农村小额信贷外文文献
Henan rural folk financial problems and
countermeasures
li jian
Henan Polytechnic University Institute of Economic And Management No.2001, Century Avenue Jiaozuo City Henan Province China 454000 lij @hpu.edu.cn
Abstract—this paper introduces in rural financial needs strong
and supply situation, Henan rural folk financial needs and
development situation. Based on the actual case analysis the
existing in rural folk financial activities of the lending rate is out of control, management risk, such as lack of specification of
private financial institutions, and probes into the problems of the prison office at the county level permissions silver strengthen and increase the supervision, standardize folk lending formalities,
standard of private financial institutions, such as reduction and
control countermeasures for the occurrence of private financial
risk, reduce Andale folk lending disputes with a corresponding
approaches. (Abstract)
Keywords- henan financial, rural finance, financial problems,
private finance (key words)
I. PREFACE
As with other provinces in Henan, rural financial market
demand and supply in an imbalance state, still is not perfected of rural financial system restricts the three agricultural problems, not effectively meet capital requirements. In this case, the various forms of folk lending emerged, to a
considerable degree, in easing farmers, and private enterprise, the town enterprise capital requirements of such intense
question, private financial has become the important pillar of rural economic development. But because the private finance drifting on system, has largely outside of poet and owe
normative, inevitably there arise some problems, which affect the harmonious society's construction and social stability, graces said, in rural folk financial became obstacle to the development of Henan province, so the study of how to
eliminate the negative influence of private financial, make its toward healthy direction, right into the national strategy levels of economic construction of zhong Yuan has important
significance.
II. THE PRESENT SITUATION OF HENAN RURAL PRIVATE
FINANCE
The Henan is 1 billion population agricultural province,
from rural implement the household contract responsibility system, farmers one after the production operators became
independent, as the market orientation reform and diverse
forms of ownership developing products is increasingly
becoming the private economy in order to promote the
economic growth indispensable important strength, private
economy itself also got rapid development. Especially in "the rising of central China", construction "zone" and central rural financial needs strong and supply this one contradiction under existing environment, the private economy cannot be rid of restricting its development financing bottleneck, no formal
financial support, hence then focus on private finance. Farmers, private enterprise, town enterprise become the private capital demanders for agriculture, peasant households of funds,
including farming and animal husbandry, : farmers on nonagricultural industries capital investment, including:
transportation, processing, etc; And a rural area of non-stateowned, collective enterprises, private enterprises for the
development of production of funds. Rural for living folk
lending, mainly including education, children for builds a house, such as medical treatment, weddings and funerals, all need a certain amount of money to support, resulting in
numerous folk financial demand subjects. Folk lending became rural objective, general phenomenon. Of farmers and the rural semis speaking, the importance of private finance will be far beyond the formal financial, this situation in a very long time hard to change. By April 2009, Henan province have 44.05%
private enterprise adopting folk lending channels to raise money, 33.44% of private enterprises take private-equity
channels such as raising money, 70.37% private enterprise
adopting folk lending to raise funds. [1] In pingdingshan, 78% of the urban and rural residents and 85% of individual and
industrial and commercial door, 40% of the small and mediumsized enterprise happened folk lending practices. Tang He Xian
2 007 years the county-wide households 17.77 million total non-government loan formula Yuan, a 13.34 billion Yuan in
2006 increased the measured billion Yuan, up 33.21%. [2] by the end of March 2010, Henan province has set up all kinds of credit guarantee agencies to 891 home, the registered capital of the new 250.48 billion Yuan, 44.68 million Yuan of registered capital, including folk capital contribution of commercial and mutual guarantee agencies, accounted for all new at 77 new
guarantee agencies, the guarantee agencies 95% already
formed 1000 billion - 2000 billion Yuan of financing guarantee ability, present a good momentum of development of guarantee agencies, formed the situation of flowers. Henan guarantee
agencies from folk investment guarantee honesty alliance of the 1164
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12 agencies see statistics, a total of more than 30,000 customers to provide services for small and medium enterprises, including social and Zhengzhou financing guarantee service clients 9.8 billion Yuan, directly or indirectly promoting semis increase production; more than 260 million Yuan Served by the
industrial, commercial, such as high-tech enterprise for social create considerable economic benefits for society, provides more than 15 million jobs for the country increased 7 billion Yuan of tax revenue. [3] These credit guarantee agencies for folk borrowing funds both set up good communication Bridges, especially for private enterprise larger capital demand
improved effective support.
