陈述句变成一般疑问句?
要将陈述句变成一般疑问句,可以遵循下列步骤:
1句中有没有,如果有,将其提到句首即可。
It was rainy yesterday.
Was it rainy yesterday?
Tom's father can play the piano.
Can Tom's father play the piano?
She is a student.
Is she a student?
2. 如果句中没有do的相应形式放在句首。 (动词原形)
Do they go to school by bike?
Bill (第三人称单数)
Does bill gets up at 6:30 every day?
The students (过去式)
Did the students see a film yesterday?
三.陈述句变一般疑问句应注意的事项
1.如果陈述句中有第一人称,则变问句时最好要变为第二人称。
I usually have lunch at school.
Do you usually have lunch at school?
2.如果陈述句中有
There is some water on the playground.
Is there any water on the playground?
四.一般疑问句的回答
一般疑问句往往采用简短回答,共由三部分(三个单词)组成:
1.第一个词:不是Yes就是No。
2.第二个词:问谁答谁。即答语中的主语须与问句的主语一致Does she clean her room every day? Yes, she does.
Is Anna′s father a doctor?
No,he isn′t.
3.第三个词:用什么问,用什么答。即沿用问句中的引导词。
Can Jim play soccer?
Yes, he can.
Does Mr Bean speak English?
Yes, he does.
4.用No开头作否定回答时,结尾要加上 not。
例:Did Thomas come here yesterday?
No ,he didn′t
Is Lin Lin in Class 3?
No, she isn′t.或(No, she′s not)
3.2.2 特殊疑问句
以疑问词开头,对句中某一成分提问的句子叫特殊疑问句。
特殊疑问句=特殊疑问词+一般疑问句
常用的疑问词有:
肯定句变特殊疑问句(就划线部分提问):分3步骤
第一步:先变一般疑问句
第二步:找合适的特殊疑问词代替划线部分
第三步:特殊疑问词提前放到句首,并大写,其余按顺序照抄,省略划线部分。 例子:
特殊疑问句的回答:
回答特殊疑问句时,不能用yes / no,即问什么答什么,尤其是简略回答。 如: Who is from Canada﹖(who问谁)
.
Where's the restaurant﹖ (where问地点)
.
Why do you like koalas﹖ (why问原因)
3.2.3 一般疑问句&特殊疑问句练习
一、将以下句子改为一般疑问句.
1. His father is an English teacher.
2. These cats are crying.
3. They can swim.
4. I like to read English.
5. I go to school on foot.
6. He likes English.
7. His father goes to work by bus.
8. He is crying under the tree.
9. His birthday is on the twentieth of November.
10. Mrs. Li and Kitty are in a big shop.
11. Kitty is wearing her new uniform.
12. The boy under the tree is hungry.
13. He goes to school every day.
15. I want to have a model car.
16. She wants a cup of coffee.
17. Mrs. Li and Kitty watch television at night.
18. I do my homework after school
二、选择正确的单词填空
(who, where, when)
1._____ is that pretty girl? She is my sister.
2._____ are Jack and Tom? They are behind you.
3._____ do you go to school? I go to school from Monday to Friday.
4._____ has a beautiful flower? John has a beautiful flower.
5._____ are they? They are my parents.
6._____ is my mother? She is in the living room.
7._____ are you going? We are going to the bakery(面包坊).
8._____ do Jim and Wendy play ball? They play ball in the afternoon.
9._____ does he jog? He jogs in the park.
10._____ are you from? I'm from Changchun city.
三、就画线部分提问 提示:饭后强调的是时间问题。
8.Joe's father plays badminton(羽毛球
10.The laptop(笔记本电脑耳环).
14.I put the gold fish(金鱼
四.用what time, what color, what day, what填空。
1. A: ______ _______ is it? B: It is nine o’clock.
2. A: ______ _______ does your mother get up? B: My mother gets up at 6:30.
3. A: ______ _______ do you go to bed? B: I go to bed at 10:00.
4. A: ______ _______ do Diana and Fiona have supper?
B: Diana and Fiona have supper at 18:00.
5. A: ______ _______is it? B: It is purple.
6. A: ______ _______ is the sky? B: The sky is blue.
7. A: ______ _______ is your coat? B: My coat is black.
8. A: ______ _______ is the dog? B: The dog is white.
9. A: ______ _______ is today? B: Today is Monday.
10. A: ______ _______ is tomorrow? B: Tomorrow is Tuesday.
11. A: ______ _______ was yesterday(昨天)? B: Yesterday was Sunday.
12. A: ______ _______ do you like? B: I like red.
13. A: ______ is this? This is a computer(电脑).
14. A: ______ are you doing? B: We are playing basketball.
15. A: ______ does your mother do? B: My mother is a policewoman.
16. A: ______ are those? B: Those are peppers(辣椒).
17. A: ______ is in the box? B: A lovely doll is in the box.
18. A: ______ is on the table? B: The apple is on the table.
19. A: ______ is in the classroom? The blackboard is in the classroom. 五.连线:(Match)
1. What’s on the chair? A There is a book in the bag.
2. How is your father? B These are apples.
3. What are these? C I go to school by bus.
4. What is in the bag? D The radio is on the chair.
5. How do you go to school? E My father is fine.
6. How much is it? F I wash my face in the morning.
7. What time is it? G I have two hands.
8. When do you wash your face? H It is four o’clock.
9. How many hands do you have? I It is 5 RMB(人民币).
10.When do you have lunch? J I have lunch at noon.
