冠词-名词-代词

冠词有两种，一是不定冠词a ／an ，另外一种是定冠词the

一、不定冠词及其用法

二、定冠词的用法

1. 一般来说，普通名词有特指和泛指，如果特指，就要加定冠词；如果泛指，可数名词前加不定冠词，或用其复数形式

2. 定冠词the 主要和名词连用，表示某些特定的人或事物

3. 由of 引起的限定性短语(作定语) 所修饰的词前加the

4. 表示身体的某一部位，用the 代替物主代词my, our, your, his, her等

5. 表示江河海洋，海峡海湾，山脉和群岛及有些湖泊之前用the

6. 定冠词the 加姓氏的复数，表示某某一家人，如果做主语，谓语动词要用复数

7. 当一个抽象名词，不表示一般的概念而是表示某一特定的内容时加定冠词the

8. 由普通名词和一些其他词构成的专有名词前加the: the People's Republic of China

三、同步练习

1. ____rose is____beautiful flower.

2. Mr. Smith always smokes____cigarette with ____cup of coffee.

3.____door of____garage is broken.

4.____donkeys are ____ stupid animals.

5.____bread is made from ____ flour,and ____flour is made from ____wheat.

6. She is ____good musician;she plays ____piano beautifully.

7. Thousands of ____visitors go to ____Great Wall every ____day.

8. When he was enghteen,he joined ____navy.

9. He sent me ____letter and ____postcard;____letter didn't arrive.

10. Li is not at ____office;I think he's gone____home.

11. Is there ____telephone here?

12. She is studying ____English and ____French.

13. I bought ____pen and some paper,but I left____pen in ____shop.

14. ____machine is made of ____steel and ____copper.

15. ____honesty is ____best policy.

16. ____coal is 60 dollars ____ton at the moment.

17. I stay at ____home last night and listened to ____radio.

18. We went to Paris and saw ____Palace of Versailles.

19. He goes back to ____ country to see his people once ____year.

20. ____Liu's are going to ____cinema.

语法系列复习专题-----名词

1. 名词的分类

专有名词：指某人，某地，某机构等专有的名称，其首字母要大写。如HongKong, China, Bill Clinton, Red Cross

个体名词：表示某类人或东西中的个体，如 student, book

可数名词

集体名词：表示若干个体组成的集合体，如：family, school, group, people

不可数名词

物质名词：表示无法分为个体的实物，如：cotton, air, tea

抽象名词：表示抽象概念，work ，happiness, news

注：不可数名词可以与表示量的可数名词连用，借以表示“可数”的概念，我们可以加 a(n) piece ［sheet(张), suit(套), tube(管), packet(包), item(条，则), bar(条), basket(篮子), glass(杯),bunch(束), pair(双，对), bowl(碗), portion(份), herd(群), series(系列), shower(阵) etc. ］，如：a piece of advice(一条建议) ／a basket of fruit(一篮水果) ／an item of information (一则信息) ／a kind of protection(一种保护) 等。

2．名词的复数

1）绝大多数在词尾加s 。如：book,books; bag,bags; cup,cups; face,faces.

2）以ch, sh, s, x, o结尾的名词加es 。如：watch,watches;brush,brushes;hero,heroes;class,classes; 下列以o 结尾的词加s 构成复数：piano , photo ,radio ,zoo, bamboo ,kilo

3）以辅音字母＋y 结尾的名词，将y 改为i ，再加es 。例如：baby, babies; family, families; 以元音字母＋y 结尾的名词，直接加s 。例如：boy,boys;key,keys

4）以f 或fe 结尾的名词，先将f 或fe 改为v ，再加es 构成复数形式，如：leaf,leaves; wife,wives.但有些以f 结尾的名词，是在f 后加s 构成复数，常见的有：roof, chief, belief, gulf等。 个别的两种方式都可以，如： handkerchiefs, handkerchieves

