专业英语试题库
一、 选择题A (关键专业词汇5题以上)
1. Bacterial cell walls are composed principally of peptidoglycans, and B. binary fission; C. break up ;
D. divide]
2. The photosynthetic bacteria contain a range of bacteriochlorophylls and do not A. photosynthesis; B. photosynthate;
C. breath; D. Reverse]
3. Conjugation involves the transfer of large portions of genetic material between A. donor; B. donate; C. donation; D. endow]
4. The cyanobacteria are photosynthetic prokaryotes containing also phycobiliprotein pigments such as phycocyanin. [A. peptidoglycan; B. crystal violet; C. chlorophyll ; D. algae]
5. Those using light as their energy source are termed . [A. chemotrophic; B. lithotrophic; C. organotrophic ; D. phototrophic]
6. Excessive extraction of water can lower water-tables,which, in some inlands(内陆),may lead to____. A.subsidence B.salt-water instrusion
C.earthquake D.flooding
7. But because of losses through ______ and plant transpiration. A.evaporation
B.environment C.evaporate D.evaporative
8. Irrigation has allowed the expansion of agriculture into semi-arid and even ____ environments. A.dry B.arid C.drought d. water
9. The steady flows that dams cause alter the seasonal cycles of _____ and
riparian plants and animals. A. aquatic B. aquatics C.aquaculture
D.aquation
10. New landfills have complex bottom layers to trap contaminant-laden water, called ,leaking through the buried trash [A.wall B.leachate C.leader
D.little]
11. A modern municipal solid waste landfill is typically constructed above an clay.[A.impress B.impermeable C.improve D.impolite]
12. However, many incinerators were eliminated because of aesthetic concerns, such as foul odors, noxious gases, and smoke.[A.grave B.gritty C.grove
D.glass]
13. The buring waste heats water and the steam drive a to generate electricity, which is sold to a utility.[A.tool B.turbine C.troop D.type]
14. Selection of landfill sites is based on an understanding of local conditions.[A.geoblo B.geology C.condition D.location]
15. The paradox is that in its gaseous state____, abundant thought it is, is
unavailable to most life. B. oxygen C . hydrgen D. alcohol
16. To be used, free molecular nitrogen has to be fixed. This ____comes about in
two ways. A. energy paradox D. radiation
17. This fixation is accomplished by ____bacteria living in association with
leguminous and root-noduled monleguminous plants, by free-living aerobic
bacteria, and by cyanobacteria (blue-green algae). A. together B. biological
D. none of above
18. According to the author, the energy needed for high energy fixations comes
from______. A. cosmic B. meteorite C. lightning
i. _____is a biological process in which ammonia is oxidized to nitrite and
nitrate, yielding energy. A. ammonification B. denitrification C. bacterfiation 19. 1 How volatile nitrogen is turned into ______ for plants?
20. A. nutrient B.nitrate C.nitrite D.nitric
21. 2 gases emitted during the first phase of waste treatment are harvested for use as fuel .
22. A green B warm C greenhouse D ignite
23. 3 ______ is the process in which soil bacteria oxidize ammonia(NH3) sequentially into nitrite(NO2-) and then nitrate (NO3-).
24. A respiration B denitrification
25. C photosynthesis D nitrification
26. 4 But too much untreated wastes dumped directly into fishpond can rob the fish of ______ ,and end up killing the fish .
27. A nitrogen oxide B nitrogen
28. C oxygen D carbon dioxide
29. 5 The _____ farm typically consists of crops, livestock and fishponds.
30. A dream B intergrating C interva D integrated
31.