课后练习:
一.把以下句子改成一般疑问句
1. His father was an English teacher.
2. These cats are crying.
3. They can swim.
4. I went to school on foot.
5. His father goes to work by bus.
6. Mrs. Li and Kitty can sing English songs..
7. Kitty is wearing her new uniform.
8. The two boys under the tree were hungry.
9. Mrs. Li and Kitty watch television at night.
10. I can finish my homework by myself.
11. I have some good friends.
12. They cleaned their rooms and finished their homework yesterday.
3.3 肯定句与一般疑问句相互转换 肯定句,否定句,一般疑问句的用法
1.将陈述句变为一般疑问句时,如句中有be 动词(am is are …)时,可直接将它们提至主语前。如主语为第一人称,应将其改为第二人称。然后做出肯定回答和否定回答。如:
I'm a student.→ Are you student?
Yes, I am. No , I’m not
We're watching TV.→ Are you watching TV?
Yes, we are. No, we aren’t.
2.陈述句中有情态动词(can may must …)时,也可直接将它们提至主语前,即可成为一般疑问句。然后做出肯定回答和否定回答。如:
He can swim now. →Can he swim now?
Yes, he can. No, he can’t.
The children may come with us→ May the children come with us?
Yes, they are. No, they aren’t.
3.陈述句中只有一个实义动词作谓语且其时态为一般现在时,(句子中没有be动词am , is , are.)变为一般疑问句时要在句首加do或does 主语后的实义动词用原形。如:
I like these animals. → Do you like these animals?
Yes, I do. No, I don’t.
She wants to go to the movies.→ Does she want to go to the movies? Yes, she does. No, she doesn’t.
4.一般疑问句一般读升调(↑)
5.一般疑问句有时不用yes或 no 回答。
Are they in town now? I think so.
May I sit here? Certainly.
Does he like soccer? Sorry I don't know.
6、一般疑问句
一般疑问句这种问句通常用yes / no来回答,相当于汉语中的“……吗?”其语序是:系动词be /助动词/ 情态动词+主语+其他成分?如:
Are you from Japan?
Yes I am. / No I'm not.
Is her sister doing her homework now?
Yes she is. / No she isn't.
Does he work in a bank?
Yes he does. / No he doesn't.
Do you live near your school?
Yes I do. / No I don't.
Can you speak French?Yes I can. / No I can't.
May I go home now? Yes you may. / No you mustn't.
1. Are you sleeping? (做出否定回答)
2. Amy is doing homework?(变成一般疑问句)
3. He can clean the bedroom. (变成否定句)
4. He often plays football in the afternoon. (变成一般疑问句)
5. I like noodles and bread. (变成否定句)
6.Is your father cooking dinner? (做出肯定回答)
7. Are they listening to music (做出否定回答)
8. Does your mother usually wash the clothes?(做出否定回答)
9.We’re sweeping the floor. (变成一般疑问句)
10.Are you a doctor? (做出肯定回答)
11.I’d like bananas? (变成一般疑问句)
12.They can make the bed. (变成否定句)
13. Is the elephant drinking water? (做出肯定回答)
14.Does Xiaoming often cook dinner? (做出否定回答)
3.4 肯定句、否定句、一般疑问句和特殊疑问句的相互转换
am, is, are后面加上not,其余按顺序照抄。
肯定句变一般疑问句:把am, is, are提前放到句首并大写Am, Is, Are,其余照抄。
:分3步骤
第一步:先变一般疑问句
第二步:找合适的特殊疑问词代替划线部分
第三步:特殊疑问词提前放到句首,并大写,其余按顺序照抄,省略划线部分。
注意:1.
如:Li ming 's not here today. Who's not here today? 今天谁没来?
2.
例如:
1.肯定句、否定句和一般疑问句的互换
肯定句:This is a book.
否定句:
一般疑问句:Is this a book?
肯定回答:Yes, it is.
否定回答:No, it isn’t.
2.就划线部分提问(变特殊疑问句)
This is a book.
第一步:变一般疑问句 Is this a book?
第二步:找合适的特殊疑问词 Is this what ?
What is this?
do not或者does not,其余按顺序照抄动词用原形
do或者does并大写,其余照抄。注意:动词用原形
肯定句变特殊疑问句(就划线部分提问):分3步骤
第一步:先变一般疑问句
第二步:找合适的特殊疑问词代替划线部分
第三步:特殊疑问词提前放到句首,并大写,其余按顺序照抄,省略划线部分。
注意:1.2.划线部分不能在特殊疑问句中出现。
非单三时用do, 单三时用does
肯定句:I like English.
否定句:
单三
肯定句:He likes English.
like English?
否定句:like English.
就划线部分提问:I like English.
第一步:先变一般疑问句第二步:找合适的特殊疑问词代替划线部分第三步:特殊疑问词提前放到句首,并大写,其余按顺序照抄,省略划线部分。
What do you like?
4 时态
四大时态复习
4.1 1. 一般现在时
(1)一般现在时的构成(肯定句)
☆ be动词:主语+be(am,is,are)+其它。如:I am a boy.我是一个男孩。
☆ 行为动词:主语+行为动词(+其它)。如:We study English.我们学习英语。
☆ 当主语为第三人称单数(he, she,it)时,要在动词后加"-s"或"-es"。
如:Mary likes Chinese. 玛丽喜欢汉语。
(2)一般现在时的变化
☆ . be动词的变化。
[否定句]:主语+ be + not +其它。如:He is not a worker.他不是工人。
[一般疑问句]:Be +主语+其它。 如:-Are you a student? -Yes. I am. / No, I'm not.
[特殊疑问句]:疑问词+一般疑问句。如:Where is my bike?
☆ .行为动词的变化。
[否定句]:主语+ don't( doesn't ) +动词原形(+其它)。如:I don't like bread.
doesn't构成否定句。如:He doesn't often play.
[一般疑问句]:Do( Does ) +主语+动词原形+其它。如:- Do you often play football?
- Yes, I do. / No, I don't.
does构成一般疑问句。
如:- Does she go to work by bike? - Yes, she does. / No, she doesn't.
[特殊疑问句]:疑问词+一般疑问句。如:How does your father go to work?