5）少数名词的复数形式是不规则的，要一一背记：

man →men; woman→women; Englishman→Englishmen; foot→feet;

tooth →teeth; child→children; mouse→mice

少数名词的单、复数形式相同，如：Chinese, Japanese, sheep, deer, fish, means (注: fishes表不同种类的鱼)

6）复合名词：

A. 含man 或woman 的复合名词，两部分都变为复数形式。如：two men teachers, four women doctors

B. 将复合名词中的主体名词变为复数形式，如：lookers-on 旁观者，editors-in-chief 总编辑, passers-by 过路人

C. 如果没有主体名词，就在词尾后加s 。如：grown-ups 成年人，go-betweens 中间人

7）以复数形式出现的名词：trousers, glasses眼镜，scales 天平，savings 储蓄，

findings 调查结果， doings 行为，surroundings 环境，arms 武器，fireworks 烟火，remains 残余，thanks 感谢，riches 财富，ashes 灰烬 ，stairs 楼梯

8）有些名词在一定的词组中要用复数形式。例如：

take pains下功夫,made preparations作准备，give regards to 问候

3. 名词的所有格

1）名词的所有格一般用于有生命的名词。多在词尾加上“’s ”如：Tom ’s bike, Marx’s works 以s 结尾的专有名词，在词尾后加“’”或“’s ”。如：Engels ’ / Engels’s works

以s 结尾的复数名词，只在词尾加“’”。如：students ’ homework, a workers’ night school 不以s 结尾的复数名词，仍在词尾加“’s ”。如：men ’s clothes; children’s books

2）如果一个事物为两个人共有，只在后一个名词的词尾加“’s ”，如果不是共有，就要在两个名词的词尾分别加上“’s ”。例如：Tom and Mike’s room汤姆和迈克合住的房间 Tom ’s and Mike’s rooms汤姆、迈克各自的房间

3）表示店铺或某人的家时，常在名词所有格后省去shop, house等名词。

the tailor’s 裁缝店，the barber’s 理发店，go to the doctor’s 上诊所，at my uncle's

4）表示时间、距离、国家、城市等无生命的名词，可以在词尾加“’s ”或“’”来表示 所

有格。如：today ’s newspaper, half an hour’s rest, two weeks’ work, ten minutes’ walk, China’s population, Shanghai’s industry

5）表示无生命的名词一般用of 短语表示所有关系。如：

the students of their school, the teachers of Grade 2

6）表示所属物的名词前如果有不定冠词、数词、不定代词，常用“of ＋所有格”来表示所属关系。例如：He is an old friend of my father’s. This is a picture of Mary’s.

1._________from Beijing to London!

A.How long way it is B.What a long way is it C.How long way is it D.What a long way it is

2.We’ve worked out the plan ,and now we must put it into________.

A.fact B.practice C.reality D.deed

3.Electrcity , like other forms of ________ ,has greatly increased in price.

A.pressure B.force C.strength D.energy

4．That fellow is clever ; he has ___________.

A.brain B.a brain C.the brain D.brains

5.Julie went to the ________ to buy a pair of shoes.

A.shoes store B.shoe’s store C.shoe store D.shoes’ store

6.Those ______ took lots of ______ in the Summer Palace.

A.Germen; photoes B.Germen; photos

C.Germans; photos D.Germans; photoes

7.All possible means __________ to save the hero.

A.has tried B.have tried C.has been tried D.have been tried

8. ——Whose car is it ?

——It’s________.

A.Tom and Mary B.Tom’s and Mary’s

C.Tom’s and Mary D.Tom and Mary’s

9.There are 5____ in th fields.

A.heads of cattles B.heads of cattle

C.head of cattles D.head of cattle

10.He is the very thief the police ________ looking for .

A.is B.are C.has D.have

11.All but Jack __________ here just now .

A.is B.are C.was D.were

12.He knows almost everything .So we say he is a man of many _________.

