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EnergyforSustainableDevelopment13(2009)124–128

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EnergyforSustainableDevelopment

StatusandoutlookofgeothermalenergyinJordan

EyadS.Hrayshat⁎

ElectricalEngineeringDepartment,FacultyofEngineering,TafilaTechnicalUniversity,P.O.Box66,Tafila66110,Jordan

articleinfoabstract

AnupdatedassessmentofgeothermalenergysourcesinJordanandtheprospectsfortheirfutureutilizationarepresented.Furthermore,adevelopmentstrategyforgeothermalenergyinthecountryisproposed.TheresultsshowthatJordanhasenormousundergroundenergyresourcesinmanypartsofthecountryintheformofthermalundergroundhotwater(wellsandthermalsprings),havingatemperaturerangingfrom20°Cto62°C.Itwasalsofoundthattheinstalledcapacityofgeothermalenergyis153.3MWtandtheannualenergysupplypotentialis1540TJ/yearintheformofdomestichotwaterforbathingandswimming,givinganoverallcapacityfactorof0.42.Possiblefutureapplicationsofgeothermalenergywerefoundtobeabsorptionrefrigerationtopreservefruitandvegetablesorfreezefishandmeat,aswellasfishfarmingandgreenhouseheating.

2009InternationalEnergyInitiative.PublishedbyElsevierInc.Allrightsreserved.

Articlehistory:

Received27April2009Revised18May2009Accepted18May2009Keywords:

GeothermalenergyJordan

Energysource

Introduction

Energyissuesandpolicieshavebeenconcernedmainlywithincreasingthesupplyofenergy.Countriesaroundtheworldhaveconsideredthesufficientproductionandconsumptionofenergyastobeoneoftheirmainchallenges.Moderneconomiesareenergydependent.Theprovisionofsufficientenergyhasbeenperceivedacentralproblem.Energyavailabilityandconsumptionhavebeensoimportantaconsiderationtoeconomiesworld-widethatthemagnitudeofenergyconsumedpercapitahasbecomeoneofthekeyindicatorsofmodernizationandprogressinagivencountry.Attentionhasbeguntoshifttowardamorebalancedperspective,includingconcernsrelatedbothtodemand-sideandenergycon-sumptionpatterns.Eitherway,thereisnoescapingthefactthattheuseofenergyisanecessaryandvitalcomponentofdevelopment(Reddyetal.,1997;Goldembergetal.,1987).

EnergyissuesposeacomplexsetofchallengesforJordan.Jordancurrentlyimportsmostofitscommercialenergyintheformofoilandthisisaburdenonthenationaleconomy.DespitethelimitationsofJordan'sconventionalenergyresources,thedemandforenergyiscontinuouslyrisingasaresultofincreasingpopulationandindus-trialization.Furthermore,utilizationoffossilenergyresourcesisbecomingasignificantenvironmentalconcerninthecountry.Inthisregard,thereisanurgentneedtodeploysustainableandenvir-onmentallycleanenergysources.Animportantcontributioncouldbemadebyrapidlyexpandingtheuseofrenewableenergysources,suchasgeothermalenergy,whichhasproventobereliable,cleanandsafe,andtherefore,itsuseforpowerproduction,andheatingandcoolingis

increasing.Itisapowersourcethatproduceselectricitywithminimalenvironmentalimpact(KömürcüandAkpinar,2009).

ThispaperpresentsanupdatedassessmentofgeothermalenergysourcesinJordan,inadditiontotheprospectsfortheirfutureutilization.Furthermore,adevelopmentstrategyforgeothermalenergyinthecountryisproposed.Jordan'senergysources

Jordanreliesalmostentirelyonimportedcrudeoilandoilproductstomeetitsneeds.Therefore,Jordanhasbeenstrivinghardtominimizedependenceonimportedenergythroughinvestinginthelocalsourcesofenergyinordertoreducetheoilbillwhichconstitutesaheavyburdenonitseconomy,particularlyinlightofveryhighworldoilpricesinrecentyears.Themostimportantsourcesoflocalenergysourcesarediscussedbelow,alongwiththeeffortsexertedtoincreasetheirutilization.Oilandgas