*动词+s的变化规则
1.一般情况下,直接加-s,如:cook-cooks, milk-milks
2.以s. x. sh. ch. o结尾,加-es,如:guess-guesses, wash-washes, watch-watches, go-goes
3.以“辅音字母+y”结尾,变y为i, 再加-es,如:study-studies
4.2 现在进行时
(1)一般现在时的构成: be(am,is, are)+ 动词的ing形式。如:I am reading. 我正在读书
(2)现在进行时的否定句在be后加not,即be(am,is, are) + not + 动词的ing形式。
如:She is not doing her homework now. 她现在没有做作业。
(3)现在进行时的一般疑问句把be动词调到句首,即 Be(am,is, are) + 人 + 动词ing形式。
如:Are you drinking milk now? 你现在在喝牛奶吗?
(4)现在进行时的特殊疑问的基本结构为:疑问词+ be + 人+ 动词ing?
如:Where are you going? 你现在去哪?
但who当主语时其结构为:Who + be + 动词ing?
如:Who is talking to you? 谁在和你说话?
*动词加ing的变化规则
1.一般情况下,直接加ing,如:cook-cooking
2.以不发音的e结尾,去e加ing,如:make-making, taste-tasting
3.如果末尾是一个元音字母和一个辅音字母,双写末尾的辅音字母,再加ing,
run-running, stop-stopping
4.3 一般将来时
(1)一般将来时基本结构:①be going to + do(动词原形); ②will+ do(动词原形).
(2)[否定句]:在be动词(am, is, are)后加not或情态动词will后加not成won’t。
结构为:be(am, is, are) + not + 动词原形 will not + 动词原形 (will not = won’t)
例如:①I’m going to have a picnic this afternoon.
→I’m not going to have a picnic this afternoon.
②I will go shopping this weekend.
→I will not go shopping this weekend.= I won’t go shopping this weekend.
(3)[一般疑问句]:be或will提到句首,some改为any, and改为or,第一二人称互换。
例如:①We are going to go on an outing this weekend.
→ Are you going to go on an outing this weekend?
② I will play football tomorrow afternoon.
→ Will you play football tomorrow afternoon?
(4)[特殊疑问句]
① 问人用Who
例如:I’m going to New York soon. →Who’s going to New York soon.
② 问干什么用What „do.
例如: My father is going to watch a race with me this afternoon.
→What is your father going to do with you this afternoon.
③ 问什么时候用When.
例如:She’s going to go to bed at nine. →When is she going to bed?
4.4 一般过去时
(1).[肯定句] be动词在一般过去时中的变化:
☆ am 和is在一般过去时中变为was。(was not=wasn’t)
☆ are在一般过去时中变为were。(were not=weren’t)
ed)
(2) [否定句]:be动词变成 was not(wasn’t) 或 were not (weren’t)
如:He wasn’t a teacher two years ago.
didn’t +动词原形
如:
如:Jim didn’t go home yesterday.
(3) [一般疑问句]
有be动词的一般疑问句把was或were调到句首。
如:Were you a teacher two years ago?
句中没有be动词的一般过去时的句子,在句首加did,句子中的动词过去式变回原形。 如:Did Jim go home yesterday?
(4)[特殊疑问句]:① 疑问词+did+主语+动词原形?
如:What did Jim do yesterday?
② 疑问词是who时:疑问词+动词过去式?
如:Who went to home yesterday?
* 动词过去式变化规则:
☆.一般在动词末尾加-ed,如:pull-pulled, cook-cooked
☆.结尾是e加d,如:taste-tasted
☆.末尾只有一个元音字母和一个辅音字母的重读闭音节,应双写末尾的辅音字母,
再加-ed,如:stop-stopped
☆.以“辅音字母+y”结尾的,变y为i, 再加-ed,如:study-studied
☆.不规则动词过去式:
am,is-was, are-were, do-did, see-saw, say-said, give-gave, get-got, go-went, come-came, have-had, eat-ate, take-took,
run-ran, sing-sang, put-put, make-made, read-read, write-wrote, draw-drew, drink-drank, fly-flew, ride-rode,
speak-spoke, sweep-swept, swim-swam, sit-sat
4.5 【随堂练习】
一、 写出下列动词的第三人称单数
drink ________ go _______ stay ________ make ________ look _________ have_______ pass_______ carry ____ come________ watch______ plant_______ fly ________
study_______ brush________ do_________ teach_______
二、按照要求改写句子
1. Daniel watches TV every evening.(改为否定句)
___________________________________________________
2. I do my homework every day.(改为一般疑问句,作否定回答)
________________________________________________________
3. She likes milk.(改为一般疑问句,作肯定回答)
___________________________ 对划线部分提问)
________________________________________________________ 对划线部分提问)
___________________________________________________
三.写出下列动词的现在分词:
play________ run__________ swim _________make__________ go_________ like________ write________ _ski___________ read________ have_________ sing ________ dance_________ put_________ see________ buy _________ love____________ live_______ take_________ come ________ get_________ stop_________ sit ________ begin________ shop___________
四、句型转换:
1. They are doing housework .(改成否定句)
_____________________________________________________________
2.The students are cleaning the classroom . ( 改一般疑问句并作肯定和否定回答)
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
3.I’对划线部分进行提问)
_________________________________________________________________
4.对划线部分进行提问)
_________________________________________________________________
五.填空。
1. 我打算明天和朋友去野炊。
I_____ _______ _________ have a picnic with my friends.
I ________ have a picnic with my friends.
2. 下个星期一你打算去干嘛? 我想去打篮球。
What ________ ________ _________ _________ _________ next Monday? I _______ ______ _____ play basketball.
What _________ you do next Monday? I ________ play basketball.
3. 你妈妈这个周末去购物吗?是,她要去买一些水果。
_____ your mother _______ ________ go shopping this ___________? Yes, she _________. She ______ ________ __________ buy some fruit.
4. 你们打算什么时候见面。
What time _______ you _________ __________ meet?