A.knowleges B.presents C.gifts D.rewards

13.Carelessness is the usual __________ of fire.

A.way B.excuse C.cause D.reason

14.The girl is quite ________to her mother now .

A.a help B.helps C.help D.helpness

15._______is coming to give us a lecture .

A.A manager and an expert B.A manager and expert

C.Manager and expert D.Manager and an expert

16.Most of the bridges over the river are made of __________.

A.stone B.the stone C.a stone D.the stones

17.If you hurt her _________ ,you should apologize.

A.feelings B.feel C.feels D.feeling

18.I’ll go and call at __________ right after school.

A.the doctor B.the Smiths C.Smith D.my uncle’s

19.The shop will be closed during_________.

A.repairs B.a repair C.repair D.repairing

20.The--________we saw yesterday come out to the farm once in a while.

A.mouse B.deer C.dog D.cow

21.My brother didn’t find army life to his __________.

A.like B.taste C.quality D.favour

22.Though they hadn’t met for long ,he recognized her ___________.

A.voice B.noise C.sound D.laughter

23.Learning that they were to have a picnic,the children were in _______.

A.the high spirit B.high spirits

C.a high spirit D.high spirit

24.After _______ silence ,they began to write letters to each other .

A.three-year B.a three-year C.three years D.three years's

25.If these trousers are too big ,buy a smaller__________.

A.copy B.pair C.piece D.set

26.That daughter of Jack’s is ______.

A.a good fun B.good runs C.good fun D.good funny

27._______will make a trip around the world during the coming Christmas.

A.The Evenses’ B.The Evens’ C.The Evenses D.The Evens

28.He is one of the most successful_______ in the city.

A.newspaper’s writer B.newspaper writers

C.nesapapers’ writer D.newspaper writer

29. ——Where is your brother?

——At_____.

A.Mr Green’s B.Greens C.the Mr Green’s D.the Greens

30. ——Are you _______ ,Mr Black?

——Yes ,I speak______.

A.English ; the English language B.the English ; English

C.an Englishman; on English language D.an English ; English

同步练习（Correct errors, if any, in the following sentences:）

1. The scholars met once a year to exchange esperiences.

2. Foreign ship are not allowed to fish in our territorial water.

3. I went to the doctor for an advice about my health.

4. The letter contained an important information.

5. In the afternoon I did some baby-sittings, for it is a fun looking after children.

6. The congregation was not numerous that night, but they seemed to be listening attentively to my lecture.

7. Poultries are dear in the city.

8. The board of director is shaking heads at the chairman’s speech.

9. The merchandises have arrived undamaged.

语法系列复习专题二-----代词

代词的分类

1. 人称代词：有主格、宾格、所有格（含形容词性和名词性两种所有格）

2. 反身代词:myself ,yourself ,himself ,herself ,itself ,ourselves ,yourselves

themselves

3. 指示代词:this ,that ,these ,those

4. 疑问代词:who ,whom ,what ,which

5. 相互代词:each other ,one another

6. 不定代词:some ,any ,all ,both ,none ,one, each ,either ,neither ,other ,another,

something ,anything ,nothing ,anyone ,anybody , someone ,somebody ,nobody

7. 关系代词(用于定语从句):who ,whom ,whose，that ,which ,as

代词用法注意点

1. 名词性所有格代词可作主语、宾语、表语，可用于双重所有格。例如：

This isn't my book. It's his. Mine is in the bag. /Is she a friend of yours ?/Do

you think this bag of mine beautiful ?/She lost some pencils of hers.

2. 反身代词可用于某些固定搭配。例如：

①(all)by oneself 自己单干，独立干：

The boy usually finishes his homework by himself.

②of oneself 自动地，自行地：

Mary will correct her mistakes in the exercises of herself.

③for oneself 替/为自己：You have to choose for yourself.