Table1representsJordan'sproductionofoilandgasandtheircontributiontotheoverallconsumptionofenergyduringtheperiod2003–2007(MEMR,2007).Itshowsthatcrudeoilandnaturalgasproductionwasnearly186.5thousandtonsofoilequivalent(toe),i.e.3.8%oftotalenergyneeds.Inviewofthislimitedproduction,Jordanhasdependedonimportstomeetitsenergyneeds.Oilshale

Jordanianoilshale–withaprovenamountofabout5×1010tons–isofquitegoodquality.Ithasrelativelylowashandmoisturecontent,grosscalorificvalueof7.5MJ/kg,andoilyieldof8–12%.Thereserves

⁎Tel.:+[1**********]0;fax:+[1**********].E-mailaddress:[email protected]

.

0973-0826/$–seefrontmatter2009InternationalEnergyInitiative.PublishedbyElsevierInc.Allrightsreserved.doi:

10.1016/j.esd.2009.05.004

E.S.Hrayshat/EnergyforSustainableDevelopment13(2009)124–128

125

Table1

Jordan'sproductionofcrudeoilandgasduringtheperiod2003–2007.YearCrudeoilNaturalgasContributiontotheoverall(1000tons)(billionCF)energyconsumption(%)20031.59.03.620041.410.23.720051.210.44.020061.18.53.72007

1.2

8.9

3.8

shouldbesufficienttosatisfythecountry'senergyrequirementsforcenturies(Hrayshat,2008a).Therefore,theGovernmentofJordanisconsideringoilshaleexplorationinacommercialperspective.Inthiscontext,internationalcompaniesinterestedinutilizingtheoilshalehavebeeninvitedtosubmittheirbidstoMEMRtoreachanacceptableagreementforconstructingaprivatepowerstationprojectusingthisoilshale,ortoproducefueloilfromit,usingretortingtechnologies(Hrayshat,2008b).TheroleofNationalElectricPowerCompany(NEPCO)inthisindependentpowerproducer(IPP)operationwillberestrictedtopurchasingelectricitythroughsomeappropriatelongtermorshorttermagreement.Renewableenergy

Jordanhasasubstantialpotentialofrenewableenergysources.However,renewableenergyprovidesapproximately1.5%ofthetotalcurrentprimaryenergydemandinJordan.TherenewableenergysourcesinJordanincludesolar,wind,geothermal,hydroelectricandbiomass.

Jordanisendowedwithahighpotentialofsolarenergy.Theaverageinsolationintensityonhorizontalsurfaceisabout5–7kWh/m2/daywhichisoneofthehighestintheworld(HrayshatandAl-Soud,2004).Theannualsunshinedurationisaround2900h,whichcanbeconsideredsufficienttoprovideenoughenergyforsolarheating/coolingapplications.Nevertheless,solarenergytechnologiesarenotextensivelyused,exceptforsolarwaterheaters(SWH),whichareusedforheatingofdomestic-waterforaboutaquarterofthehousingstock,therebyavoidingtheneedforabout1.5%ofthetotaloilimports.

Anotherinterestingapplicationofsolarenergyisforelectricitygenerationusingthephotovoltaic(PV)systems.Atpresent,JordandoesnothaveanorganizedcommercialPVprogram.However,therearesomeinstallations,withatotalpeakpowerofabout100kWp.Underthesolarconditions,eachkWpgivesanaverageof5kWh/day.ThusthetotalyearlyenergyoutputofPVsystemsinJordanisabout182.5MWh.

ThenorthernandsouthernpartsofJordanhavehighwindpotentialwithaveragewindspeedsof6.5m/sandmore.CurrentlysomeelectricityisproducedusingwindturbinesatAl-IbrahimyyaandAl-Hoffawindplants.Al-Ibrahimyyawindplantconsistsoffourhorizontalaxis80kWwindturbines,withahubheightof24mwhileAl-Hoffawindplantcontainsfivewindturbinesof225kWeach.Theirelectricityproductionduringtheyear2007wasnearly2.8MWh(CEGCO,2007).Thisisinsignificantcomparedtothetotal2007generationof13,001GWh.