5. Nancy is going to go camping.(改否定)
Nancy ________ going to go camping.
6. I’ll go and join them.(改否定)
I _______ go ______ join them.
7. I’m going to get up at 6:30 tomorrow.(改一般疑问句)
________ _______ ________ to get up at 6:30 tomorrow?
8. We will meet at the bus stop at 10:30.(改一般疑问句)
_______ ________ meet at the bus stop at 10:30.
9. She is going to listen to music after school.(对划线部分提问)
________ _______ she ________ ________ _________ after school?
10. My father and mother are going to see a play the day after tomorrow.(对划线部分提问)
_________ _________ going to see a play the day after tomorrow.
七.写出下列动词的过去式
fly_______ plant________ are ________ drink_________ play_______ go________
make ________ does_________ dance________ worry________ ask _____ taste_________ eat__________ draw________ put ______ throw________ kick_________ pass_______ do ________
八、句型转换
1. It was exciting.
否定句:________________________________________________
一般疑问句:____________________________________________
肯、否定回答:__________________________________________
2. All the students were very excited.
否定句:________________________________________________
一般疑问句:____________________________________________
肯、否定回答:__________________________________________
3. They were in his pocket.
否定句:________________________________________________
一般疑问句:____________________________________________
肯、否定回答:__________________________________________
4. Su Hai took some photos at the Sports day.
否定句:________________________________________________
一般疑问句:____________________________________________
肯、否定回答:__________________________________________
5. Nancy went to school early.
否定句:________________________________________________
一般疑问句:____________________________________________
肯、否定回答:__________________________________________
6. We sang some English songs.
否定句:________________________________________________
一般疑问句:____________________________________________
肯、否定回答:__________________________________________
4.6 不规则的动词过去式。
cut(剪)--cut put(放)---put read(读)--read drive-drove(开车) ride-rode(骑) write-wrote (写) win-won(赢) begin-began(开始)drink-drank(喝) sit-sat(坐) give-gave(给) sing-sang(唱歌) swim-swam(游泳) teach-taught(教) buy-bought(买) sweep-swept(打扫) know-knew (知道) draw-drew(画画) am/is-was(是) are-were(是) come-came(来) do-did(做) eat-ate(吃) fall-fell(落下)
find-found(找到) feel-felt(感觉) get-got(得到) go-went(去)
have-had(有) hear-heard(听) lose-lost(丢失) meet-met(见面)
make-made(制造) run-ran(跑) say-said(说) see-saw(看见)
speak-spoke(讲) take-took(带走) tell-told(告诉) wake-woke(醒)
fly—flew(放) leave—left(离开) will—would(将) wear—wore(穿)
4.7 常见句型
4.7.1 There be句型
英语中有一种表示“什么地方或时间存在什么事物”的“存在”句型,常用“there +be +名词+地点(时间)状语”结构。这种句型以非重读的there 为引导词,there 本身没有词义,以动词be 的某种形式作谓语动词,以表示泛指或不定特指的名词词组作为句子的主语,be 和主语的数必须一致。句子最后为表示地点和时间的状语。
此句型是由“there + be + 主语 + 状语”构成,用以表达“存在有”。它其实是倒装的一种情况,主语位于谓语动词 be 之后,there 仅为引导词(也有看作形式主语的),并无实际意义。
1. be 与其后的主语在人称和数上一致,有时态和数的变化。
名词及主谓一致
1、一个名词或作
当主语是可数名词单数或不可数名词时,其谓语必须用单数is;当主语是可数名词复数时,其谓语必须用复数are。
There is a river in the picture. 画里有一条河。
There are two children in the room. 房间里有两个孩子。 There is a river in the picture. 画里有一条河。 There are two children in the room. 房间里有两个孩子。
2、并列名词作主语
如果There be 句型后的主语是几个并列的名词时,be 应与靠近的那个名词保持数的一致。即该名词是单数,be 用is;如该名词是复数,be 用are。
There is one book and two pens on the desk.桌子上有一本书两支钢笔。
There are two bottles and an ashtray on the shelf.架上有两个瓶子,一只烟灰缸。 There is a bird and two boys in the tree. 树上有一只鸟和两个男孩。 There are some apples and a bird in the tree. 树上有一些苹果和一只鸟。
现在时 there is / are …
过去时 there was / were…
将来时 there will be…/there is / are going to be...
完成时 there has / have been…
可能有 there might be...
肯定有 there must be …/ there must have been...
过去曾经有 there used to be …
似乎有 there seem / seems / seemed to be …
碰巧有 there happen / happens / happened to be …
2. 可用 live, stand, come, go, lie, remain, exist, arrive等词代替be动词。
此时还表示存在有,但表意要更具体一些。如:
There lived an old man at the foot of the mountain.
There came a shout for “help”.
There exists no air on the moon.
There lies a book on the desk.
There stands a tree on the hill.
1. ______ a certain doubt among the students as to the necessity of the work.
A. It existed B. There existed
C. They had D. There had
______ a beautiful palace ______ the foot of the hill.
A. There stand; at
B. There stands; under
C. Stands there; under
D. There stands; at 2.
答案:B, D
3. there be 与have 的区别
there be …“某地有某物,某时有某事”;have 表示“某人拥有某物”。
改错:
1.
2. There has a book on the desk. There will have a meeting this evening.
答案:①把has改为is; ②把have改为be。
提示:没有there have这种表示“有”的方法。
4.8 从句 从句是相对于主句而言的,即它是从属于某一个主句,而不能单独作一个句子。在英语中,主要有三大从句,即名词性从句(包括主语从句,宾语从句,表语从句,同位语从句)、形容词性从句(即定语从句)、副词性从句(即状语从句,包括时间、条件、结果、目的、原因、让步、地点、方式等)。
主语从句用作主语,如::
That the earth is round is true. 地球为圆的是真实的。
宾语从句用作宾语。如:
Do you know where he lives?