3. 指示代词this/these一般用来指时间和空间上较近的人或物；that/those 常指时间和 空间上较远的人或物。

进行比较时，that 可代替不可数名词或单数名词以避免重复；those 可代替复数名词以免重复。例如：

The water of the well is cleaner than that of the river./The Christmas cards are

much better than those you bought yesterday.

4. 相互代词each other ,one another.前者通常指两者之间的“相互”，后者侧重三者或三

者以上的“相互”，也可指两者之间的“相互”。

5. 不定代词

①some 多用于肯定句；any 多用于否定句，疑问句或条件句中。另外some 可用于表示请求、提议或者希望得到肯定回答的疑问句中，修饰可数名词，表示“任何、无论哪一个”

If you have any ink ,please give me some.

Edison became quite expert at it and could find work in any town he went to.

②all 与none

all 表示“三者或三者以上全部”，可以修饰可数、不可数名词。none 用于表示对三个或 三个以上的人或物的否定，意思是“没有什么人，没有什么东西”，可作主语和宾语。none of„后的谓语可以是单数或复数形式。none 可以简略回答以How many或How much开头的疑问句。 None of them have/has failed.

—— How many books are there on the desk ? —— None.

注意：no one (＝nobody) 不同于none ,作主语时只能跟单数谓语，不可跟of 短语连用， 回答以who 开头的问句，不能回答How many/much „开头的问句。

例如：

—— Who is in the room ? —— no one(＝Nobody).

——Is there any oil in the glass ? —— None.

③other ,another ,the other ,others ,the others

other 表示“没有范围的，其他的”，与名词复数连用。如：other books/boys/„

another 泛指很多中的“另一个”，可作代词或形容词用，代替或修饰单数可数名词。

I don't like this hat ,please show me another.

the other 可作代词或形容词用，指已知的事物或人中的“另一个”，或另一方中的“全部其他的”。如：I have two sisters.One is a student and the other is a worker./I can see only two teachers in the office.Where are the other teachers ?

others 泛指其他的人或物；the others特指其余的人或物。others 常和some 对比使用。

Thirty students in our class are boys ,the others are girls.

Some are carrying water ,others are watering the trees.

④one 作为不定代词，泛指“任何人”（包括说话人在内），还可用来代替上文出现过的可数名词（指人或物），并有复数形式ones 。例如：

I have bought a new bike.My old one doesn't work./One must do one's duty.

注意：one ,that 都可代替前面出现过的单数名词，但这样用时，one 可被前置或后置定语修饰,that 只能被后置定语修饰。例如：

This book is the one that is needed by him.

My seat is next to that of our teacher.

代词专练

1. —— Which of the two dictionaries will you borrow ?

—— I'll borrow _____ ,for the different uses.

A.all B.both C.either D.neither

2._____ of them knew about the plan because it was kept a secret.

A.Each B.Any C.No one D.None

3.We couldn't eat in a restaurant because _____ of us had _____ money on us.

A.all ;no B.any ;no C.none ;any D.no one ;any

4.They were all very tired ,but _____ of them would stop to take a rest.

A.neither B.none C.some D.any

5.There is a No.2 trolleybus and a No.24 bus ;_____ will take you there.

A.both B.either C.all D.any

6.As we were asleep ,_____ of us heard the sound.

A.both B.none C.either D.any

7. —— Which of the five may I use ?

—— Oh ,____.

A.any one B.anyone C.anything D.nothing

8. ——Are the two answers correct ?

——No ,_____ correct.

A.no one is B.both are not C.neither is D.either is not

9.I asked him for some oil ,but he hadn't _____.

A.any B.some C.no D.anything

10.You have three English dictionaries ,but I have only two _____.

A.ones B. 不填 C.the one D.the ones

11.I have a colour TV set.I want to sell ____.

A.one B.the one C.that D.it

12.This film is not so good as _____ we saw last week.

A.that B.it C.the one D.one

13._____ of us must go there and help him out.

A.One or other B.One by one

C.One or the other D.One or another

14.We all felt _____ to be the highest praise.