Table2

Primaryenergyconsumption(thousandtoe),2003–2007.Year

TypeofprimaryenergyTotal

Crudeoil

NaturalgasRenewableElectricityenergy[***********]920045030.743277234.[1**********]12.41194.982199.[**************]82.382238.270282007

4953

1995.9

111

127.1

7187Table3

Sectorialdistributionoffinalenergyconsumption(thousandtoe),2003–2007.YearSectorTotalTransportIndustryHouseholdOthersa

[***********][***********][***********][***********][***********]07

1822

1182

1064

821

4889

a

Includingthetradeandagriculturalsectorsalongwithstreet

lightings.

HydropowersourcesareverylimitedinJordan.Currently,therearetwosmallhydropowersystems:KingTalaldamspanningtheriverZarqanearJerashwitharatedelectricitygenerationcapacityofabout5MWandthehydroturbine,utilizingtheavailableheadofcoolingseawaterattheAqabathermalpowerstationwithacapacityofabout5MW(JordanValleyAuthority,2007).Thetotalelectricitygeneratedin2007was45GWh,i.e.0.58%oftotalnationalelectricgeneration.Thisrepresents,atpresent,thetotaleconomicallyfeasiblecapacityforhydropowerinJordan.However,thereisagreatpossibilitytogenerateelectricity,usinghydropowerstations,byexploitingtheelevationdifferencebetweentheRedandDeadSeas.

ThebiogasplantattheAmmanmunicipalwastedisposalsitewasfoundedtoextractgasesfromthelandfillsiteinordertofuelthe1-MWgenerationunitandtosupplythenetworkwithgeneratedelectricity.Thevolumeofthesolidandliquidwastes–treatedin2007–reachedaround4812tons,andtheamountofelectricitygeneratedwas6240MW.Byburningthemethanegascontainedinthelandfillgasinsteadofreleasingitintotheatmosphere,theplantprevented–since2002–theemissionof13thousandtonsofmethanegas,i.e.equivalentto275thousandtonsofcarbondioxide.Totheextentthatelectricitygeneratedfromrenewablesourcesoffsetsgenerationusingfossilfuels,allrenewableelectricitygenerationalsoreducesCO2emissions.

Jordan'sgenerationandconsumptionofenergyandelectricity

Primaryandfinalenergyconsumption

Jordan'sprimaryenergyconsumptionbetween2003and2007isshowninTable2.In2007,theoverallconsumptionofprimaryenergywasabout7187thousandtoe,yieldingagrowthof2.3%against2006,whilethetotalconsumptionoffinalenergy(seeTable3)–whichistheenergyavailabletoconsumers–wasnearly4889thousandtoewithagrowthrateof1.8%comparedtothe2006consumptionlevels.Ontheotherhand,theyear2007haswitnessedasignificantdeclineintheconsumptionofoilproducts(seeFig.1),withaconsumptionofnearly4842thousandtonscomparedtoaround5081thousandtonsin

Fig.1.OilconsumptioninJordan,2003–2007.

126

E.S.Hrayshat/EnergyforSustainableDevelopment13(2009)124–128

Table4

Availablecapacity(inMW)ofelectricpowerplants.YearSteamDieselGasturbinesCombinedRenewableTotalenginesDieselNaturalgascycleenergy[**************]0–14.[***********]15030014.[***********]21060017.420762007

1013

43

193

310

600

17.4

2176

2006,therebypostingageneraldropinconsumptionto4.7%.Apparentlyalltheoilproductshavewitnesseddeclineintermsofthevolumeofconsumptionwiththeexceptionofliquefiedpetroleumgasandgasolinewhosegrowthwere4.7%and6.3%respectively(JordanRefinery,2007).Themostimportantreasonsthatledtoasmallreductioninconsumingoilproductsare:i)increaseduseofthenaturalgasforgeneratingelectricityinsteadofthefueloilandii)usingelectricityforheatinginthehouseholdandtradesectorsinsteadofthekeroseneanddieselasaresultoftherelativelyhigherpricesofthesetwofuels.