表语从句用作表语,如:
My opinion is that you should not go alone. 我的意见是你不应单独前往。
同位语从句用于解释说明前面的名词。如:
The fact that the earth is round is true. 地球是圆的的事实是真实的。(that从句用于解释说明the fact) 定语从句相当于一个形容词,用于修饰前面的名词。如:
The student who answered the question was John. 回答问题的学生是John.
状语从句相当于一个副词,如:
When it rains, I usually go to school by bus. 天下雨时,我通常坐公共汽车上学。(时间状语)
If he comes tomorrow, you will see him. 如果他明天来,你就可以看见他。(if 引导的条件状语从句,其结构为:if +状语从句,+主句)。要注意在状语从句中有一个规则是“主将从现”,即主句是将来时,则从句要用一般现在时表示将来。
He returned home to learn his daughter had just been engaged.他回家后得知女儿刚刚订婚了。(结果状语,结果状语只是仅限于learn(得知),find(发现),see,hear,to be told(被告知),make(使得)等具有界限含义的动词。)
You must speak louder so that /in order that you can be heard by all. 你必须大声说话,才能让所有人听到你说话。(目的状语,可以由that, so that, in order that, lest, for fear that, in case等词引导。)
Since /As the weather is so bad, we have to delay our journey. 天气那么糟,旅行推迟了。 (原因状语从句,常用 because, since, as, for fear ( 恐怕 ), seeing that ( 既然 ) , now that (=since), considering that ( 考虑到 ) 等引导。)
Though/Though he was worn out, (still) he kept on working. 虽然他已经精疲力竭了,但仍然继续工作。 (让步状语从句,引导的连词主要有以下这些:though, although, as; even if, even though; whether„or„; no matter+疑问词,疑问词-ever.)
Where I live there are plenty of trees. 我住的地方树很多。(地点状语从句,通常由where, wherever 引导。) As water is to fish, so air is to man. 我们离不开空气,犹如鱼儿离不开水。(方式状语从句通常由as, (just) as„so„, as if, as though引导。)
主句和从句的划分方法是相同的。句子的成分从谓语动词处来划分比较容易。谓语动词前面的部分是主语,后面常接宾语,修饰谓语动词的是状语,修饰主语、宾语的是定语,若谓语是系动词,则系动词后的部分是表语。如: I am a teacher. 其中,I 是主语,am是谓语,a teacher 是表语。
He likes playing football very much. 其中,he是主语,likes是谓语,playing football是宾语,very much是状语。
4.8.1 宾语从句
4.8.1.1 That引导
由that 引导的陈述句性的宾语从句,在很多动词如say, think, wish , hope, see, believe, agree, expect, hear , feel等动词后。连词that只起连接作用,在从句中不做句子的成分,也无词汇意义,在口语中常被省略,但在大多数情况下还是以不省为好,特别是在笔语中。
例:I told him that he was wrong.
l在think,believe, suppose, expect等动词引起的宾语从句中,有时谓语尽管是否定意义,却不用否定形式,而将think 等动词变为否定形式。
例:I don’t think you are right. (我认为你做的不对)
l在许多带有复合宾语的句子中,that引导的宾语从句经常移到句子的后面,而用it做形式宾语。 例:We think it wrong that he told a lie to everyone (我认为他向每一个人撒谎是错误的)
4.8.1.2 If或者 whether引导
由连词if、 whether 引导的表示“是否„”的宾语从句。Whether,if 在从句中不做句子的成分,一般情况下,whether和if 可以替换。
例:I don’t know if/whether he will come tomorrow.
The teacher asked if/whether we had finished the experiment.
l在介词后面的宾语从句中不用if引导
例:Everything depends on whether we have enough money。
l宾语从句中有or not时不用if引导.
例:I don’t know whether the movie star will come or not.
l和不定式连用作宾语时不用if引导.
例:Whether to go there or not hasn’t been decided.
4.8.1.3 疑问词引导
由wh-引导的宾语从句。连接代词who,whom,whose, what, which,和连接副词when, where, why, how 等连接的宾语从句,它们在句中即有连接从句的作用,又在句中充当句子的成分。
例:Do you know which film they are talking about? (which做定语)
I don’t know where he lives. (where 做地点状语)
4.8.2 定语从句
一、定语从句的概念
❀ 定语从句:定语从句是由关系代词或关系副词引导的从句,其作用是作定语修饰主句的某个名词性成分,其作用相当于形容词,所以又称为形容词性从句,一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词后面。
先行词:定语从句所修饰的词称为先行词
关系词:引导定语从句的关联词称为关系词
Mary likes music that is quiet and gentle. 玛丽喜欢轻柔的音乐。
先行词 关系词
❀ 定语从句的分类
根据定语从句与先行词的关系,定语从句可分为限制性定语从句及非限制性定语从句。
(1)限制性定语:
a从句紧跟先行词,主句与从句不用逗号分开
b从句不可省去,否则句意含糊不清
(2)非限制性定语从句:
a主句与从句之间有逗号分开,起补充说明作用
b如省去,主句意思依然清楚。
eg:There is somebody here who wants to speak to you.
这里有人要和你说话。
Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year.
查理•史密斯去年退休了,他曾经是我的老师。
二、定语从句的关系词
引导定语从句的关系词有关系代词和关系副词,常见的关系代词包括that, which, who(宾格whom,所有格whose)等,关系副词包括where, when, why等。关系代词和关系副词放在先行词及定语从句之间起连接作用,同时又作定语从句的重要成分。
关系词 词形
关系代词
whom which 所修饰的先行词 在从句中所充当的成分 who 人 主语、宾语、表语 人 宾语 物 主语、宾语、表语 that 人或物 主语、宾语、表语 whose 人或物 定语
when 时间名词 时间状语 关系副词
where 地点名词 地点状语 why 原因名词 原因状语
三、关系代词的用法
1、who, whom
二者都用于指人,who 用作主语,whom用作宾语(可省略)。在口语中,有时可用who代替whom, 也可省略。例如:
eg:The girl who often helps me with my
English is from England.