32. Ethanol is a good_______ for gasoline in spark-ignition engines.
A. reserve B. substitute
C. replace D. shift
33. As a summary, the long story was______into a few sentences.
A. condensed B. condemned
C. concealed D. concentrated
34. The problem with the country is how to lift its economy out of ____.
A. reservation B. recreation
C. recession D. reversion
35. Ethanol does_____ less carbon monoxide and sulfur oxides than gasoline.
A. release B. output
C. set D. affranchise
36. Alcohol can be obtained from _____
A. sugar crops B. starchy crops
C. cellulose D. all of above
37. The air which we breathe consists, by volume, of about 78 percent______.
A. Oxygen B. Nitrogen
C. carbon dioxide D. Argon
38. Gaseous hydrogen, produced by the ______of water, is another ______to petroleum.
A. electrolysis, choice B. hydrolysis, choice
C. electrolysis, alternative D. alternative, alternative
选择题B (关键短语5题以上)
1. Bacterial cell walls principally of peptidoglycans, and reproduction is by binary fission. [A. make up of; B. build up; C. are composed; D. constitute]
2. A species adapted conditions of a bountiful energy source is designated as K selected. [A. living under; B. living in; C. living ; D. lived]
3. It would be exposed to selection pressures those affecting an r-selected organism living in uncrowded but possibly physically restrictive environments. [A. different from; B. different with; C. other than; D. differ with]
4. Some estimate place their number 40% of the total plate-count population. [A. as high as; B. is high as; C. high as; D. as high to]
5. The r-selected organisms exposed to flushes of substrate in an otherwise increase per unit of food rather than on competitiveness. [A. place a premium on; B. place a premium to; C. place a premium into ; D. place a premium with]
6. Nowadays, governments in most OECD countries are ____large programmers to develop irrigation. A. scale back B. scaled back C. scaling back D. scales back
7. In drier parts of the area, such as California, and the Murray –Darlingbasin in
accounts B. accounts up to C. accounts for D. accounts from
8. demand for water in agricultural production. A. are responsible for B. are responding to C. are responsibility to D. response to
9. Land degradation, is the decline in land quality or reduction in
its productivity and environmental regulatory capacity.(A.ability
B.able C.capacity D.capacitly)
10.Soil compaction is a worldwide problem.(A.compact B.compaction
C.compactness D.degradate) 11.Accelerated soil erosion is another principal land degradation
process. Similar to compaction.(A.erosion B.erosional
C.degradation D.degradate)
12.Nutrient depletion is another principal process of land degradation
with severe economic impact on a global scale.(A.depletion
B.deplete C.expand D.expanding)
13.Despite the voluminous literature, land degradation remains a
debatable issue.(A.degradation B.degradate C.gradate
D.gradation)
14.Land degradation, declines in land quality due to natural processes
and anthropic activities, is a major global issue for the 20th century and will remain high on the international agenda even for the 21st
century. (A.because of B.due to C.although D.as if)
15.2. Land degradation can also be considered in terms of the loss of actual or potential productivity or utility as a result of natural or anthropic factors.( A. in terms of ; B. refer to; C. evolved from;
D. simply stated)
16.3. High population density is not necessarily related to land degradation.(A.as though B.resulted in C.related to D.as well as ) 17.4. Lands, depending on their inherent characteristics and climatic conditions, range from highly resistant or stable to extremely sensitive and fragile.(A.relating to B.depending on C.so as to
D.therefore)
18.5. Land degradation is a biophysical process driven by socioeconomic and political causes. (A.driven by B.resulted in C.because of D.as well)
19. As better waste-disposal technologies were developed and as values changed, more emphasis the environment and quality of life. [A.are placed on B.was placed on C.locate in D.was located in]
20. The heat derived from the buring is steam and electricity.
[A.converted to B.converted into C.transform to D.being]
21. However, the landfill of today is far into which garbage is dumped. [A.different B.different from C.abstrict on
D.refer to]
22. They currently cost $1 million per hectare to prepare. [A.right B.up to
C.below D.about]
23. Until recently, the disposal of municipal solid waste did not much public attention. [A.attemp B.attract C.absort D.eyes on]
24. Cosmic radiation, meteorite trails, and lightning provide the high energy ______combine nitrogen with the oxygen and hydrogen of water. A. needed to B. gotten to C. came to 25. Fixation ___molecular nitrogen(N2)___two atoms of ftee N. A. go…into B. get ….into C. splits….into D. jump…..into
26. In nonagricultural systems some 12,000 species, from cyanobacteria to nodule-bacteria plants, _____nitrogen fixation. A. be reponsible for B. being reponsible for C. is reponsible for
27. In terrestrial ecosystem nitrogen, largely in the form of ammonia or nitrates, _______by plants, which convert it to amino acids. B. are taken up C. is broke down D. are broke down
28. In aquatic ecosystems, nitrogen cycles in a similar manner, except that the large reservoir in the soil ______. B. lacked C. are lacked D.is lacked
29. The integrated farm typically ______ crops, livestock and fishponds. A. make up B. made up of C. is consisted of D. consists of