III. HENAN RURAL FOLK FINANCIAL PROBLEMS
In the current global economic inflation circumstances, due to Henan rural folk financial development level, the operation is not standard, low in both the positive and negative aspects of the role and effect are very prominent, if lack of corresponding standard and could easily become trigger social unstable
factors, especially usury increased farmer's production
financing operation cost, also go against the farmers' income. Due to high borrowing rate, the folk borrowing firms appear to financial difficulties, lending increased the probability to risk increases, the development of Henan private finance itself brings difficulties, mainly summarized as follows:
A. uncontrollable interest rate
T Henan rural lending activity rates presents two polarized
trend, or interest-free, mainly in relatives, friends and the folks between, is a kind of mutual cooperation, mutual help nature; Either interest-bearing, mainly in folk financial organizations and strangers, irrelevant personal, private enterprise, family enterprise, etc, is a non-profit between the financial activities. Its interest rate than bank interest rates often, higher interest rates lending activities, strong concealment in loan interest by lenders, or directly deduct interest on the loan amount is reflected in written or agreement in iou, making it by illegal operations into a legitimate folk lending. The procedure is simple also, just make sure the basic credit after, write good
can get the money. [4]
Folk lending rate is usually in lending mutual negotiated
cases decided, generally speaking, lenders in borrowers, scarce, interest rates were raised, vice interest rates were low, the existence of this rate has universality and long-term, in certain areas and certain period, higher interest rates would exist average default value, interest rate standard by lenders
calculate, borrowers with little the bargaining power of leeway. In order to strive for users, lenders will not without restrictive to push interest rates higher. But, in recent years, private enterprise and individual and industrial and commercial door
through the folk lending rates are also increasingly issuers, rose high, with rates of a yang county folk lending 1-3%. For folk lending rates generally 1.5-3%, topped by 5%. Some interest rates even bank interest rate of more than 10 times the same. Henan runaway situation happened online circulated folk
lending rate of Henan province high: "10 million Yuan, typical within a month, even lend 1 hours, interest is 4,000 Yuan." This is a "underground" Zhengzhou open offers. Rates of 4%, conversion grown, interest rate is already far beyond nearly 50%, the provisions of the state "folk lending rates by no more than four times the same annual interest rate of bank lending rules. [5] such runaway interest rate, no doubt bring heavy burden for borrowers, disrupted Henan financial order, also with "construction of harmonious society" views. the
prevention of the risks
B. management risk is big
In Henan rural folk financial, there are quite a credit
activities are still very not norms. One is in recent years as folk financial development scale, the turnout increase. Quite a
number of private financial institutions not established standard internal control system, does not have strict financial
management and review audit system, its financing, credit, li xin, credit, information processing, credit audit, deadline conversion, risks etc disabilities, management risk
consciousness, the fund high-risk issuance. 2 it is the lending activities of private financial information omissions is also very serious, because of the lack of lending to each loan before and after the subprime lending, in the survey, in strictly for borrowers credit and borrowers of loans USES not fully
understand, credit risk will aggravate. 3 it is rural folk financial institutions without formal guide, training, basically be
spontaneous, optional operation state, no rules difficult to Cheng Fang Yuan, especially in financial this special
industries, need practitioners have financial special knowledge and skills, etc. Therefore, they also won't accord the financial sector formal requirements (reserve ratio, asset liability ratio, risk prevention management measures, etc.), nor can operate financial business on its implementing effective guidance and supervision. Four is folk financial institutions with pure profit for purpose, for increasing liquidity, not extract the deposit reserve and to resist the risk of bad debt reserve, make its business risks further increase. So in folk lending disputes in both common occurrences, lending it in even craftsmen.