经常在英语方面帮助我的那个女孩是英国人。(作主语)
eg:Who is the teacher (whom) Li Ming is talking to?
正在与李明谈话的老师是谁?(作宾语)
eg:Yesterday I came across a few friends with whom I went to the supermarket.(直接跟在介词后面,不能用who,只能用whom,且不能省略)
昨天,我碰到了一些一起逛过超市的朋友。
2、whose的用法
whose一般指人,但有时也指物。在从句中作定语。
eg:Do you know the girl whose French is excellent?
你认识那个法语非常好的姑娘吗?
Please pass me the book whose cover is green.
请递给我那本绿皮的书。
(= Please pass me the book the cover of which is green.)
3、which
which用于指物,在句中作主语或宾语,作主语不可省略,作宾语可省略。
eg:The building which stands near the train station is a supermarket.
位于火车站附近的那座大楼是一家超市。(作主语)
The film (which) we saw last night was wonderful.
我们昨天晚上看的那部电影很好看。(作宾语)
4、that
that既可以用于指人,也可以用于指物。指人时可与who、whom互换,指物时可与which互换。在从句中作主语、宾语或表语,作主语时不可省略,作宾语可省略,不可直接跟在介词后面作宾语。
eg:Mary likes music that is quiet and gentle.
玛丽喜欢轻柔的音乐。(that作主语)
The coat (that) I put on the desk is blue.
我放在桌子上的那件外套是蓝色的。(that作宾语)
5、as
as引导定语从句主要用于两种结构:①用于as we all know类句型中,②用于such...as...,the same...as...等固定结构中。
(1) as用于as we all know等句式中
eg:She is very patient, as is shown in her work. (作主语)
她很耐心,正如她工作中所表现出来的一样。
There was a supermarket around here, as I remember. (作宾语)
我记得这儿附近有一家超市。
Things are not the same as they used to be.(作表语)
事情变得和以前不一样了。
(2) as用于such...as...等句式中
as引导定语从句常出现于such...as...,the same...as... ,so...as...,as...as...中
eg:It’s the same person as we wanted to find yesterday .(作宾语)
我们昨天要找的是同一个人。
Such girls as he knows are good at English. (作宾语)
他所认识的女孩都擅长英语。
Such people as have made great contributions to the world should be greatly respected.(作主语)
那些对世界做出极大贡献的人应当受到极大的尊重。
You can take as many candies as you want.(第二个as在定语从句中作宾语)
你想拿多少糖果就拿多少。
☃注意:
(1)有些“动词+介词”习语如look after,look for,call on等不可把介词提前。
eg:This is the person whom you are looking for.
这就是你要找的那个人。
(2)that 作介词的宾语时,介词不能放它的前面,只能放在从句中动词的后面。例如:
eg:The city that she lives in is very far away.她居住的城市非常远。
(3)关系词只能用that的情况:
a. 先行词被序数词或形容词最高级所修饰,或本身是序数词、基数词、形容词最高级时,只能用that,而不用which.
eg:He was the first person that passed the exam.
他是第一个通过考试的人。
b.被修饰的先行词为all, any, much, many, everything, anything, none, the one等不定代词时,只能用that,而不用which.
eg:Is there anything that you want to buy in the shop?
你在商店里有什么东西要买吗?
c.先行词被the only, the very, the same, the last, little, few ,all, any, much, many等词修饰时,只能用that,而不用which.
eg:This is the same bike that I lost.这就是我丢的那辆自行车。
d. 先行词里同时含有人或物时,只能用that, 而不用which.
I can remember well the persons and some pictures that I saw in the room.我能清楚记得我在那个房间所见到的人和一些照片。
e.以who或which引导的特殊疑问句,为避免重复,只能用that.
eg:Who is the girl that is crying? 正在哭泣的那个女孩是谁?
f.主句是there be 结构,修饰主语的定语从句用that,而不用which.
eg:There is a book on the desk that belongs to Tom.
桌子上那本书是汤姆的。
❈主句是there be 结构,关系代词在从句中指人时,宜用who
(4)关系词只能用which,而不用that 的情况:
a.先行词为that, those时,用which, 而不用that.例如:
eg:What’s that which is under the desk?
在桌子底下的那些东西是什么?
b.关系代词前有介词时,一般用which,而不用that.例如:
eg:This is the room in which he lives. 这是他居住的房间。
c.引导非限制性定语从句,用which, 而不用that.例如:
eg:Tom came back, which made us happy.
汤姆回来了,这使我们很高兴。
四、关系副词的用法
(1)when
when指时间,其先行词表示时间,when在句中作时间状语。
eg:This was the time when he arrived.这是他到达的时间。
❈when通常不能省略,但有一种特殊情况,即用于day, year, time等少数几个词后时可以省略(也可换成that)。 eg:That was the year (that) I first went abroad.
就是那一年我第一次出国。
I’ll never forget the day (that) we met.
我永远也忘不了我们见面的那一天。
(2)where
where指地点,其先行词表示地点,where在句中作地点状语。
eg:This is place where he works.这是他工作的地点。
❈ where通常不能省略,但有一种特殊情况,即用于place, somewhere, anywhere, everywhere, nowhere少数几个词后时可以省略(也可换成that)。
eg:This is the place (where) they met yesterday.
这就是他们昨天碰头的地方。
Have you somewhere (that) I can lie down for an hour?
你有没有一个什么地方可以让我躺一个小时?
(3)why
why指原因,其先行词是原因,why起原因状语作用。例如:
eg:Nobody knows the reason why he is often late for school.
没人知道他为什么上学总迟到。
❈ why通常只用于the reason后引导定语从句,且通常可换成that或for which,均可省略。
eg:That’s the reason (why, for which, that) he came.