30. Both of winter wheat and summer corn has still great potential to increase ____.
A. yell B. yields C. yield D. yells
31. The small amount of residual nutrients left after tremendous losses that _____ the environment have taken place. A destroy B damage C ruin D violate
32. Officials also say a woman may _____ a second attack in the northern part of the country. A. are respective for B. is possible for C. are responsible for D. are looking for
33. Nearly all organs for transplant ______ executed prisoners. A. are produced from B. are harvest of C. are harvested from D. are gotten from
34. Liquid fuels______ the US economy.
A. is indispensable to B. are indispensable to
C. is projected to D. are projected to
35. The production and use of ethanol fuel______ the increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide and to global warming.
A. result in B. bring out
C. as result D. contribute to
36. Changing her job like that______ giving her the sack.
A. is equivalent to B. is equablet on
C. is different from D. is disparate to
37. Hydrogen has the potential to serve______ a renewable gaseous fuel for transportion vehicles.
A. on B. for C. up D. as
38. ______gasoline, both methanol and ethanol reduce the amount of carbon dioxide,which is good for our environment.
A. compared to B. with regard to
C. considering D. in view of
39. A. expend,of B. spend,on
C. deplete,of D. defray,to
二、 配对题(核心专业词汇8题以上)
1. Ethanol 乙醇,酒精
2. Cellulose 纤维素
3. Sugarcane 甘蔗
4. Hydrolysis 水解(作用)
5. Electrolysis 电解
6. Photovoltaics 太阳能电池
7. Carbon monoxide 一氧化碳
8. Distillation 蒸馏
9. Livestock 家畜,牲畜
10. Hydrogen peroxide 过氧化氢
11. fungi 真菌
12. eukaryote 真核生物
13. peptidoglycan 肽聚糖
14. binary fission 二分裂
15. autotrophic 自养的
16. heterotrophic 异样的
17. cyanobacteria 蓝细菌
18. aerobic 好氧的、需氧的
19. chlorophyll 叶绿素
20. bacteriochlorophyll 细菌叶绿素
21. transpiration 植物蒸腾
22. semi-arid 半干旱
23. aquifers 含水层
24. erosion 腐蚀,侵蚀
25. replenish 补充,填满
26. Degradation 退化
27. Anthropology 人类学
28. Eutrophication 富养化
29. Contamination 污染
30. Regulatory 调整的
31. Compaction 板结
32. Unsustainable 不可持续的
33. Acidification 酸化
34. Impermeable 不透性的
35. impermeable membrane 非渗透性膜
36. geologic
37. scavenge
38. hectare 公顷
39. turbine 涡轮
40. mercury 水银 地质的 清除
41. gritty 有沙的
42. Fixation 固定
43. Symbiotic 共生
44. Ammonification 氨化作用
45. Nitrification 硝化作用
46. Glucose 葡萄糖
47. Nitrogen 氮
48. Nitric acid 硝酸
49. Photosynthesis 光合作用
50. aerobically 需氧地,好氧性的
51. nitrogen peroxide 过氧化氮
52. zero input and zero emission 零输入和零排放
53. plankton 浮游植物
54. decompose 分解
55. non-arid 不干旱的
56. potable water 饮用水
57. manure 粪肥
58. by-product 副产品
三、 是非题(重点专业知识句子3题以上)(F 表示错误,T 表示正确)
1. Carbon monoxide is harmful to mankind's health. [ T ]
2. Ethanol can be obtained from oil crops. [ F ]
3. The oxygen can be combined with hydrogen in a fuel cell. [ T ]
4. Alcohol produced from corn is a renewable energy source. [ F ]
5. A solar cell works mainly based on the optoelectronics effec. [ T ]
6. Bacteria are termed prokaryotic because they lack nuclear membranes. [ T ]
7. Chemoorganotrophs are referred to as autotrophs. [ F ]
8. A species surviving in uncrowded but possibly physically restrictive environments is designated as K-selected. [ F ]
9. The numerically predominant bacteria in soil are Streptomycetes. [ F ]
10. Throughout most of the world, industry is the leading consumptive user of water. [ F ]
11. Withdrawals for agricultural purposes currently account for over two thirds total abstraction in all OECD countries. [ F ]