A.it B.that C.that one D.the one

15.Haven't you read _____ English storices ?Please tell us an interesting one.

A.any B.all C.either D.some

16. —— Would you like _____ dumplings ?

—— No,thanks.

A.some B.another C.any D.all

17.If there is _____ chance ,I will try another.

A.one B.any C.some D.all

18. —— Are _____ here to take the college entrance exam ?

—— Yes ,we _____.

A.all you ;are all B.you all ;all are

C.all of you ;are all D.you of all ;all are

19.Mr Green gave the textbooks to all the pupils except _____ who had already

taken them.

A.one B.the ones C.some D.the others

20. —— Have you ever seen a snake alive ?

—— Yes ,I've seen _____.

A.that B.so C.one D.it

21. —— Lily ,do you have an umbrella ?It is raining outside.

—— Yes ,but it's _____.

A.small one B.small umbrella C.only a small one D.that one

22.Tom's mother kept telling him that he should work hard ,but _____ didn't help.

A.this B.which C.any D.it

23. —— Have you got _____ red ink ?

—— Sorry ,I haven't got _____.

A.some ;some B.any ;many C.some ;any D.any ;some

24.I prefer a street in a small town to _____ in such a large city as Shanghai.

A.that B.it C.this D.one

25.Sarad has read a lot of stories by American writers.Now she would like to

read _____ stories by writers from _____ countries.

A.some ;any B.other ;some C.some ;other D.other ;other

26. —— Is _____ here ?

—— No ,Bob and Tim have asked for leave.

A.anybody B.somebody C.everybody D.nobody

27.Our headmaster advised us that in order to succeed in life ,one has to be

honest with _____ friends.

A.their B.her C.one's D.our

28.I borrowed some books _____ myself ,but when I was going to read them ,the lamp went out _____ itself and I had to sit in the dark _____ myself.

A. 不填;for;by B.by;for;of C.for;of;by D.of; 不填；by

29.When I first saw the old farmer ,I could hardly imagine _____ invented the

machine to pick cotton.

A.himself B.he himself C.he for himself D.he by himself

30.It is impossible for all the people to get the job ,because _____ of them

are not fit for it.

A.all of B.none of C.each of D.every one of

第一节 名 词 的 数

一、可数名词

2. 有少数名词的复数形式是不规则的，child →children, man→men, woman→women, foot→feet, tooth→teeth, goose→geese, mouse→mice, ox→oxen

3. 英语里还有些名词的单复数变化较为特殊，需特别注意

analysis →analyses, bacterium →bacteria, basis →bases, crisis →crises, criterion →criteria, datum →data, formula →formulae(或formulas), fungus →fungi, phenomenon →phenomena,syllabus →syllabi, thesis→theses

4. 有些名词的单复数是一样的：aircraft, spacecraft, Chinese, deer, fish, Japanese, means, series, species等。

5. 如果前边有表示复数的限定词时名词用其复数形式

6. 在形容词最高级中，表示范围的of 后要用名词复数形式

7. 有些集体名词在形式上是单数如people(人民，人们) ，police(警察) ，cattle(牲畜) ，staff(全体人员，全体职员) ，但它们表达复数的含意。如果这些词做主语，其谓语须用复数形式。

8. hair 和fruit 一般情况下用单数，表示总体。但如果我们要表示若干根头发或几种水果时，就要用这两个词的复数形式

eg: He bought apples, oranges and other fruits. (“fruits ”在此处意为“多种水果”) 另外还要注意：police 和cattle 的谓语形式总是用复数形式。

9. 名词做定语时，不能用作复数

二、不可数名词

1. 不可数名词为物质名词和抽象名词，如information, proverty, advice, anger, applause, baggage, cake, chalk, chocolate, cloth(布), bread, damage(损害), equipment, fruit, furniture, gold, information, ink, jewellery, luggage, mail(邮件), money, news, paper, protection, soap, sugar, weaponry, machinery, scenery, personnel, work等