这就是他来的原因。
☃as&which引导非限制性定语从句
引导非限制性定语从句时,有时两者可互换。
eg:I live a long way from work, as/ which you know.
我住得离工作单位很远,这你是知道的。
1、宜用which,不用as
(1)当从句的谓语动词是否定形式或从句谓语动词带的是一个复合宾语结构时,一般用which而不宜用as。如: eg:You pretended not to know me, which I didn’t understand.
他假装不认识我,我真不明白。
He admires everyone in the class, which I find quite strange.
他羡慕班里的每个学生,我认为太奇怪了。
(2)在从句中作定语或介词宾语时
eg:He was educated at the local grammer school,after which he went on to Cambridge.
他在当地语法学校受过教育,之后去了剑桥。
(3)主句、从句句意不和谐时用which,而不用as
eg:He went abroad, as /which was expected.
他出国了,这是大家预料到的。
He went abroad, which was unexpected. (不用as)
他出国了,这让大家感到很意外。
2、宜用as,不用which
(1) 在句法上,as常用作一些实意动词(如see, know, hear, watch,
remember, say, tell, show, expect, guess等)的宾语,这类动词与as几乎成了一种固定搭配。
eg:Einstein, as we know(=as is well known), is a famous scientist.
众所周知,爱因斯坦是一位著名的科学家。
There was a net bar around here, as I remember.
我记得这儿附近有一家网吧。
(2)从句置于句首时
eg:As is often the case, the girl forgot to her dictionary.(不能用which)
经常是这样子的,那个女孩忘了带字典。
As you will find out, all is now settled.
你将会看到这样的情况,一切都已搞定了。
单项填空。
1. -Do you know the man ______is talking with your father?
-Yes, he’s our headmaster.
A. he B. who C. which D. whom
2. Is this the river _____I can swim?
A. which B. in which C. that D. the one
3. This is the best hotel in the city _____I know.
A. where B. which C. that D. it
4. Can you lend me the dictionary ______the other day?
A. that you bought B. you bought it
C. that you bought it D. which you bought it
5. Anyone ______with what I said may put up you hands.
A. which agrees B. who agree
C. who agrees D. which agree
6. My watch is not the only thing ______ is missing.
A. that B. it C. which who
7. The man ______coat is black is waiting at the gate
A. who’s B. whose C. that of which.
8. The girl ______ is reading under the tree _____my sister.
A. which; is B. whom; was C. who; is D. who; was
9. I love places ______the people are really friendly.
A. that B. which C. where D. who
10. The world ______ is made up of matter.
A. in that we live B. on which we live
C. where we live in D. we live in
Ⅱ. 用适当的关系代词that, which, who, whom填空。
1. The first thing ______you must do is to have a meal.
2. April 1st is the day _____is called April Fool’s Day in the west.
3. The family _____had lost everything in a big fire got much help from their friends.
4. The house _____we live in is very old.
5. Didn’t you see the man ______I talked with just now?
4.8.3 状语从句
状语从句:用来修饰主句中的动词、副词和形容词的从句叫状语从句。根据其含义状语从句可分为时间状语从句,地点状语从句,条件状语从句, 原因状语从句,结果状语从句,比较状语从句,目的状语从句,让步状语从句。
4.8.3.1 时间状语从句
(1)时间状语从句常用when, as, while, before, after, since, till, until, as soon as等连词来引导。例如: It was raining hard when I got to school yesterday.
While he was doing his homework, the telephone rang. As he walked along(沿着走) the lake, he sang happily.
He had learned a little Chinese before he came to China.
After he finished middle school, he went to work in a factory.
(2)在时间状语从句里,通常不用将来时态,用现在时态表示将来的动作或状态。例如:
I’ll ring you up as soon as I get to New York.
I will tell him everything when he comes back.
He won’t believe it until he sees it with his own eyes.
4.8.3.2 条件状语从句
(1)条件状语从句通常由if, unless(= if ...not)引导。例如:
What shall we do if it snows tomorrow?
Don’t leave the building unless I tell you to.
(2)在条件状语从句里,谓语动词通常用现在时态表示将来的动作或状态。例如:
I’ll help you with your English if am free tomorrow.
He won’t be late unless he is ill.
(3)“祈使句 + and (or)+ 陈述句” 在意思上相当于一个带有条件状语从句的复合句。例如:
Hurry up, or you’ll be late. =If you don’t hurry up, you’ll be late.
Study hard and you will pass the exam. =If you study hard, you will pass the exam.
4.8.3.3 原因状语从句
(1)原因状语从句通常由because, since, as引导。例如:
He didn’t come to school because he was ill.
As it is raining, we shall not go the zoo.
Since you can’t answer the question, I’ll ask someone else.
(2)because表示直接原因,语气最强。Because引导的原因状语从句多放在主句之后。回答由why提出的问题,只能用because。As和since语气较弱,一般用来表示明显的原因。由as和since引导的原因状语从居多放在句首。
例如:------Why aren’t you going there? ------Because I don’t want to.
As he has no car, he can’t get there easily.
Since we have no money, we can’t buy it.
(3)because和so不能同用在一个句子里。
4.8.3.4 结果状语从句
(1)结果状语从句由so„that, such„that, so that引导。例如:
He is so poor that he can’t buy a bike for his son.
She is such a good teacher that everybody likes her.
My pencil fell under the desk, so that I couldn’t see it.
(2)so„that语such...that可以互换。例如:
例如:
It was such a wonderful film that all of us wanted to see it again.
=The film was so wonderful that all of us wanted to see it again.
It is such an important match that nobody wants to miss it.
=The match is so important that nobody wants to miss it.
(3)如果名词前由many, much, little, few等词修饰时,只能用so, 不用such。例如:
Soon there were so many deer that they ate up all the wild roses.
He has so little time that he can’t go to the cinema with you.
4.8.3.5 比较状语从句
比较状语从句通常由as…as, 比较级 + than…等连词引导。例如:
Tom runs faster than John does.