12. The practice of exploiting underground water for agriculture is essential for the protection of natural resources. [ F ]
13. Land degradation, is the decline in land quality or reduction in its productivity and environmental regulatory capacity. [ T ]
14. Land degradation is a physical process driven by socioeconomic and political
causes. [ F ]
15. Accelerated soil erosion is another principal land degradation process [ T ]
16. In ancient times, the disposal of municipal solid waste attracted much public attention [ F ]
17. Nowadays, none of countries of areas dumps solid wastes outside of the city or village [ F ]
18. Landfills had been the primary method of waste disposal because of the lowest cost and the simplest technology until the threat of groundwater contamination was recognized. [ T ]
19. High energy fixation is the main way of nitrogen fixation. [ F ]
20. According to the text the second step of biological fixation is that the free N atoms combine with oxygen to form two molecules of nitrate. [ F ]
21. Nitrogen is directly absorbed by plant roots and incorporated into amino acids,which pass through the food chain. [ T ]
22. Nitrosomonas bacteria and nitrobacter are two groups of microorganisms that involved in the process of nitrification. [ T ]
23. According to the text, nitrogen cycles in aquatic systems in a similar manner with terrestrial ecosystem. [ F ]
24. Forests are important to the environment because they take in carbon dioxide and release another gas – oxygen. [ T ]
25. Livestock manure contains large amounts of ammonia gas that must be turned back into stable nitrate before it can be absorbed as nutrient by plant. [ T ]
26. Abundantly productive farms with zero input and zero emission are powered by waste-gobbling bugs and human ingenuity. [ T ]
四、 句子翻译题(重点难、长句子3题以上)
1. V arious raw materials can be used for methanol production, including natural gas, coal, wood, and municipal solid wastes. [许多种原料可用于甲醇生产,包括天然气、煤炭、木材和城市固体废物。]
2. Methanol can be obtained from wood or woody crops by means of a wood gasification process followed by compression and methanol synthesis. [甲醇可以由木材或木本作物经过气化、压缩、合成三个阶段制得。]
3. Part of the reason for this difference is that the volume of hydrogen fuel is
about four times greater than that for the same energy content of gasoline.
[这种差异的原因之一是:在能量相同的情况下,氢燃料的体积约为汽油的四倍。]
4. The major limitation in using biomass for methanol production is the enormous quantities needed for a plant with suitable economies of scale. [利用生物质生产甲醇主要的局限性就在于一个具有相当经济规模的工厂对于生物质的巨大需求量。]
5. Essentially the same differentiation given in the terms lithotrophic and organotrophic is provided by the terms autotrophic and heterotrophic, respectively.[实际上,“无机营养型”和“有机营养型”这两个词间的区别可以分别用“自养型”和“异养型”这两个词来表达。]
6. The obligate chemolithotrophs use the same basic physiological pathway (the Calvin Cycle) found in most other organisms in metabolizing their own cell constituents. . [专性化能无机营养菌采用与其他大多数相同的基本的生理途径(即Calvin 循环),这些生物都利用这种途径代谢自身细胞成分。]
7. A designation G+ is given to cells that retain crystal violet following subsequent exposures to KI solution, alcohol, and counterstain, and G- for cells from which the crystal violet readily destains.[那些浸泡在碘溶液、酒精和革兰氏试剂后细胞内含有结晶紫的细菌为革兰氏阳性菌,反之,细胞内结晶紫消褪的为革兰氏阴性菌。]
8. The r-selected organisms exposed to flushes of substrate in an otherwise uncrowded environment would place a premium on high growth increase per unit of food rather than on competitiveness, as would be the case of a K-selected organism. [当r 选择性微生物处于营养丰富而且其他竞争性微生物不多的环境时,它们会更加倾向于利用好现在的食物来快速繁殖,而不是像K 选择性微生物那样倾向于增强其竞争力。]
