直接引语变间接引语的7点变化
一、时态的变化 直接引语变为间接引语时,若主句为过去时态,变为间接引语的宾语从句通常要将时态往后推一个,即一般现在时变为一般过去时,一般将来时变为过去将来时,现在进行时变为过去进行时,现在完成时变为过去完成时,一般过去时也变为过去完成时,等等(若直接引语为过去完成时,变为间接引语可以不变)。另外,若直接引语中有情态动词can/may等,应变成过去式could/might等(情态动词must可以变为had to,也可不变;should/ought to/had better等可以不变)。如: “I like to watch TV,” she said.她说:“我喜欢看电视。” →She said that she liked to watch TV.她说她喜欢看电视。 He said,“I'm waiting for her.”他说:“我在等她。” →He said that he was waiting for her.他说他在等她。 “It will rain soon,” he said.他说:“很快就会下雨。” →He said that it would rain soon.他说很快就会下雨。 “She can swim,” he said.他说:“她会游泳。” →He said that she could swim.他说她会游泳。 注意:(1)若直接引语为客观真理,则变为间接引语时时态不变。如: The teacher said,“The earth turns around the sun.”老师说:“地球绕着太阳转。” →The teacher said that the earth turns around the sun.老师说地球绕着太阳转。 (2)有时由于直接引语有特定的过去时间状语,变为间接引语时,时态也可以不变。如: He said,“I was born in 1954.”他说:“我是1954年生的。” →He said that he was born in 1954,他说他是1954年生的。 二、时间状语的变化 直接引语变间接引语时,有些时间状语根据情况也要相应地改动,如将now改为then,将today改为that day,将tonight改为that night,将yesterday改为the day before,将this month改为that month,将last week改为the week be-fore,将three years ago改为three years before,将tomorrow改为the next day,将next year改为the next year,等等。如: He said,“Tm very busy now.”他说:“我现在很忙。” →He said that he was very busy then. 他说她当时很忙。 He said,“I want to leave today.”他说:“我想今天离开。” →He said that he wanted to leave that day.他说他想那天就离开。 He said,“She left yesterday.” 他说:“她昨天离开了。” →He said that she had left the day before.他说她前一天就离开了。 She said,“I'll tell you tomorrow.”她说:“我明天告诉你。” →She said that she would tell me the next day.他说她第二天告诉我。 注:以上变化有时应视情况而定,若在当时转述,now不必改为then;若在当天转述,today/yesterday/tomorrow等不必改为that day/the day before/thenext day等;若在当周转述,this week/last week不必改为that week/the lastweek;若在当年转述,this year/last year不必改为that year/the last year等。 三、代词的变化 在直接引语变为间接引语时,有些代词也要作相应的变化,如指示代词this和these通常变为that和those。同时人称代词、物主代词、反身代词等也要根据具体情况作出合理的调整。如: He said,“I think this is the best.”他说:“我认为这是最好的。” →He said that he thought that was the best.他说他认为那是最好的。 “I'll send you a card, Sue,”Ann said.“休,我将给你寄一张明信片,”安说。 →Ann told Sue she'd send her a card.安告诉休她将给她寄一张明信片。 注:若场所和地点不发生改变,this和that也可以不变。 四、地点状语的变化 主要涉及的地点状语是here,它在间接引语中通常要变为there。如: “I've live here for 10 years,” he said.他说:“我在这儿已住了10年。” →He said that he had lived there for 10 years.他说他在那儿住了10年。 注:若在当地转述,则here也可不必改为there。 五、动词的变化 直接引语变为间接引语时,有个别动词也可能需要改变,如come改为go,bring改为take等。如: “He will come today,” she said.她说:“他今天会来。” →She said that he would go that day.她说他那天会去。 注:若地点和场所未发生改变,come和bring等也可以不变。 六、词序的变化 对于直接引语为疑问句的情形,由于变为间接引语后疑问句变成了宾语从句,所以要注意将疑问句词序改为陈述句词序。如: “Do you know this man?”heasked,“你认识这个人吗?”他问。 →He asked if [whether] I knewthat man,他问我是否认识那个人。“Is anyone late for class?”heasked,他问道:“上课有人迟到吗?” →He asked if [whether] anyonewas late for class.他问上课是否有人迟到。 “What do you do in theevening?”he asked.“你晚上一般做什么?”他问。 →He asks what I did in theevening,他问我晚上一般干什么。 七、句式的变化 有时由直接引语变为间接引语时,其句式也要发生变化。如当直接引语为祈使句时,若变为间接引语,通常应将祈使句改用ask[tell,order]sb(not)to do sth句式。如: “Come early tomorrow,Jim,”hc said,他说:“吉姆,明天早点来。” →He told Jim t0 come early thenext day,他叫吉姆第二天早点来。 He said,“Don't open the door.”他说:“别开门。” He told me not to open thedoor,他叫我别开门。 注:(1)除动词ask,tell,order外。有时也可能用其他动词。如: “Remember to switch off an thelights,”she said,她说:“记着把所有的灯都关掉。” She reminded me to switch offan the lights,她提醒我把所有的灯都关掉。 (2)若祈使句中没有呼语,应根据句意给动词ask,tell,order等补上适当的宾语。如: “Be quiet。”the teacher said.“安静点。”老师说。 The teacher told us to bc quiet.老师叫我们安静。 (编辑 周贞雄)