2. 有些抽象名词的意思可以转变成为具体名词，这时要用其复数形式

The insurance company paid $10000 in damages for the accident. (“damage ”本来为不可数名词“损害”，变复数后意思是“损失赔偿费”。)

单复数含义不同的名词还有：communication(通讯) ——communications(通讯系统，通讯工具) ；cloth(布) ——clothes(衣服) ；content(内容) ——contents(目录) ；convenience(便利) ——conveniences(便利设备) ；humanity(人类) ——humanities(人文科学) ；necessity(需要) ——necessities(必需品) ；pain(疼痛) ——pains(辛劳) ；ruin(毁灭) ——ruins(废墟，遗迹) ；sand(沙子) ——sands(沙地，沙滩) ；wood(木材) ——woods(树林) ；work(工作) ——works(工厂，著作) 。

另外，有些名词通常只用复数形式，如：fundamentals(基本原则) ，goods(货物), means(方法), rapids(急流) ，shorts(短裤), sweets(欢乐), valuables (贵重物品) 。

第二节 名词所有格

名词有三个格：主格、宾格和所属格。这里我们只讲属格，属格表示所有关系，它有两种不同的形式。

一、一是在名词尾加's

(如 my brother's toy我弟弟的玩具，the hostes's living room女主人的起居室) ，如果原名词已经有复数词尾 s, 或 es ，只加' (如：soldiers' training ground 士兵的训练场，teachers' reading eoom 教师阅览室) 。注意，如果名词虽然是复数，但不是以s 结尾，则仍加's (the children's mother孩子的妈妈)

1) It is widely believed that the pull of gravity on a falling raindrop changes round shape into a teardrop shape.

［A ］ of the drop ［B ］ the drop’s ［C ］ drop of ［D ］ drops their

2) The winner ［A ］ photograph was of ［B ］ an old barn(仓库) window covered with ［C ］ a ［D ］ delicate ， lacy frost(带花边的霜).

二、另外一种属格是由介词of 加名词构成名词短语

3) At ［A ］ birth ， the ［B ］ head of a bady is extremely large in ［C ］ relation to a ［D ］ rest of the body.

三、例题解析

1) B为正确答案。“It ”是形式主语。“that „”引导的是主从句。主从句的谓语是“changes „into „”“把„„变成„„”。其中“„into „”的前后应是对应的平行结构。很明显A 和D 都不行，不能把“changes ”误作名词。C 改变了“„into „”的平行关系。只有B 既能与前边的动词“changes ”衔接，又能保持“„into „”的平行关系。

2) A错。 改为winner ’s 。

3) D错。 改为the 。

冠词答案

1.the(或 a),a

2.a,a

3.the,the

4.x,x

5.x,x,x,x

6.a,the

7.x,the,x

8.the

9.a,a,the

10.the,x

11.a

12.x,x

13.a,the,the

14.the,x,x

15.x,the

16.x,a

17.x,the

18.x,the

19.the,a

20.the,the

名词答案

1－5 D B D D C 6－10 C D D D B

11－15 D C C A B 16－20 A A D A B

21－25 B A B B B 26－30 C C B A A

名词改错答案

1. The scholars met once a year to exchange experience.

2. Foreign ships are not allowed to fish in our territorial waters.

3. I went to the doctor for advice about my health.

4. The letter contained an important piece of information.

5. In the afternoon I did some baby-sittings, for it is fun looking after children.

6. The congregation were not numerous that night, but they seemed to be listening attentively to my lecture.

7. Poultry are dear in the city.

8. The board of directors are shaking heads at the chairman's speech.

9. The merchandise have arrived undamaged.

代词专练答案

1－5 B D C B B 6－10 B A C A B

11－15 D C A B D 16－20 A B B B C

21－25 C D C D C 26－30 C C C B A

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