9. Water-use in agriculture has marked effects on the environment, not all of them adverse. 农业用水对环境有显著的影响,但这些影响并不全是负面的。
10. How are OECD governments responding to the increased demand for water in agricultural production and the growing public awareness of the impact of agriculture on the environment? 经合组织各国如何应对增长中的农业生产用水需求和农业对环境影响的公共意识。
11. But the exploitation of groundwater aquifers for farming continues to grow
apace-not only in arid and semi-arid regions but in many humid areas as well. 但是无论干旱、半干旱地区还是在一些潮湿的地区,为农业进行的地下水蓄水层的开发持续增长。
12. Land degradation can also be considered in terms of the loss of actual or potential productivity or utility as a result of natural or anthropic factors. 土地退化也可依自然或人为因素造成的实际或潜在的生产力或效用损失考虑。
13. Nutrient depletion is another principal process of land degradation with severe economic impact on a global scale. 养分消耗是在全球范围内另一个对有严重的经济影响的土地退化主要过程。
14. Land degradation is the decline in land quality or reduction in its productivity
and environmental regulatory capacity. 土地退化指土地质量下降或者生产率、环境自身调节能力降低。
15. A modern municipal solid waste landfill is typically constructed above an impermeable clay layer that is lined with an impermeable membrane and includes mechanisms for dealing with liquid and gas materials generated by the contents of the landfill.[一个现代化的城市固体废物填埋场建造在非渗透性的粘土层之上,这粘土层再衬上一层非渗透模型的膜,并包括能够处理填埋物产生的气和液体的装置。
16. Landfills have historically been the primary method of waste disposal because this method is the cheapest and most convenient, and because the threat of groundwater contamination was not initially recognized.垃圾填埋历来是垃圾处理基本方法,因为这种方法最便宜、最方便,并且开始它产生的地下水
污染也未被意识到。
17. However, many incinerators were eliminated because of aesthetic concerns,
such as foul odors, noxious gases, and gritty smoke, rather than for reasons of public health. 然而,许多焚烧厂审美方面的考虑而非公共健康原因被淘汰了,比如恶心的气味,有害气体和含有沙石的烟。
18. Nitrogen is an essential constituent of protein, which is a building block of all
living tissue. 氮是蛋白质的基本的组成部分,它是所有活体组织的基石。
19. All of these nitrogen compounds are involved in another phase of the nitrogen
cycle: the processes of ammonification, nitrification, and denitrification. 所有这些氮化物进入氮循环的另一个阶段:氨化作用,硝化作用和反硝化作用。
20. Estimates suggest that less than 8.9kg N/ha comes to Earth annually in this
manner. About two-thirds of this amount comes as ammonia and one-third as nitric acid.估计表明,每年地球上每公顷有不足8.9千克的氮元素以这种方式被固定下来。其中约三分之二以氨的形态,三分之一以硝酸的形态。
21. Life in the water contributes organic matter and dead organisms that undergo
decomposition, releasing ammonia and nitrates. 水中的生物提供有机物质和死亡的有机体经分解释放出氨和硝酸盐。
22. In aquatic ecosystems, nitrogen cycles in a similar manner, except that the large
reservoir in the soil is lacking. 除了大型水库土壤中(进行的氮循环)外,水生生态系统缺乏与(与陆生生态系统)相似的方式进行的氮循环。
23. Animal manure could be responsible for nearly half of the N 2O emission in
agriculture in Europe, according to some estimates; the remainder coming from inorganic nitrate fertilizer.
据某些估计,在欧洲农业上几乎一半的氧化亚氮排放来自于动物粪便;其余来自无机硝酸盐肥料。
24. The important addition of a second production cycle of nutrients from fish wastes has enhanced the integration process, and improved the livelihoods of many small farmers considerably.
这个来自鱼类废物的营养物的第二生产周期作为重要补充增强了一体化进程,并明显地改善了许多小农户的生活。
25. However, most of the manure, when exposed to the atmosphere, loses up to half its nitrogen as ammonia and nitrogen oxides, before they can be turned into stable nitrate that plants use as fertilizer.
然而,大多数粪便暴露在空气中时,在转变成能被植物利用的稳定的硝酸盐之前,有近一半的氮素以氨气和氧化氮的形式损失掉。
五、 段落翻译题(专业相关摘要,1题15分老师出)