Electricitygenerationandconsumption

Table4showstheavailablecapacityofpowerplantsinJordan.Thedominantplantsaresteamturbinesanddiesel-fuelfiredgasturbines.

Theelectricitygeneratedin2007–asexhibitedinTable5–reachednearly13,001GWh,16.9%highercomparedto2006.However,theelectricityconsumedin2007wasabout9579GWh,only9.6%highercomparedto2006(NEPCO,2007).ThisledtomoreexportofexcesselectricitytoEgyptandSyria.Thepeakelectricloadin2007reachedaround1901MW,8.6%highercomparedto2007.GeothermalenergyinJordanGeothermalinvestigations

GeothermalenergyexplorationsinJordanhavebeencarriedoutbytheNaturalResourcesAuthority(NRA)withtheassistanceofforeigninstitutionsandcompanies.TheseinvestigationswerereviewedbySaudiandSwarieh(2005)andaresummarizedbelow.

Thefirststudywascarriedoutin1965,andcomprisedchemicalanalysisofsamplesfromZarqaMa'in(MacDonald,1965).Bender(1974)describedthemajorandminorspringareasandprovidedchemicalanalysisoftheZarqaMa'inthermalsprings.McNitt(1976)reviewedexistingchemicaldatafortheZarqaMa'insystemandrecommendedfurtherwork(aresistivitysurveyanddrilling)toinvestigatethearea.Onthebasisoftemperatureandfluidchemistry,Marinelli(1977)concludedthattheeastescarpmentoftheDeadSeaRiftandparticularlytheZarqaMa'inandZarqaareaspossessedthemostfavorablegeothermalpotential.Truesdell(1979)foundthattheZarqaMa'inandZaraSpringsarefedbywatercirculatingdeepwithinthePalaeozoicSandstoneaquifersandreceivingheatfromanormalgeothermalgradient.Hesuggestedthatthesewatersexistatamaximumtemperatureof110°Catdepthandarecooledduringtheirascentbymixing.Abu-Ajamieh(1980)reportedonmajorexploration

Table5

Electricalenergyproduction(inGWh)bytypeofgeneration.Typeofgeneration[**************]7Growth2006/2007(%)Steamunits

[***********].2Gasturbines/diesel

4643416732−52.2Gasturbines/naturalgas[1**********]6−2.9Dieselengines/HFO75733214−56.2Combinedcycle–[1**********]31.8Renewableenergy6265607423.3Total