Located in the eastern YuChengXian people's court Henan
province in 2005 folk lending case acceptance within, 34, DiaoXieLv conciliation 29 up to 85%; Since 2006, accepting 86 conciliation, 49 percent of DiaoXieLv 42 up; Since 2007, accepting 128 conciliation DiaoXieLv 22% since 28; January 2008 to June accept seventy-one, conciliation since December, DiaoXieLv for 17%. In civil cases, the proportion of expanding constantly, also from the 2005 34 have the 2008 seventy-one,
first presented the characteristics of the case continues to rise. Of civil cases by increased to 9.7% in 3.4%. Folk lending is rising year by year, DiaoXieLv dropped the case that the
parties, emotional conflicts between the sharp opposition. [6] furthermore, also took place 2009 dealer lawsuit Henan road &bridge construction intricate company limited by shares in such folk lending; ZhaoGuangHui, liu li and Henan kia PWC automobile sales and service Co., LTD folk lending case; 2010 ChengDeTang of Luoyang lawsuit Henan kingdom cheng
investment development co.ltd, folk lending case; And 2008 1215 king "change" Zhengzhou king's 17 billion debt hole case and so on folk lending larger lending dispute. These cases have frequent operational risks of characteristics, both sides in the reputation for lending, mentally and economic caused great loss..
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C. lack of specification
It Rural folk financial organization genealogical, usually based on the basis of geographical relations, even though some of the larger organizations from a small range of friends and relatives and neighbors neighborhood lending circle of
extended up. Its aim to profit by information convenient, fast advantage, make single financial transaction operation cost is lower, overcome the lending process the information
asymmetry problem and performance of the contract. More
understanding, mutual acquaintances can trust each other, so in
folk lending activities have few standard forms of contract, even verbal agreement or no sign, forming self executive tacit (also called implicit contract), therefore saves the cost of private financial activities. But also brings a lot of problems, mainly folk lending is not standard, easy to cause the
formalities of dispute. Both lending Happen lending at that time, because no standard forms of contract, the obligations of the parties, the responsibility, right and interest relationship without adequate basis, is the court also hard to judge. For example XinCaiXian in Henan MiTuo temple township in
southeast MengZhuang peasants lee x, lend relatives 2000
Yuan, did not play iou, nor references, he asked the person
repay the loan, the other side is said to have been, therefore two make antinomy, no longer exchanges. The Yellow River
BeiGuan village north of township pins weihui city lee x
helplessly say: "in January this year, a friend in urgent need of money and I lent him $6,000, he says the multi-purpose two months, now six months passed also not yet." Folk lending once in place of debt, and even escape, can produce disputes and adverse consequences. Some lenders even by violence your reimbursement, causing lending by both personal safety threat. IV. RATE DEVELOPMENT OF RURAL FOLK FINANCIAL
COUNTERMEASURES IN HENAN
Currently, Henan rural folk financial growing fast, but also has many problems, already hampered its own development.
Therefore, to further strengthen their supervision, regulating their organization and activities, make rural folk financial health and orderly development along the correct road.
A. strengthening supervision
In 2003, the financial institution reform in the country in the prison commission, set up silver provincial the CBRC,
prefecture (municipal) level for the prison branches and silver at the county level office level 4 institutions. As the most basic banking supervision team, a county of Henan prison office is always a silver important regulatory power. However, after
running after, problem is subsequently revealed. One is a lot of county silver prison office enough staff, say 3-5 Settings, in fact mostly by minimum configuration, for example, zhoukou, the CBRC huaiyang regulatory agency only three regulators,
can not effectively play a role. 2 it is power is limited, due to the prison as grade a office not silver independent agencies, just precinct, not installed department relatively independent examination and approval power, setting up Jian Zha Quant and power, no dispatch and evocative and most basic
administrative power, cannot independent regulatory, can act as "researcher" role, influence regulatory efficiency and
regulatory quality, make the financial regulatory system is difficult to be effectively implemented. Three is regulators quality is not high, most of them are on jobs before contact economics or finance knowledge, lack of financial theory
knowledge and the system of skilled computer skills, does not know how to deal with the private financial implementer
farmers and lack of legal, financial knowledge capital
demanders, so to increase the offices of silver prison at the county level staff collocating, especially high quality personnel allocation. And appropriate regulatory authority, the folk down in the supervision of financial, if has the significant unexpected events or risk, they shall report to the branches and put forward disposal opinion. For general risk can be directly to the office of private financial institutions issued timely warning of the risks of risk tip or admission, improve the regulation
effectiveness and efficiency. Ensure the private financial regulatory analysis and monitoring, improve the efficiency of the ongoing oversight.