This classroom is as big as that one.
4.8.3.6 目的状语从句
(1)目的状语从句通常由 so that, in order that(为了,以便)引导。例如:
We started early so that we could catch the first train.
He studies hard so that he could work better in the future.
We used the computer in order that we might save time.
(2)so that既可引导目的状语从句,又可引导结果状语从句。区别这两种从句的办法有两个:1)目的状语从句里往往带有情态动词can, could, may, might等。2)从意思上看,目的状语从句往往表示的目的很明确。例如: Speak clearly so that they may understand you. (目的)
Jack is badly ill so that he has to rest. (结果)
4.8.3.7 让步状语从句
(1)让步状语从句通常由although, though等连词引导。例如:
Though he is young, he knows a lot.
Although I am tired, I must go on working.
(2)although(though)不能和but用在同一个句子中。例如:
我们不能说:Though it was raining hard, but he still went out.
应该说:Though it was raining hard, he still went out.或It was raining hard, but he still went out.
4.8.3.8 地点状语从句
地点状语从句常常由where来引导。
例如:Go where you like.
Where there is a will, there is a way.
总结:状语从句分类及常用连词:
类别 连 词
时间状语从句 when, whenever, while, as, before, after, since,
till/untill
地点状语从句 where, wherever
原因状语从句 because, since, as, for
目的状语从句 in order that(为了,以便), so that, that
结果状语从句 so„that, so that, such„that, that
条件状语从句 if, unless, as(so)long as
让步状语从句 though, although
比较状语从句 as…as, so…as, than
I.单项选择题
1. _______ he’s old, he can still carry this heavy bag.
A. Though B. Since C. For D. So
2. ---Do you know if he _______ to play basket ball with us?
---I think he will come if he ______ free tomorrow.
A. comes; is B. comes; will be
C. will come; is D. will come; will be
3. We will stay at home if my aunt ________ to visit us tomorrow.
A. comes B. come C. will come D. is coming
4. I was late for class yesterday _______ there was something wrong with my bike.
A. when B. that C. until D. because
5. I’ll go swimming with you if I ________ free tomorrow.
A. will be B. shall be C. am D. was
6. In the exam, the ______ you are, the ____ mistakes you will make.
A. careful; little B. more careful; fewest
C. more careful; fewer D. more careful; less
7. You should finish your lessons _____ you go out to play.
A. before B. after C. when D. while
8. I hurried _____ I wouldn’t be late for class.
A. since B. so that C. as if D. unless
9. When you read the book, you’d better make a mark _______ you have any questions.
A. which B. that C. where D. though
10. The teacher raised his voice _____ all the students could hear him.
A. for B. so that C. because D. in order
11. He took off his coat _______ he felt hot.
A. because B. as C. if D. since
12. Mary had ______ much work to do that she stayed at her office all day.
A. such B. so C. too D. very
13. _______ I felt very tired, I tried to finish the work.
A. Although B. Because C. As D. As if
14. Write to me as soon as you ________ to Beijing.
A. will get B. get C. getting D. got
15. The meeting didn't start___ everyone was there.
A. because B. until C. why D. if
16. The boy ___ to bed ___ his mother came in.
A. went not; until B. didn't go; after
C. went; until D. didn't go; until
17. I won't believe you___ I have seen it with my own eyes.
A. before B. until C. after D. when
18. He ___ home ___ she was satisfied ___ his answer
yesterday.
A. didn't go; until; with B. wasn't go; after; to
C. doesn't go; before; with D. didn't go; until; to
19. They didn't start the work ___ their teacher came back.
A. until B. while C. as soon as D. if
20. Tom will call me as soon as he ___ Shanghai.
A. arrives B. will reach C. arrives in D. get to
21. I'm sure he'll come to see me before he ___ Beijing.
A. will leave B. is leaving C. leave D. leaves
22. I will tell him the news as soon as he___ back.
A. come B. comes C. will come D. came
23.Betty didn't go to see the film yesterday ___ she was ill.
A. because B. but C. until D. if
24. May I sit nearer___I can see more clearly?
A. as if B. so that C. even if D. so
25. ___ you work hard, you will certainly succeed.
A. Though B. If C. Because D. For
26. -Do you have a big library? -No, we don't. At least,
not___yours.
A. as big as B. as big than C. as bigger than D. bigger as
27. Suzhou is not ____ beautiful ____ Hangzhou.
A. as; than B. so; as C. even; than D. /; than
28. Iron is more useful ___ any other metal.
A. as B. than C. then D. so
29. I want to know ___ she is going to see a film.
A. if B. that C. what D. which
30. You are sure to pass the exam ___ you study hard.
A. if B. though C. that D. since
31. ___ you study harder, you'll never pass the final exam.
A. If B. Until C. Unless D. Except
32. Although it was raining, still worked in the fields.
A. but they B. and they C. they D. and yet they
33.___ there were only five soldiers left at the front, ___ they went on fighting.
A. Because; so B. If; and C. Though; but D. Though; /
34. ___ she is very old, ___ she can still work eight hours a day.
A. Because; so B. Though; but
C. As; yet D. Though; yet
35. Please answer the question in a loud enough voice ___ all the class may hear.
A. so, that B. or C. in order that D. and
36. Lift it up___I may see it.
A. though B. so that C. as D. than
37. We should go by bus ___ we can get there earlier.
A. as soon as B. where C. in order that D. as
38. The dictionary is so expensive ___ I can't buy it.
A. because B. when C. that D. if
39.It is ___ hot in the room ___ we have to go out for a
walk.
A. such; that B. so; that C. as; as D. such; as
40. He has___ an interesting book that we want to read it.
A. so B. such C. the same D. a
KEYS:
1-10 ACADC CABCB
11-20 ACABB DBAAC
21-30 DBABB ABBAA
31-40 CCDDC BCCBB