8967

9654

11,120

13,001

16.9

exercise–usingavarietyofexploratorytechniques–carriedoutbyNRAin1977and1978intheZarqaMa'in–Zarathermalarea.Themainoutcomeofthisreportwasthatanimportantgeothermalreservoirisindicatedintheareaofthesprings,mostprobablyheatedbytheHammamatUmmHasanbasaltplug.Themoderateradioactivityofthewaterswasalsonoted.Mabey(1980)studiedpreviousdataoftheZarqaMa'in–Zaraarea.HakkiandTeimeh(1981)carriedoutadetailedgeologicalstudyoftheZarqaMa'in–Zaraarea.Theirworkrelatedthehottestspringstothehighestintensityofshearinginthearea.DiPaola(1981)foundthattheexistinggeochemicalandisotopicresultsoftheZarqaMa'inareaindicatethatthetemperatureofthespringswasmostprobablyduetotheuprisingofdeeplycirculationwatersinanormalgeothermalgradient.McEwenandHolconmbe(1982)appliedterraincorrectiontotheresistivitydatareportedbyAbu-Ajamieh(1980).ThecorrecteddatasuggestedthatfourareasoflowresistivityexistintheZarqaMa'in–Zaraarea,butnoneofthemhadlateralextent.FlaniganandElKaysi(1984)reportedonpre-liminaryaudio-magnetotelluricstudiesintheZarqaMa'in–Zaraarea.Theyfoundthatrocksinthisarearangedfrommoderatelyconductivetoveryconductive.Galanisetal.(1986)concludedthattheheatflowinZarqaMa'in–Zaraareaishigh—upto472mW/m2,andthattheareaofhighestheatflowisassociatedwiththeZarqaMa'infaultzoneratherthanthelocalbasalticeruptions.Myslil(1988)re-evaluatedtheheatflowdatapresentedbyGalanisetal.(1986),includedotherrecentdata,presentedtemperaturegradientmapandidentifiedtwofavorablezonesforfutureexploration:i)theeastescarpmentoftheDeadSeaRift–northofEl-Lisan–wheregradientsof50°C/kmcouldbeexpected,andii)theregionneartheborderswithSyriaandIraq,wherethetemperaturegradientsareintheorderof40°C/km.Allen(1988)reviewedandsummarizedallthepreviousgeothermalinvestigationsinJordanandintroducedaproposalforfuturegeothermalstudies.Swarieh(1992)statedthatthepresenceofthermalwaterintheshallowboreholesnearQueenAliaairportisduetothewatermixingbetweenthethermalwateroftheloweraquifer(LowerCretaceousSandstone)andthefreshcoldwateroftheupperaquifer(UpperCretaceousLimestone).HealsorelatedtheheatsourcesinZarqaMa'intothedeepcirculationprocessalongtheZarqaMa'infault.SwariehandMassarweh(1993)studiedthethermal

Table6

ThermalspringsandwellsinJordan.Location

FlowrateTemperature(m3/h)range(°C)1.Thermalsprings

Himmehthermalsprings2828–43AbuThablehthermalspring1737DeirAllathermalspring1735WadiHisbanthermalspring–32Jerashthermalspring1028AinElHammam

–36ElDachruk(ZarqaRiver)–34Suweimeh–27AinEzZarqa

–20–34ZarqaMa'in(60thermalsprings)–63Burbeita–

38Afrasprings

50–10044–48Zara(45thermalsprings)–53Zara180054Zara2

6759WadiIbnHammadsprings–35Weida'athermalspring–32NorthShaunawell35057Kafrainwells

–

33–36

2.Wells

ZaraandZarqaMa'inexplorationwellsA—GTZ2D–68.5B—GTZ3D

–57TSD1well—GhorElHadithaarea

40050

E.S.Hrayshat/EnergyforSustainableDevelopment13(2009)124–128

127

Table7

2008utilizationofgeothermalenergyinJordan.Location

Capacity(MWt)Annualutilization(TJ)CapacityfactorNorthShunehwell22.0197.70.29Himmeh52.3274.80.17ZarqaMa'in58.67390.40Zarqa8.40790.30Burbeita5.121110.68Afra6.54138.50.67Total

153.5

1540

0.42

springsinWadiIbenHammad,Karakregion.Theyfoundthattheheatsourcethereis–morelikely–duetotheheatstorageinthesaturatedsandstonecomplex,resultinginhighergeothermalgradient.SwariehandMassarweh(1995)studiedthemajorgeothermalfieldinJordan(ZaraandZarqaMa'in).Theydescribedthereservoirandtheoptimumuseofthissourceofenergy.StudyofthethermalwaterinMukhiebehandShunehthermalwellfieldswasconducted(SwariehandMassarweh,1997).Theresultsrevealedthatthethermalwaterismixingwaterbetweenthehotwaterofthedeepaquiferandthecoldfreshwateroftheupperaquifer.Saudi(1999)studiedthethermalwaterwellsnearQueenAliaAirport.HefoundthatthemaximumreservoirtemperaturefortheJordanianwells–predictedbycalculationofvariousgeo-thermometers–exceeds100°C,andthatthethermalfluidsarewellmixedwithcoldgroundwaterinthestudiedarea.Saudietal.(2004)conductedseveralstudiesaboutthechemicalcompositionandpropertiesofgeothermalwaterfromcentralJordaninordertoevaluatetheirpossibleusefordesalinationofbrackishwater.Theyfoundthatthehighesttemperaturepredictedbyusingmineralsaturationindexforthereservoirisabout115°Candhighradonconcentrationisfoundonthefault'sintersections.Radonisaradioactivegas,anditspresencewouldlimitpossibleapplicationsofthiswater.