B. standard lending formalities
Standard credit activities require more standardized
management means and operation mechanism, although higher costs, but helps folk lending activities. The foregoing folk lending disputes are mostly lending caused the formalities of non-standard, so must have a folk lending formalities norms, including lenders and borrowers, ensure square, loan types, borrowing purpose, borrowing amount, loan interest rate,
borrowing and reimbursement deadline, reimbursement
funding sources, reimbursement means, reimbursement
deadline, collateral content, collateral content disposal, lending both ZeQuanLi and obligations, the guarantor ZeQuanLi and
obligations of the parties, lending the responsibility of breach of contract, breach of contract punishment, solution contract dispute means and other related matters, etc, all should be reflected in the loan contract. Do "brothers, Ming accounts," warn, it is written in the contract in front. And lending between the parties and the guarantor to get to know each other among the relevant information, such as honesty, loan source,
borrowing USES, reimbursement ability, mortgage items of
authenticity, personality, quality, etc. Absolutely not because it is your relatives, friends, friends of friends, connections, acquaintances of acquaintances, easily engaged in folk lending activities, also can't easily give others guarantee. Once a square
default, can have the resolve the dispute, according to lower risk non-government loan to a minimum.
C. standard of private financial institutions
At present Henan rural folk financial organization was
created relatively short time, some still exists the phenomenon, no unclear ownership strictly regulate the internal control system, financial management confusion, the lack of effective regulatory system, personnel audit audit problems such as low quality. Meanwhile business activities also is not standard, such as underground, and will do business expansion and some
pawn to gambling, illegal business, illegal activities party loan. The proportion of assets and liabilities, poor and inappropriate control ultimately led to capital chain rupture and bankruptcy. And also lack market exiting guarantee system, lack of deposit insurance system, and anti-risk ability is weak, once a problem, there may be depositors "run" phenomenon. Therefore we must
standardize the clear of private financial institutions, private financial institutions exist at the same time, the legalization of non-standard to limit the financial activities of private financial institutions, and resolutely ban illegal folk financial
organization. According to the actual condition of each district, reasonable planning folk financial structure. For existing standard will, will pull, the wheels would, wave will, platoon will carry back, Banks will, silver, pawn, microfinance
companies, such as credit guarantee company folk of private financial institutions, will assess the rationality of private finance part has legalized, and encourage its form. Eliminate 1166
non-standard folk financial organizations, in accordance with the newly established strict approval procedures of private financial institutions. Prudent grasp folk financial
standardization of the power and speed, by point and surface gradually promoting groping to determine, through the
legalization of private finance, so as to reduce and control paths of private financial risk.
V. CONCLUSION
Rural folk financial activities are often financial regulatory supervision system on the outside, government supervision and instructions limited, appear even some regulatory "blind", which can trigger some illegal investor speculation. And
because the folk financial institutions exist lax internal risk control, easy to be disadvantages including the motives behind loopholes, appear fraud phenomenon; induce social conflict
and social instability. But as long as strengthening management,
strengthening folk financial internal and external environment construction, promote the improvement of the system of private financial eco-management legal and credit the right track, will reduce its negative influence for local economy make major contribution.
References:
[1] the specifications process even in: the development of henan folk lending of countermeasure thought, journal of henan polytechnie university (social sciences), the first phase 2, 2009 April, P232-235.
[2] ZhangGuangYu, ZhangJieYe, siganos ds: "the henan folk lending
conditions," an investigation of economic to participate, 2008 (58), P17-18.
[3] to strict, NiZi: the zhongyuan investment guarantee BBS ", zhengzhou industry peak evening (2010 April 10).
[4] ZhaoJunChen, QiaoZhaoQi: "rural non-government basic-level financial organization is the core of rural development, China NongJing information nets, www.caei.com, 2005-08-03.
[5] WangJunWei ZhangLinJuan: "the henan folk lending activities rampant 10 million yuan 1 hour interest to pay 4000 yuan", big river - the henan business, March 10, 2008 15:55.
[6] MaMingFeng MaDongAn: "about the case of folk lending analysis and the ponder", PRC - henan Windows in 2008, May 22, 2007 10:19:52.
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