Inadditiontotheaforementionedstudies,geothermalresearchhasbeencarriedoutbyNRAincooperationwithsomeoftheJordanianuniversities(NRA,2007).Theresultsofthesestudies–basedonhydro-chemicalandhydro-geologicaldata–showthatthethermalwateroftheZarqaMa'in–Zarasystemistheresultofdeepcirculationinarelativelynormalgeothermalgradient.Geothermalresources

Jordanhasenormousundergroundenergyresourcesinmanypartsofthecountryintheformofthermalundergroundhotwater(wellsandthermalsprings).Thermalspringsformthemainsurfacemani-festationofgeothermalenergyinJordan,havingatemperaturerangingfrom20°Cto62°C(Swarieh,2000).ThesespringsaredistributedalongtheeasternescarpmentoftheJordanandDeadSeagraben(200km).About100thermalwellsdrilledforwaterintheDeadSeaRiftValley,theareaoftheAzraqBasinandRisha(NortheastJordan)andtheareasouthofQueenAliaAirporthavelowtointermediatewatertemperature.Asummaryofthesethermalwellsandspringswasreported(Sunna,2004).TheyarepresentedinTable6.CurrentandfutureutilizationofgeothermalenergyinJordan

TheInternationalGeothermalAssociation(IGA,2008)reportsnofurtherdevelopmentofdirectusesofgeothermalfluidswithrespecttothesituationdescribedbySaudiandSwarieh(2005).Inthelatterpublicationitwasreportedthattheinstalledcapacityatsixsitesis153.3MWtandtheannualenergysupplypotentialis1540TJ/yearintheformofdomestichotwaterforbathingandswimming,givinganoverallcapacityfactorof0.42(seeTable7).Possiblefutureapplica-tionsofgeothermalenergyincludeabsorptionrefrigerationtopreservefruitandvegetablesorfreezefishandmeat,aswellasfishfarmingandgreenhouseheating.

DevelopmentstrategyforgeothermalenergyinJordan

Beinganoilimportingcountry,Jordanshouldadoptthefollowingstrategiesforthedevelopmentandutilizationofgeothermalenergy:•Pursuinggeothermalenergyexplorationanddevelopment

•Conductingresearch,development,anddemonstrationstudiesfortheutilizationofgeothermalenergy

•Invitingprivatesectorparticipationinthegeothermalenergyindustry

•Formulatingregulationsandsupportingpoliciesongeothermalenergytoattractinvestorsingeothermalindustrialdevelopment•Heighteninginternationalcooperationparticularlyintheareasofinformationexchange,training,andlocalmanufacturing.Conclusions

Themainconclusionsderivedfromthepresentinvestigationmaybesummarizedasfollows:

•SinceJordanisanenergyimportingcountry,geothermalenergyhasthepotentialtoplayanimportantroleinitsfutureenergysupplynotonlyfromeconomicbutalsofromenvironmentpointofview.•Jordanhasenormousundergroundenergyresourcesinmanypartsofthecountryintheformofthermalundergroundhotwater(wellsandthermalsprings),havingatemperaturerangingfrom20°Cto62°C.

•Theinstalledcapacityofgeothermalenergyis153.3MWtandtheannualenergysupplypotentialis1540TJ/yearintheformofdomestichotwaterforbathingandswimming,givinganoverallcapacityfactorof0.42

•Possiblefutureapplicationsofgeothermalenergyincludeabsorp-tionrefrigerationtopreservefruitandvegetablesorfreezefishandmeat,aswellasfishfarmingandgreenhouseheating.References

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